See `?nchar`. For example:

    &gt; nchar(&quot;foo&quot;)
    [1] 3
    &gt; set.seed(10)
    &gt; strn &lt;- paste(sample(LETTERS, 10), collapse = &quot;&quot;)
    &gt; strn
    [1] &quot;NHKPBEFTLY&quot;
    &gt; nchar(strn)
    [1] 10

Use `stringi` package and `stri_length` function

    &gt; stri_length(c(&quot;ala ma kota&quot;,&quot;ABC&quot;,NA))
    [1] 11  3 NA

Why? Because it is the FASTEST among presented solutions :)

    require(microbenchmark)
    require(stringi)
    require(stringr)
    x &lt;- c(letters,NA,paste(sample(letters,2000,TRUE),collapse=&quot; &quot;))
    microbenchmark(nchar(x),str_length(x),stri_length(x))
    Unit: microseconds
               expr    min     lq  median      uq     max neval
           nchar(x) 11.868 12.776 13.1590 13.6475  41.815   100
      str_length(x) 30.715 33.159 33.6825 34.1360 173.400   100
     stri_length(x)  2.653  3.281  4.0495  4.5380  19.966   100

and also works fine with NA&#39;s

    nchar(NA)
    ## [1] 2
    stri_length(NA)
    ## [1] NA

### EDIT 2021

`NA` argument is no longer valid if you are using latest R version.

You could also use the `stringr` package:

    library(stringr)
    str_length(&quot;foo&quot;)
    [1] 3



    nchar(&quot;STRING&quot;)

Check out [this][1]


  [1]: http://r.seanrmccorkle.net/Doc/string_operations.html

The keepNA = TRUE option prevents problems with NA

    nchar(NA)
    ## [1] 2
    nchar(NA, keepNA=TRUE)
    ## [1] NA

    nchar(YOURSTRING)

you may need to convert to a character vector first;

    nchar(as.character(YOURSTRING))

I&#39;m having troubles with installing packages in Python 3.

I have always installed packages with `setup.py install`. But now, when I try to install the ansicolors package I get:

    importerror &quot;No Module named Setuptools&quot;

I have no idea what to do because I didn&#39;t have setuptools installed in the past. Still, I was able to install many packages with `setup.py install` without setuptools. Why should I get setuptools now?

I can&#39;t even install setuptools because I have Python 3.3 and setuptools doesn&#39;t support Python 3.

Why doesn&#39;t my install command work anymore?


Python 3: ImportError &quot;No Module named Setuptools&quot;

Sometimes I want to edit a certain visual block of text across multiple lines.

For example, I would take a text that looks like this:

    name
    comment
    phone
    email

And make it look like this

    vendor_name
    vendor_comment
    vendor_phone
    vendor_email

Currently the way I would do it now is...

 1. Select all 4 row lines of a block by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;V&lt;/kbd&gt; and then &lt;kbd&gt;j&lt;/kbd&gt; four times.
 2. Indent with &lt;kbd&gt;&gt;&lt;/kbd&gt;.
 3. Go back one letter with &lt;kbd&gt;h&lt;/kbd&gt;.
 4. Go to block visual mode with &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;v&lt;/kbd&gt;.
 5. Select down four rows by pressing &lt;kbd&gt;j&lt;/kbd&gt; four times. At this point you have selected a 4x1 visual blocks of whitespace (four rows and one column).
 6. Press &lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt;. Notice this pretty much indented to the left by one column.
 7. Type out a `&quot; vendor_&quot;` without the quote. Notice the extra space we had to put back.
 8. Press &lt;kbd&gt;Esc&lt;/kbd&gt;. This is one of the very few times I use &lt;kbd&gt;Esc&lt;/kbd&gt; to get out of insert mode. &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt; would only edit the first line.
 9. Repeat step 1.
 10. Indent the other way with &lt;kbd&gt;&lt;&lt;/kbd&gt;.

I don&#39;t need to indent if there is at least one column of whitespace before the words. I wouldn&#39;t need the whitespace if I didn&#39;t have to clear the visual block with &lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt;.

But if I have to clear, then is there a way to do what I performed above without creating the needed whitespace with indentation?

Also why does editing multiple lines at once only work by exiting out of insert mode with &lt;kbd&gt;Esc&lt;/kbd&gt; over &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;&lt;kbd&gt;c&lt;/kbd&gt;?

&lt;hr/&gt;

Here is a more complicated example:

    name    = models.CharField( max_length = 135 )
    comment = models.TextField( blank = True )
    phone   = models.CharField( max_length = 135, blank = True )
    email   = models.EmailField( blank = True )

to

    name    = models.whatever.CharField( max_length = 135 )
    comment = models.whatever.TextField( blank = True )
    phone   = models.whatever.CharField( max_length = 135, blank = True )
    email   = models.whatever.EmailField( blank = True )

In this example I would perform the vertical visual block over the `.`, and then reinsert it back during insert mode, i.e., type `.whatever.`. Hopefully now you can see the drawback to this method. I am limited to only selecting a column of text **that are all the same in a vertical position**.



Vim: insert the same characters across multiple lines

How to find the length of a string (i.e., number of characters in a string) without splitting it in R? I know how to find the length of a list but not of a string.

And what about Unicode strings? How do I find the length (in bytes) and the number of characters (runes, symbols) in a Unicode string?

*Related Question:*

* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42481827/how-to-find-the-real-number-of-characters-in-a-unicode-string-in-r

How to find the length of a string in R

How to find the length of a string (i.e., number of characters in a string) without splitting it in R? I know how to find the length of a list but not of a string.
And what about Unicode strings? How do I find the length (in bytes) and the number of characters (runes, symbols) in a Unicode string?
Related Question:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42481827/how-to-find-the-real-number-of-characters-in-a-unicode-string-in-r" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">https://stackoverflow.com/questions/42481827/how-to-find-the-real-number-of-characters-in-a-unicode-string-in-r</a></li>
</ul>

Is it possible to only set the lower bound of a limit for continuous scale? I want to make all my plots 0 based without needing to specify the upper limit bound. 

e.g.

    + scale_y_continuous(minlim=0)

set only lower bound of a limit for ggplot

I want to know how to omit `NA` values in a data frame, but only in some columns I am interested in.

For example,

    DF &lt;- data.frame(x = c(1, 2, 3), y = c(0, 10, NA), z=c(NA, 33, 22))

but I only want to omit the data where `y` is `NA`, therefore the result should be

      x  y  z
    1 1  0 NA
    2 2 10 33

`na.omit` seems delete all rows contain any `NA`.

Can somebody help me out of this simple question?

But if now I change the question like:

    DF &lt;- data.frame(x = c(1, 2, 3,NA), y = c(1,0, 10, NA), z=c(43,NA, 33, NA))

If I want to omit only `x=na` or `z=na`, where can I put the `|` in function?

Omit rows containing specific column of NA

Consider the example plot below.  I&#39;d like to make the little boxes around each of the symbols in the legend go away.  How an I do this?

     ggplot(mtcars, aes(wt, mpg, shape=factor(cyl))) + geom_point() + theme_bw()


![](http://i.imgur.com/f3y7P.png)

ggplot2 avoid boxes around legend symbols

I was finally able to work out the code for [my scraping][1]. It seemed to be working fine and then all of a sudden when I ran it again, I got the following error message:

    Error in url[i] = paste(&quot;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&quot;, gsub(&quot; &quot;, &quot;_&quot;,  : 
      object of type &#39;closure&#39; is not subsettable

I am not sure why as I changed nothing in my code.

Please advise.


    library(XML)
    library(plyr)
    
    names &lt;- c(&quot;George Clooney&quot;, &quot;Kevin Costner&quot;, &quot;George Bush&quot;, &quot;Amar Shanghavi&quot;)
    
    for(i in 1:length(names)) {
    	url[i] = paste(&#39;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/&#39;, gsub(&quot; &quot;,&quot;_&quot;, names[i]) , sep=&quot;&quot;)
    	
        # some parsing code
    }


  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/q/11295618/1468366

Error in &lt;my code&gt; : object of type &#39;closure&#39; is not subsettable

I have a function that returns two values in a list. Both values need to be added to a data.table in two new columns. Evaluation of the function is costly, so I would like to avoid having to compute the function twice. Here&#39;s the example:

    library(data.table)
    example(data.table)
    DT
       x y  v
    1: a 1 42
    2: a 3 42
    3: a 6 42
    4: b 1  4
    5: b 3  5
    6: b 6  6
    7: c 1  7
    8: c 3  8
    9: c 6  9

Here&#39;s an example of my function. Remember I said it&#39;s costly compute, on top of that there is no way to deduce one return value from the other given values (as in the example below):

    myfun &lt;- function (y, v) 
    {
    ret1 = y + v
    ret2 = y - v
    return(list(r1 = ret1, r2 = ret2))
    }

Here&#39;s my way to add two columns in one statement. That one needs to call myfun twice, however:

    DT[,new1:=myfun(y,v)$r1][,new2:=myfun(y,v)$r2]

       x y  v new1 new2
    1: a 1 42   43  -41
    2: a 3 42   45  -39
    3: a 6 42   48  -36
    4: b 1  4    5   -3
    5: b 3  5    8   -2
    6: b 6  6   12    0
    7: c 1  7    8   -6
    8: c 3  8   11   -5
    9: c 6  9   15   -3

Any suggestions on how to do this? I could save `r2` in a separate environment each time I call myfun, I just need a way to add two columns by reference at a time. 

Add multiple columns to R data.table in one function call?

I have a string in the format &quot;yyyymmdd&quot;. It is a string in bash and I want to get it converted into a date so that all other date functions can be used on it.

&quot;20121212&quot; string into &quot;20121212&quot; date with format &quot;%Y%m%d&quot;.



Convert string to date in bash

Here&#39;s the output.  These are utf-8 strings I believe... some of these can be NoneType but it fails immediately, before ones like that...

    instr = &quot;&#39;%s&#39;, &#39;%s&#39;, &#39;%d&#39;, &#39;%s&#39;, &#39;%s&#39;, &#39;%s&#39;, &#39;%s&#39;&quot; % softname, procversion, int(percent), exe, description, company, procurl

TypeError: not enough arguments for format string


Its 7 for 7 though?

Python TypeError: not enough arguments for format string

It&#39;s common knowledge that Java `String`s are immutable. Immutable Strings are great addition to java since its inception. Immutability allows fast access and a lot of optimizations, significantly less error-prone compared to C-style strings, and helps enforce the security model.

It&#39;s possible to create a mutable one without using hacks, namely

* `java.lang.reflect`
* `sun.misc.Unsafe`
* Classes in bootstrap classloader
* JNI (or JNA as it requires JNI)

But is it possible in just plain Java, so that the string can be modified at any time? The question is *How*?

&lt;!-- Edits must be at least 6 characters --&gt;

Create a mutable java.lang.String

Say I have the string

    s = &quot;&quot;&quot;
        Controller = require &#39;controller&#39;
    
        class foo
            view: &#39;baz&#39;
            class: &#39;bar&#39;
    
            constructor: -&gt;
                Controller.mix @
    &quot;&quot;&quot;

Every line in the string now has a global 4 space indentation. If this string was declared inside a function, it would have a 8 space global indentation, etc.

Does Python have a function for removing the global left indentation of string?

I would like that function output to be:

    Controller = require &#39;controller&#39;
    
    class foo
        view: &#39;baz&#39;
        class: &#39;bar&#39;
    
        constructor: -&gt;
            Controller.mix @&quot;

Does Python have a built-in function for unindenting a multiline string?

I&#39;m learning Ruby and I&#39;ve seen a couple of methods that are confusing me a bit, particularly `to_s` vs `to_str` (and similarly, `to_i`/`to_int`, `to_a`/`to_ary`, &amp; `to_h`/`to_hash`). What I&#39;ve read explains that the shorter form (e.g. `to_s`) are for explicit conversions while the longer form are for implicit conversions.

I don&#39;t really understand how `to_str` would actually be used. Would something other than a String ever define `to_str`? Can you give a practical application for this method?

to_s vs. to_str (and to_i/to_a/to_h vs. to_int/to_ary/to_hash) in Ruby

I have a string with escaped [Unicode][1] characters, `\uXXXX`, and I want to convert it to regular Unicode letters. For example:

    &quot;\u0048\u0065\u006C\u006C\u006F World&quot;

should become

    &quot;Hello World&quot;

I know that when I print the first string it already shows `Hello world`. My problem is I read file names from a file, and then I search for them. The files names in the file are escaped with Unicode encoding, and when I search for the files, I can&#39;t find them, since it searches for a file with `\uXXXX` in its name.

  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode
  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8


How to convert a string with Unicode encoding to a string of letters

I take user-input (JS code) and execute (process) them in realtime to show some output.

Sometimes the code has those zero-width spaces; it&#39;s really weird. I don&#39;t know how the users are inputting that. Example: `&quot;(​$&quot;.length === 3`

I need to be able to remove that character from my code in JS. How do I do so? or maybe there&#39;s some other way to execute that JS code so that the browser doesn&#39;t take the zero-width space characters into account?

Remove zero-width space characters from a JavaScript string

How can I convert **Persian/Arabic numbers** to **English numbers** with a simple function ?  

***Persian/Arabic numbers:***

    ۰	//	-&gt; 0
	۱	//	-&gt; 1
	۲	//	-&gt; 2
	۳	//  -&gt; 3
	۴	//	-&gt; 4
	۵	//	-&gt; 5
	۶	//	-&gt; 6
	۷	//	-&gt; 7
	۸	//	-&gt; 8
	۹	//	-&gt; 9

numbers over the unicode :  

    $num0=&quot;&amp;#1776;&quot;;
	$num1=&quot;&amp;#1777;&quot;;
	$num2=&quot;&amp;#1778;&quot;;
	$num3=&quot;&amp;#1779;&quot;;
	$num4=&quot;&amp;#1780;&quot;;
	$num5=&quot;&amp;#1781;&quot;;
	$num6=&quot;&amp;#1782;&quot;;
	$num7=&quot;&amp;#1783;&quot;;
	$num8=&quot;&amp;#1784;&quot;;
	$num9=&quot;&amp;#1785;&quot;;


convert Persian/Arabic numbers to English numbers

I am reading for SCJP and I have a question regarding this line:

&gt; Identifiers must start with a letter, a currency character ($), or a
&gt; connecting character such as the underscore ( _ ). Identifiers cannot
&gt; start with a number!

It states that a valid identifier name can start with a connecting character **such as** underscore. I thought underscores were the only valid option? What other *connecting characters* are there?

What are &quot;connecting characters&quot; in Java identifiers?

I am trying to print a Russian &quot;ф&quot; ([U+0444](http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf) CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF) character, which is given a code of decimal [1092][1]. Using C++, how can I print out this character? I would have thought something along the lines of the following would work, yet...

    int main (){
       wchar_t f = &#39;1060&#39;;
       cout &lt;&lt; f &lt;&lt; endl;
    }

  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4

How to print Unicode character in C++?

How can I get the number of characters of a string in Go?

For example, if I have a string `&quot;hello&quot;` the method should return `5`. I saw that `len(str)` returns the number of bytes **and not** the number of characters so `len(&quot;&#163;&quot;)` returns 2 instead of 1 because &#163; is encoded with two bytes in UTF-8.

How to get the number of characters in a string

How to force Ruby string variable output using `puts` to n characters so that if the variable is longer, it will be truncated, if shorter, it will be expanded by trailing or leading spaces?

Is there some standard method to do this?

How to force Ruby string to n characters

How do you get the length of a string stored in a variable and assign that to another variable?

    myvar=&quot;some string&quot;
    echo ${#myvar}  
    # 11

How do you set another variable to the output `11`?

Length of string in bash

Jinja unfortunately does not support executing arbitrary Python code, such as

    {% if len(some_var)&gt;1 %} ... {% endif %}

My current workaround is to use the deprecated, ugly, double-underscore method:

    {% if some_var.__len__()&gt;1 %} ... {% endif %}

Although this works, I&#39;m afraid that some future implementation of strings might break this code. Is there a better way to do this?

Length of string in Jinja/Flask

The data type of the field is String. I would like to fetch the data where character length of field name is greater than 40.

I tried these queries but returning error.
1. 

    db.usercollection.find(
    {$where: &quot;(this.name.length &gt; 40)&quot;}
    ).limit(2);

    output :error: {
    	&quot;$err&quot; : &quot;TypeError: Cannot read property &#39;length&#39; of undefined near &#39;40)&#39; &quot;,
    	&quot;code&quot; : 16722
    }

this is working in 2.4.9 But my version is 2.6.5



Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Igor Chubin	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - R	Gavin Simpson	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - R	bartektartanus	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - R	johannes	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - R	sobingt	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 5 - R	Thomas Buhl	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 6 - R	Jonathan	View Answer on Stackoverflow

How to find the length of a string in R

R Problem Overview

R Solutions

Solution 1 - R

Solution 2 - R

EDIT 2021

Solution 3 - R

Solution 4 - R

Solution 5 - R

Solution 6 - R

Vim: insert the same characters across multiple lines

Python 3: ImportError "No Module named Setuptools"

Attributions