You have to prepend every directory with `-I`:

    INC=-I/usr/informix/incl/c++ -I/opt/informix/incl/public

You need to use `-I` with each directory. But you can still delimit the directories with whitespace if you use (GNU) make&#39;s `foreach`:

    INC=$(DIR1) $(DIR2) ...
    INC_PARAMS=$(foreach d, $(INC), -I$d)

Make&#39;s [substitutions][1] feature is nice and helped me to write
```
%.i: src/%.c $(INCLUDE)
        gcc -E $(CPPFLAGS) $(INCLUDE:%=-I %) $&lt; &gt; $@
```

You might find this useful, because it asks `make` to check for changes in include folders too

  [1]: https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/html_node/Substitution-Refs.html

**Why does `git log --decorate` not display more than one tag per commit?**

**EDIT**: Charles Bailey has come up with the answer (at least in my case)  
Essentially, I had one tag that pointed to another tag that pointed to the commit.  Because of this extra layer of indirection, the tag wasn&#39;t showing up in the log.  I&#39;ll have to fix this, wither by fixing our tagging script to tag correctly, or by some shell script voodoo to recursively follow tags.  Anyway, I&#39;ll leave this question up just for reference in case anyone wants it.  (I&#39;m new to stack overflow, but I assume that is the correct protocol?)

## ... Original question follows ...

Backstory: We use GIT at work for source control, and we have a policy of always tagging a commit when we deploy.  (It&#39;s actually a script that does tags, and then pulls the tag on the server).  Since it&#39;s a web application with separate staging and production servers, we often tag a release for staging (for testing or whatever), and then later tag the same commit for production.

So it&#39;s actually very often that we have multiple tags on the same commit.  It would be very nice to be able to see this in the text log, but it doesn&#39;t seem to support it.  I&#39;m currently working around the issue by manually checking the tag I&#39;m looking for, or by firing up `gitk`.  While both of these solutions work, it seems to me that it&#39;s really weird for `git log --decorate` to only support one tag per commit by default.

I did some googling around, but didn&#39;t find much.  Am I missing something obvious?

*P.S. (I actually use a custom format string with `%d`, according to the man pages and some quick tests, it&#39;s equivalent to `--decorate`)*


show all tags in git log

How can I open a file, Stud.txt, and then replace any occurences of &quot;A&quot; with &quot;Orange&quot;?

Replace string within file contents

New to C++; Basic understanding of includes, libraries and the compile process. Did a few simple makefiles yet.


My current project involves using an informix DB api and i need to include header files in more than one nonstandard dirs. How to write that ? Havent found anything on the net, probably because i did not use good search terms




This is one way what i tried (not working). Just to show the makefile 

    LIB=-L/usr/informix/lib/c++
    INC=-I/usr/informix/incl/c++ /opt/informix/incl/public
    
    default:    main
    
    main:   test.cpp
            gcc -Wall $(LIB) $(INC) -c test.cpp
            #gcc -Wall $(LIB) $(INC) -I/opt/informix/incl/public -c test.cpp
    
    clean:
            rm -r test.o make.out



How to define several include path in Makefile

New to C++; Basic understanding of includes, libraries and the compile process. Did a few simple makefiles yet.
My current project involves using an informix DB api and i need to include header files in more than one nonstandard dirs. How to write that ? Havent found anything on the net, probably because i did not use good search terms
This is one way what i tried (not working). Just to show the makefile
<pre><code class="hljs language-vbnet">LIB=-L/usr/informix/lib/c++
INC=-I/usr/informix/incl/c++ /opt/informix/incl/public

default: main

main: test.cpp
 gcc -Wall $(LIB) $(INC) -c test.cpp
 #gcc -Wall $(LIB) $(INC) -I/opt/informix/incl/public -c test.cpp

clean:
 rm -r test.o make.out
</code></pre>

I&#39;m trying to make my library exportable as a DLL but I&#39;m getting a lot of these warnings for one specific class that uses std::vector:

    template &lt;typename T&gt;
    class AGUI_CORE_DECLSPEC AguiEvent {
    	typedef void (*AguiCallbackFptr)(T arg, AguiWidget* sender);
    std::vector&lt;AguiCallbackFptr&gt; events;
    public:
    	void call(AguiWidget* sender, T arg) const;
    	void addHandler(AguiCallbackFptr proc);
    	void removeHandler(AguiCallbackFptr proc);
    	void removeHandler();
    	AguiEvent();
    };

I get warnings like these:

&gt; Warning	57	warning C4251:
&gt; &#39;AguiEvent&lt;T&gt;::events&#39; : class
&gt; &#39;std::vector&lt;_Ty&gt;&#39; needs to have
&gt; dll-interface to be used by clients of
&gt; class &#39;AguiEvent&lt;T&gt;&#39;

I tried to find how to do this properly but MSDN&#39;s documentation is very Windows Only, and I need this to be cross platform so that it only does MS specific stuff when AGUI_CORE_DECLSPEC is in fact defined.

What should I do to get rid of these warnings?

Thanks



std::vector needs to have dll-interface to be used by clients of class &#39;X&lt;T&gt; warning

I am trying to figure out why the following code is not working, and I am assuming it is an issue with using char* as the key type, however I am not sure how I can resolve it or why it is occuring. All of the other functions I use (in the HL2 SDK) use `char*` so using `std::string` is going to cause a lot of unnecessary complications.

    std::map&lt;char*, int&gt; g_PlayerNames;

    int PlayerManager::CreateFakePlayer()
    {
    	FakePlayer *player = new FakePlayer();
    	int index = g_FakePlayers.AddToTail(player);
    
    	bool foundName = false;
    
    	// Iterate through Player Names and find an Unused one
    	for(std::map&lt;char*,int&gt;::iterator it = g_PlayerNames.begin(); it != g_PlayerNames.end(); ++it)
    	{
    		if(it-&gt;second == NAME_AVAILABLE)
    		{
    			// We found an Available Name. Mark as Unavailable and move it to the end of the list
    			foundName = true;
    			g_FakePlayers.Element(index)-&gt;name = it-&gt;first;
    
    			g_PlayerNames.insert(std::pair&lt;char*, int&gt;(it-&gt;first, NAME_UNAVAILABLE));
    			g_PlayerNames.erase(it); // Remove name since we added it to the end of the list
    
    			break;
    		}
    	}
    
    	// If we can&#39;t find a usable name, just user &#39;player&#39;
    	if(!foundName)
    	{
    		g_FakePlayers.Element(index)-&gt;name = &quot;player&quot;;
    	}
    
    	g_FakePlayers.Element(index)-&gt;connectTime = time(NULL);
    	g_FakePlayers.Element(index)-&gt;score = 0;
    
    	return index;
    }

Using char* as a key in std::map

I&#39;m looking for a way to easily embed any external binary data in a C/C++ application compiled by GCC.

A good example of what I&#39;d like to do is handling shader code - I can just keep it in source files like `const char* shader = &quot;source here&quot;;` but that&#39;s extremely impractical.

I&#39;d like the compiler to do it for me: upon compilation (linking stage), read file &quot;foo.bar&quot; and link its content to my program, so that I&#39;d be able to access the contents as binary data from the code.

Could be useful for small applications which I&#39;d like to distribute as a single .exe file.

Does GCC support something like this?

Embedding resources in executable using GCC

I experienced some odd behavior while using C++ type traits and have narrowed my problem down to this quirky little problem for which I will give a ton of explanation since I do not want to leave anything open for misinterpretation.

Say you have a program like so:

    #include &lt;iostream&gt;
    #include &lt;cstdint&gt;
    
    template &lt;typename T&gt;
    bool is_int64() { return false; }
    
    template &lt;&gt;
    bool is_int64&lt;int64_t&gt;() { return true; }
    
    int main()
    {
     std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;int:\t&quot; &lt;&lt; is_int64&lt;int&gt;() &lt;&lt; std::endl;
     std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;int64_t:\t&quot; &lt;&lt; is_int64&lt;int64_t&gt;() &lt;&lt; std::endl;
     std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;long int:\t&quot; &lt;&lt; is_int64&lt;long int&gt;() &lt;&lt; std::endl;
     std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;long long int:\t&quot; &lt;&lt; is_int64&lt;long long int&gt;() &lt;&lt; std::endl;
     
     return 0;
    }

In both 32-bit compile with GCC (and with 32- and 64-bit MSVC), the output of the program will be:

    int:           0
    int64_t:       1
    long int:      0
    long long int: 1

However, the program resulting from a 64-bit GCC compile will output:

    int:           0
    int64_t:       1
    long int:      1
    long long int: 0

This is curious, since `long long int` is a signed 64-bit integer and is, for all intents and purposes, identical to the `long int` and `int64_t` types, so logically, `int64_t`, `long int` and `long long int` would be equivalent types - the assembly generated when using these types is identical.  One look at `stdint.h` tells me why:

    # if __WORDSIZE == 64
    typedef long int  int64_t;
    # else
    __extension__
    typedef long long int  int64_t;
    # endif

In a 64-bit compile, `int64_t` is `long int`, not a `long long int` (obviously).

The fix for this situation is pretty easy:

    #if defined(__GNUC__) &amp;&amp; (__WORDSIZE == 64)
    template &lt;&gt;
    bool is_int64&lt;long long int&gt;() { return true; }
    #endif

But this is horribly hackish and does not scale well (actual functions of substance, `uint64_t`, etc).  **So my question is:** Is there a way to tell the compiler that a `long long int` is the also a `int64_t`, just like `long int` is?

---

My initial thoughts are that this is not possible, due to the way C/C++ type definitions work.  There is not a way to specify type equivalence of the basic data types to the compiler, since that is the compiler&#39;s job (and allowing that could break a lot of things) and `typedef` only goes one way.

I&#39;m also not too concerned with getting an answer here, since this is a super-duper edge case that I do not suspect anyone will ever care about when the examples are not horribly contrived (does that mean this should be community wiki?).

---

**Append**: The reason why I&#39;m using partial template specialization instead of an easier example like:

    void go(int64_t) { }
    
    int main()
    {
        long long int x = 2;
        go(x);
        return 0;
    }

is that said example will still compile, since `long long int` is implicitly convertible to an `int64_t`.

---

**Append**: The only answer so far assumes that I want to know if a type is 64-bits.  I did not want to mislead people into thinking that I care about that and probably should have provided more examples of where this problem manifests itself.

    template &lt;typename T&gt;
    struct some_type_trait : boost::false_type { };
    
    template &lt;&gt;
    struct some_type_trait&lt;int64_t&gt; : boost::true_type { };

In this example, `some_type_trait&lt;long int&gt;` will be a `boost::true_type`, but `some_type_trait&lt;long long int&gt;` will not be.  While this makes sense in C++&#39;s idea of types, it is not desirable.

Another example is using a qualifier like `same_type` (which is pretty common to use in C++0x Concepts):

    template &lt;typename T&gt;
    void same_type(T, T) { }
    
    void foo()
    {
        long int x;
        long long int y;
        same_type(x, y);
    }

That example fails to compile, since C++ (correctly) sees that the types are different.  g++ will fail to compile with an error like: no matching function call `same_type(long int&amp;, long long int&amp;)`.

I would like to stress that I understand *why* this is happening, but I am looking for a workaround that does not force me to repeat code all over the place.

long long int vs. long int vs. int64_t in C++

I use a code where I cast an enum* to int*. Something like this:

    enum foo { ... }
    ...
    foo foobar;
    int *pi = reinterpret_cast&lt;int*&gt;(&amp;foobar);

 When compiling the code (g++ 4.1.2), I get the following warning message:

    dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules

I googled this message, and found that it happens only when strict aliasing optimization is on. I have the following questions:

 - If I leave the code with this warning, will it generate potentially wrong code?
 - Is there any way to work around this problem?
 - If there isn&#39;t, is it possible to turn off strict aliasing from inside the source file (because I don&#39;t want to turn it off for all source files and I don&#39;t want to make a separate Makefile rule for this source file)?

And yes, I actually need this kind of aliasing.

&quot;dereferencing type-punned pointer will break strict-aliasing rules&quot; warning

I&#39;m trying to figure out the proper Razor syntax to get a JavaScript file for a particular *.cshtml to be in the head tag along with all the other include files that are defined in _Layout.cshtml.


ASP.NET MVC 3 Razor: Include JavaScript file in the head tag

I have searched high and low and get a lot of different solutions and variables containing info to get the absolute path.  But they seem to work under some conditions and not under others.  Is there one silver bullet way to get the absolute path of the executed script in PHP?  For me, the script will run from the command line, but, a solution should function just as well if run within Apache etc.

**Clarification:  The initially executed script, not necessarily the file where the solution is coded.**

Get absolute path of initially run script

I&#39;m trying to pass a variable from one include file to another. This is NOT working unless I declare the variable as global in the second include file. However, I do NOT need to declare it as global in the file that is calling the first include. For example:
______
front.inc:

    $name = &#39;james&#39;;
____
index.php:

    include(&#39;front.inc&#39;);
    echo $name;
    include(&#39;end.inc&#39;);
output: james
_________
end.inc:

    echo $name;
output: nothing
______

IF I declare global $name prior to echoing $name in end.inc, then it works properly. The accepted answer to this post explains that this depends on your server configuration: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4572062/passing-variables-in-php-from-one-file-to-another

I&#39;m using an Apache server. How would I configure it so that declaring $name to be global is not necessary? Are there advantages/disadvantages to one vs. the other?

Passing a variable from one php include file to another: global vs. not

Refer to the doc: http://android-developers.blogspot.com/2009/02/android-layout-tricks-2-reusing-layouts.html

I have a button inside the included layout, how can I access the button? I don&#39;t know the id! How can I define the OnClickListener...?

Please help...

How to access Button inside &quot;include&quot; layout

What is the most correct way to include another XHTML page in an XHTML page? I have been trying different ways, none of them are working.


How to include another XHTML in XHTML using JSF 2.0 Facelets?

For various reasons, it would be convenient for me to specify .PHONY in multiple parts of a makefile. I feel like I&#39;m not correctly understanding how this works, but is this possible?

Instead of `.PHONY: clean cleanall`
do:

    .PHONY: clean
    &lt;some text&gt;
    .PHONY: cleanall

Is it possible to have multiple .PHONY targets in a GNU makefile?

Can anyone explain what the target &quot;oldconfig&quot; does exactly in the Linux kernel makefile?  I see it referenced in some build documentation but never explained what it does exactly.

What does &quot;make oldconfig&quot; do exactly in the Linux kernel makefile?

Suppose I have a simple makefile like:

    hello:
       echo &quot;hello world&quot;
    
    bye:
       echo &quot;bye bye&quot;

Then in bash I want something like:

&gt; make h &lt; tab &gt;

so it can complete to

&gt; make hello

I found a simple way like creating empty files `hello` and `bye` but I&#39;m looking for something more _sophisticated_.

bash completion of makefile target

I&#39;ve used rake a bit (a Ruby make program), and it has an option to get a list of all the available targets, eg

    &gt; rake --tasks
    rake db:charset      # retrieve the charset for your data...
    rake db:collation    # retrieve the collation for your da...
    rake db:create       # Creates the databases defined in y...
    rake db:drop         # Drops the database for your curren...
    ...

but there seems to be no option to do this in GNU make. 

Apparently the code is almost there for it, as of 2007 - http://www.mail-archive.com/help-make@gnu.org/msg06434.html. 

Anyway, I made little hack to extract the targets from a makefile, which you can include in a makefile. 

    list:
        @grep &#39;^[^#[:space:]].*:&#39; Makefile

It will give you a list of the defined targets. It&#39;s just a start - it doesn&#39;t filter out the dependencies, for instance. 

    &gt; make list
    list:
    copy:
    run:
    plot:
    turnin:



How do you get the list of targets in a makefile?

I&#39;m writing a Makefile that does string matching at one place, the code is like:

    if test ...; \
        then \
        shell scripts... \
    fi
    
    ifeq ($(DIST_TYPE),nightly)
        shell scripts ...
    endif

Here the first `if` is shell script, the second `ifeq` is GNU Make&#39;s conditional. However the following error generates:

&gt; ifeq (nightly,nightly)
&gt; 
&gt; /bin/sh: -c: line 0: syntax error near unexpected token `nightly,nightly&#39;
&gt; 
&gt; /bin/sh: -c: line 0: `ifeq (nightly,nightly)&#39;

What&#39;s happening here? It seems that Make is trying to call the shell.

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	groovehunter	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - C++	Antoine Pelisse	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - C++	wilhelmtell	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - C++	Vishwajith.K	View Answer on Stackoverflow

How to define several include path in Makefile

C++ Problem Overview

C++ Solutions

Solution 1 - C++

Solution 2 - C++

Solution 3 - C++

Replace string within file contents

show all tags in git log

Attributions