android - "Exported receiver does not require permission" on receivers meant to receive from system services

I have some receivers declared in my AndroidManifest :

<!-- no warning -->
<receiver
    android:name=".receivers.TriggerMonitoringBootReceiver"
    android:enabled="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.intent.action.BOOT_COMPLETED" />
    </intent-filter>
</receiver>

<!-- no warning -->
<receiver
    android:name=".receivers.ScanResultsReceiver"
    android:enabled="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="android.net.wifi.SCAN_RESULTS" />
    </intent-filter>
</receiver>

<!-- warning : Exported receiver does not require permission-->
<receiver
    android:name=".receivers.BatteryMonitoringReceiver"
    android:enabled="false">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="@string/intent_action_setup_alarm" />
        <action android:name="@string/intent_action_cancel_alarm" />
        <action android:name="@string/intent_action_monitor" />
    </intent-filter>
</receiver>

The first one is meant to receive a BOOT_COMPLETED action. The second is meant to receive android.net.wifi.SCAN_RESULTS. The third one is meant to receive some actions I broadcast (intent_action_monitor) and some actions broadcasted by the AlarmManager (intent_action_setup_alarm etc).

Two questions:

• Why don't I get the warning on all receivers?
• What permissions do I need to set for receivers meant to receive from system services to correct the warning (I understand what it is about and I don't want anyone to use my receivers anyway) ? Will exported="false" do for boot receivers, wifi receivers, alarm receivers etc?
  I thought of using a custom permission with android:protectionLevel="signatureOrSystem" but the docs advise against both this protection level and custom permissions. So how I should handle this warning ?

Links to the docs and/or some code will be much appreciated.

> Why don't I get the warning on all receivers ?

Because the first two are clearly designed to be broadcast by Android. The last one is unknown, partly because you did not supply the string resource values, and possibly because they are your own unique action strings.

> What permissions do I need to set for receivers meant to receive from system services to correct the warning

The correct solution is to delete the <intent-filter>. If you are broadcasting these Intents, or if you are wrapping an Intent in a getBroadcast() PendingIntent, you do not need action strings. Use the Intent constructor that takes the Java class object as the second parameter, and use that:

new Intent(this, BatteryMonitoringReceiver.class)

You are welcome to still attach an action string to that Intent, if you want, but you can dump the <intent-filter> (routing will be based on the supplied component, in this case the Java class).

Only use an <intent-filter> when you are expecting the OS or third-party apps to initiate the Intent themselves (executing a PendingIntent that you created does not count).

The warning "Exported receiver does not require permission" means, You have an intent-filter with some action (which means by default you have android:exported="true" set and it can now receive broadcasts from ANY broadcasters outside of your application) Since it can receive broadcasts from ANY broadcasters outside of your application, it warns you by saying "Hey, are you sure ANY broadcaster can invoke you? In my opinion, it is better if you allow only those broadcasters to invoke you that has the permission you have set for this receiver through android:permission"

You can remove this warning by adding android:exported="false" to the receiver tag

If you do want to export your receiver to other processes, you can add your own permission definition in your android-manifest file for avoiding this warning, like

<permission
    android:name="com.yourpage.permission.YOUR_PERMISSION"
    android:protectionLevel="normal" />

<uses-permission
    android:name="com.yourpage.permission.YOUR_PERMISSION" />

<receiver <!-- warning : Exported receiver does not require permission-->
    android:name=".receivers.BatteryMonitoringReceiver"
    android:permission="com.yourpage.permission.YOUR_PERMISSION"
    android:enabled="false" >
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="@string/intent_action_setup_alarm" />
        <action android:name="@string/intent_action_cancel_alarm" />
        <action android:name="@string/intent_action_monitor" />
    </intent-filter>
</receiver> 

for more information, you can refer to http://developer.android.com/training/articles/security-tips.html

If, like me, you are here because your app built with a previous SDK version stopped working with more recent versions and you would like to fix it with minimal change, just add

> android:exported=false

to the receiver tag in the manifest file. The solution by CommonsWare is obviously the one to go with for the long term but this fixes the issue temporarily if you are using custom intents and don't mean to export them.

Going by Lubo's way, you would need to export this custom permission, which would prompt the user before installation. That means the descriptive text for the permission needs to be well written so you don't end up scaring the user into changing his mind about installing the app. Also, it would need to be translated into all your target languages.

To hide this warning, add tools:ignore="ExportedReceiver" to the receiver:

<receiver
    android:name=".MyReceiverIndentedForOtherAppsWithoutPermissions"
    tools:ignore="ExportedReceiver">
    <intent-filter>
        <action android:name="com.my.app.CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        <category android:name="android.intent.category.DEFAULT" />
    </intent-filter>
</receiver>