What is the easiest way to convert the result of `Throwable.getStackTrace()` to a string that depicts the stacktrace?

How can I convert a stack trace to a string?

How can I convert a JavaScript object into a string?

Example:

    var o = {a:1, b:2}
    console.log(o)
    console.log(&#39;Item: &#39; + o)

Output:

&gt; Object { a=1, b=2} // very nice readable output :)  
&gt; Item: [object Object] // no idea what&#39;s inside :(


Converting an object to a string

I have a class defined as follows:

    public class Person {
      private String name;

      // constructor and getter/setter omitted
    }

I tried to print an instance of my class:

    System.out.println(myPerson);

but I got the following output: `com.foo.Person@2f92e0f4`.  

A similar thing happened when I tried to print an array of `Person` objects:

    Person[] people = //...
    System.out.println(people); 

I got the output: `[Lcom.foo.Person;@28a418fc`

What does this output mean? How do I change this output so it contains the name of my person? And how do I print collections of my objects?

&lt;sub&gt;**Note**: this is intended as a canonical Q&amp;A about this subject.&lt;/sub&gt;

How do I print my Java object without getting &quot;SomeType@2f92e0f4&quot;?

My enum consists of the following values:

	private enum PublishStatusses{
		NotCompleted,
		Completed,
		Error
	};

I want to be able to output these values in a user friendly way though.  
I don&#39;t need to be able to go from string to value again.  

  [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/240122/how-to-convert-string-result-of-enum-with-overridden-tostring-back-to-enum

Enum ToString with user friendly strings

Is there a way in JS to get the entire HTML within the *html* tags, as a string?

    document.documentElement.??

How to get the entire document HTML as a string?

I am making a small vocabulary remembering program where words would would be flashed at me randomly for meanings. I want to use standard C++ library as Bjarne Stroustroup tells us, but I have encountered a seemingly strange problem right out of the gate. 

I want to change a `long` integer into `std::string` so as to be able to store it in a file. I have employed `to_string()` for the same. The problem is, when I compile it with g++ (version 4.7.0 as mentioned in its --‍version flag), it says:

    PS C:\Users\Anurag\SkyDrive\College\Programs&gt; g++ -std=c++0x ttd.cpp
    ttd.cpp: In function &#39;int main()&#39;:
    ttd.cpp:11:2: error: &#39;to_string&#39; is not a member of &#39;std&#39;

My program that gives this error is:

    #include &lt;string&gt;

    int main()
    {
        std::to_string(0);
        return 0;
    }

But, I know it can&#39;t be because msdn library [clearly says][1] it exists and [an earlier question][2] on Stack Overflow (for g++ version 4.5) says that it can be turned on with the `-std=c++0x` flag. What am I doing wrong?


  [1]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee404875.aspx
  [2]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7521617/c11-to-string-function-where

to_string is not a member of std, says g++ (mingw)

    var items = from c in contacts
                select new ListItem
                {
                    Value = c.ContactId, //Cannot implicitly convert type &#39;int&#39; (ContactId) to &#39;string&#39; (Value).
                    Text = c.Name
                };
    var items = from c in contacts
                select new ListItem
                {
                    Value = c.ContactId.ToString(), //Throws exception: ToString is not supported in linq to entities.
                    Text = c.Name
                };

Is there anyway I can achieve this?
Note, that in VB.NET there is no problem use the first snippet it works just great, VB is flexible, im unable to get used to C#&#39;s strictness!!!

Problem with converting int to string in Linq to entities

Recently I have had to serialize a double into text, and then get it back. The value seems to not be equivalent:

    double d1 = 0.84551240822557006;
    string s = d1.ToString(&quot;R&quot;);
    double d2 = double.Parse(s);
    bool s1 = d1 == d2;
    // -&gt; s1 is False

But according to [MSDN: Standard Numeric Format Strings][1], the &quot;R&quot; option is supposed to guarantee round-trip safety.

&gt; The round-trip (&quot;R&quot;) format specifier is used to ensure that a numeric value that is converted to a string will be parsed back into the same numeric value

Why did this happen?

  [1]: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dwhawy9k(v=vs.110).aspx#Anchor_8

Why is a round-trip conversion via a string not safe for a double?

Is there a method that I can override in my custom classes so that when

          NSLog(@&quot;%@&quot;, myObject) 

is called, it will print the fields (or whatever I deem important) of my object?  I guess I&#39;m looking for the Objective-C equivalent of Java&#39;s `toString()`.



What is the Objective-C equivalent for &quot;toString()&quot;, for use with NSLog?

What is the difference between `Convert.ToString()` and `.ToString()`?

I found many differences online, but what&#39;s the major difference?

Difference between Convert.ToString() and .ToString()

I am using trying to use the `toString(int[])` method, but I think I am doing it wrong:

[http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/Arrays.html#toString(int\[\])][1]

My code:

	int[] array = new int[lnr.getLineNumber() + 1];
	int i = 0;

	System.out.println(array.toString());
	
The output is:

    [I@23fc4bec

Also I tried printing like this, but:

    System.out.println(new String().toString(array));  // **error on next line**
    The method toString() in the type String is not applicable for the arguments (int[])

**I took this code out of bigger and more complex code, but I can add it if needed. But this should give general information.**

I am looking for output, like in Oracle&#39;s documentation:

&gt;  The string representation consists of a list of the array&#39;s elements, enclosed in square brackets (&quot;[]&quot;). Adjacent elements are separated by the characters &quot;, &quot; (a comma followed by a space). 

  [1]: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/Arrays.html#toString%28int%5B%5D%29


How to convert an int array to String with toString method in Java

The values in my `enum` are words that need to have spaces in them, but enums can&#39;t have spaces in their values so it&#39;s all bunched up. I want to override `toString()` to add these spaces where I tell it to.

I also want the enum to provide the correct enum when I use `valueOf()` on the same string that I added the spaces to.

For example:

    public enum RandomEnum
    {
         StartHere,
         StopHere
    }

Call `toString()` on `RandomEnum` whose value is `StartHere` returns string `&quot;Start Here&quot;`. Call `valueof()` on that same string (`&quot;Start Here&quot;`) returns enum value `StartHere`.

How can I do this?

Override valueof() and toString() in Java enum

When I `console.log()` an object in my JavaScript program, I just see the output `[object Object]`, which is not very helpful in figuring out what object (or even what type of object) it is.

In C# I&#39;m used to overriding `ToString()` to be able to customize the debugger representation of an object. Is there anything similar I can do in JavaScript?

Is it possible to override JavaScript&#39;s toString() function to provide meaningful output for debugging?

The `strings.Join` function takes slices of strings only:

	s := []string{&quot;foo&quot;, &quot;bar&quot;, &quot;baz&quot;}
	fmt.Println(strings.Join(s, &quot;, &quot;))

But it would be nice to be able to pass arbitrary objects which implement a `ToString()` function.

	type ToStringConverter interface {
		ToString() string
	}
	
Is there something like this in Go or do I have to decorate existing types like `int` with ToString methods and write a wrapper around `strings.Join`?

	func Join(a []ToStringConverter, sep string) string

ToString() function in Go

Coming from a Java background, I understand that `__str__` is something like a Python version of toString (while I do realize that Python is the older language).

So, I have defined a little class along with an `__str__` method as follows:

    class Node:
        
        def __init__(self, id):
            self.id = id
            self.neighbours = []
            self.distance = 0
        
            
        def __str__(self):
            return str(self.id)

I then create a few instances of it:

    uno = Node(1)    
    due = Node(2)    
    tri = Node(3)    
    qua = Node(4)

Now, the expected behaviour when trying to print one of these objects is that it&#39;s associated value gets printed. This also happens.

    print uno

yields

    1

But when I do the following:

    uno.neighbours.append([[due, 4], [tri, 5]])

and then

    print uno.neighbours

I get

    [[[&lt;__main__.Node instance at 0x00000000023A6C48&gt;, 4], [&lt;__main__.Node instance at 0x00000000023A6D08&gt;, 5]]]

Where I expected

    [[2, 4], [3, 5]]

What am I missing? And what otherwise cringe-worthy stuff am I doing? :)





Confused about __str__ on list in Python

Why does `0.ToString(&quot;#.##&quot;)` return an empty string? Shouldn&#39;t it be `0.00` or **at least 0**?

Why does 0.ToString(&quot;#.##&quot;) return an empty string instead of 0.00 or at least 0?

I&#39;m studying MD5 encryption, and have found this code using Google:

```
public string CalculateMD5Hash(string input)
{

	// Primeiro passo, calcular o MD5 hash a partir da string
	MD5 md5 = System.Security.Cryptography.MD5.Create();
	byte[] inputBytes = System.Text.Encoding.ASCII.GetBytes(input);
	byte[] hash = md5.ComputeHash(inputBytes);

	// Segundo passo, converter o array de bytes em uma string haxadecimal
	StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
	for (int i = 0; i &lt; hash.Length; i++)
	{
		sb.Append(hash[i].ToString(&quot;X2&quot;));
	}
	return sb.ToString();
}
```

Why does it use `ToString(&quot;X2&quot;)`? How is it different from normal `ToString`?

What is the meaning of ToString(&quot;X2&quot;)?

I get this when I call `toString` on an object I received from a function call. I know the type of the object is encoded in this string, but I don&#39;t know how to read it.

What is this type of encoding called?

What is this: [Ljava.lang.Object;?

What is the Swift equivalent of Java `toString()` to print the state of a class instance?

Swift equivalent of Java toString()

I found the default implemtation of ToString in the dictionary is not what I want. I would like to have `{key=value, ***}`. 

Any handy way to get it?

Is there anyway to handy convert a dictionary to String?

I have a `vector&lt;int&gt;` container that has integers (e.g. {1,2,3,4}) and I would like to convert to a string of the form 

    &quot;1,2,3,4&quot;

What is the cleanest way to do that in C++?
In Python this is how I would do it:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; array = [1,2,3,4]
    &gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;,&quot;.join(map(str,array))
    &#39;1,2,3,4&#39;





Convert a vector&lt;int&gt; to a string

When I do `System.out.println(map)` in Java, I get a nice output in stdout. How can I obtain this same string representation of a `Map` in a variable without meddling with standard output? Something like `String mapAsString = Collections.toString(map)`?

Map to String in Java

There are two ways to increase the usefulness of debugging information instead of seeing `{MyNamespace.MyProject.MyClass}` in the debugger. 

These are the use of [`DebuggerDisplayAttribute`][1] and the `ToString()` method.

    using System.Diagnostics;
    ...

    [DebuggerDisplay(&quot;Name = {Name}&quot;)]
    public class Person
    {
        public string Name;
    }

or 

    public class Person
    {
        public string Name;
        public override string ToString()
        {
            return string.Format(&quot;Name = {0}&quot;, Name);
        }
    }


Is there any reason to prefer one to the other? Any reason not to do both? Is it purely personal preference?


  [1]: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/dotnet/api/system.diagnostics.debuggerdisplayattribute

C# debugging: [DebuggerDisplay] or ToString()?

I would like to change decimal point to another character in C#. I have a `double` variable `value`

    double value;

and when I use the command:

    Console.WriteLine(value.ToString()); // output is 1,25

I know I can do this:

    Console.WriteLine(value.ToString(
        CultureInfo.CreateSpecificCulture(&quot;en-GB&quot;))); // output is 1.25

but I don&#39;t like it very much because it&#39;s very long and I need it quite often in my program.

Is there a shorter version for setting &quot;decimal point&quot; really as point and not comma as is in my culture is usual?

How to change symbol for decimal point in double.ToString()?

I have an array that I want converted to a comma delimited string. `Array.toString()` works, but if I have a rather large array it won&#39;t wrap because there are no spaces after the commas:

&lt;!-- begin snippet: js hide: false --&gt;

&lt;!-- language: lang-js --&gt;

    document.body.innerHTML = [&#39;css&#39;,&#39;html&#39;,&#39;xhtml&#39;,&#39;html5&#39;,&#39;css3&#39;,&#39;javascript&#39;,&#39;jquery&#39;,&#39;lesscss&#39;,&#39;arrays&#39;,&#39;wordpress&#39;,&#39;facebook&#39;,&#39;fbml&#39;,&#39;table&#39;,&#39;.htaccess&#39;,&#39;php&#39;,&#39;c&#39;,&#39;.net&#39;,&#39;c#&#39;,&#39;java&#39;].toString();
    // css,html,xhtml,html5,css3,javascript,jquery,lesscss,arrays,wordpress,facebook,fbml,table,.htaccess,php,c,.net,c#,java

&lt;!-- end snippet --&gt;

How can I have spaces after the commas in order to allow line/word wrapping?

Example output:

    css, html, xhtml, html5, css3, javascript, jquery, lesscss, arrays, wordpress, facebook, fbml, table, .htaccess, php, c, .net, c#, java

Join an array by a comma and a space

Let&#39;s say I have a class `Person` which looks like this:

    class Person {
        constructor(
            public firstName: string,
            public lastName: string,
            public age: number
        ) {}
    }

I have overridden the `toString` method as follows.

    public toString(): string {
        return this.firstName + &#39; &#39; + this.lastName;
    }

Now I expect to be able to do the following, which works in runtime:

    function alertMessage(message: string) {
        alert(message);
    }

    alertMessage(new Person(&#39;John&#39;, &#39;Smith&#39;, 20));

But this still gives me this error:

&gt; TS2345: Argument of type &#39;Person&#39; is not assignable to parameter of type &#39;string&#39;.

How can I assign a `Person` to this `string` argument?

TypeScript override ToString()

What is the difference between using the two following statements? It appears to me that the first &quot;as string&quot; is a type cast, while the second ToString is an actual call to a method that converts the input to a string? Just looking for some insight if any.

    Page.Theme = Session[&quot;SessionTheme&quot;] as string;
    Page.Theme = Session[&quot;SessionTheme&quot;].ToString();


Difference between .ToString and &quot;as string&quot; in C#

Is there a library that will recursively dump/print an objects properties?  I&#39;m looking for something similar to the [console.dir()][2] function in Firebug.

I&#39;m aware of the commons-lang [ReflectionToStringBuilder][1] but it does not recurse into an object. I.e., if I run the following:

    public class ToString {
        
        public static void main(String [] args) {
            System.out.println(ReflectionToStringBuilder.toString(new Outer(), ToStringStyle.MULTI_LINE_STYLE));
        }
        
        private static class Outer {
            private int intValue = 5;
            private Inner innerValue = new Inner();
        }
        
        private static class Inner {
            private String stringValue = &quot;foo&quot;;
        }
    }

I receive:

&gt; ToString$Outer@1b67f74[
&gt; intValue=5  
&gt; innerValue=ToString$Inner@530daa
&gt; ]

I realize that in my example, I could have overriden the toString() method for Inner but in the real world, I&#39;m dealing with external objects that I can&#39;t modify.


  [1]: https://commons.apache.org/proper/commons-lang/apidocs/org/apache/commons/lang3/builder/ReflectionToStringBuilder.html
  [2]: http://getfirebug.com/console.html

Dumping a java object&#39;s properties

Anyone knows why javascript [`Number.toString`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number/toString) function does not represents negative numbers correctly?

    //If you try
    (-3).toString(2); //shows &quot;-11&quot;
    // but if you fake a bit shift operation it works as expected
    (-3 &gt;&gt;&gt; 0).toString(2); // print &quot;11111111111111111111111111111101&quot;

I am really curious why it doesn&#39;t work properly or what is the reason it works this way?
I&#39;ve searched it but didn&#39;t find anything that helps.

Negative numbers to binary string in JavaScript

So, I have an interface with a bunch of methods that need to be implemented, the method names are irrelevant.

The objects that implement this interface are often put into collections, and also have a special toString() format that I want them to use.

So, I thought it would be convenient to put hashCode(), equals(), and toString() into the interface, to make sure that I remember to override the default method for these. But when I added these methods to the interface, the IDE/Compiler doesn&#39;t complain if I don&#39;t have those three methods implemented, even though I explicitly put them in the interface.

Why won&#39;t this get enforced for me? It complains if I don&#39;t implement any of the other methods, but it doesn&#39;t enforce those three. What gives? Any clues?

toString(), equals(), and hashCode() in an interface

I have tried this:

    public static class ListHelper
    {
        public static string ToString&lt;T&gt;(this IList&lt;String&gt; list)
        {
            return string.Join(&quot;, &quot;, list.ToArray());
        }
    
        public static string ToString&lt;T&gt;(this String[] array)
        {
            return string.Join(&quot;, &quot;, array);
        }
    }

But it does not work, both for `string[]` and `List&lt;string&gt;`. Maybe I need some special annotations?

How to create an extension method for ToString?

I was writing a toString() for a class in Java the other day by manually writing out each element of the class to a String and it occurred to me that using reflection it might be possible to create a generic toString() method that could work on ALL classes. I.E. it would figure out the field names and values and send them out to a String.

Getting the field names is fairly simple, here is what a co-worker came up with:

    public static List initFieldArray(String className) throws ClassNotFoundException {

        Class c = Class.forName(className);
        Field field[] = c.getFields();
        List&lt;String&gt; classFields = new ArrayList(field.length);

        for (int i = 0; i &lt; field.length; i++) {
            String cf = field[i].toString();
            classFields.add(cf.substring(cf.lastIndexOf(&quot;.&quot;) + 1));
        }

        return classFields;
    }
Using a factory I could reduce the performance overhead by storing the fields once, the first time the toString() is called. However finding the values could be a lot more expensive.

Due to the performance of reflection this may be more hypothetical then practical. But I am interested in the idea of reflection and how I can use it to improve my everyday programming.



Java toString() using reflection?

I used `ToStringBuilder.reflectionToString(class)` in commons-lang, to implement `toString()` for simple DTOs. Now I&#39;m trying to use Google Guava instead of Apache commons library. And I found `Objects.ToStringHelper` in Guava. But it&#39;s too verbose if there&#39;re lots of members in the class. For example:

	@Override
	public String toString() {
		return MoreObjects.toStringHelper(this.getClass()).add(&quot;name&quot;, name)
				.add(&quot;emailAddress&quot;, emailAddress)
				.add(&quot;department&quot;, department).add(&quot;yearJoined&quot;, yearJoined)
				.toString();
	}

is much simpler if I use commons-lang:

    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return ToStringBuilder.reflectionToString(this);
    }

Is there any better ways to implement `toString()` with Guava, not with commons-lang?

[Guava docs][1]

  [1]: https://google.github.io/guava/releases/snapshot/api/docs/com/google/common/base/MoreObjects.html

Using Google Guava&#39;s Objects.ToStringHelper

When an exception is thrown (while debugging in the IDE), i have the opportunity to *view details* of the exception:

![enter image description here][1]

But in code if i call `exception.ToString()` i do not get to see those useful details:

    System.Data.SqlClient.SqlException (0x80131904): Could not find stored procedure &#39;FetchActiveUsers&#39;.
      [...snip stack trace...]

But Visual Studio has some magic where it can *copy the exception to the clipboard*:

![enter image description here][2]

Which gives the useful details:

    System.Data.SqlClient.SqlException was unhandled by user code
      Message=Could not find stored procedure &#39;FetchActiveUsers&#39;.
      Source=.Net SqlClient Data Provider
      ErrorCode=-2146232060
      Class=16
      LineNumber=1
      Number=2812
      Procedure=&quot;&quot;
      Server=vader
      State=62
      StackTrace:
           [...snip stack trace...]
      InnerException:

Well i want that!

What would be the contents of:

    String ExceptionToString(Exception ex)
    { 
        //todo: Write useful routine
        return ex.ToString();
    }
 
that can accomplish the same magic. Is there a .NET function built in somewhere? Does `Exception` have a secret method somewhere to convert it to a string?


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/NNcx3.png
  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/kSOUl.png

.NET: How to convert Exception to string?

I have new XmlDocument object, i.g. xml is created during my program...

I want all numeric values in created xml was with dot symbol instead of comma by default.

Can I do something to declare it once, not to parse every decimal value?

I.e. To set up this dot instead of comma somewhere in the beginning and don&#39;t worry about this till the end?

All Tostring Solutions on Gang of Coders

Total of 35 Tostring Solutions

How can I convert a stack trace to a string?

Converting an object to a string

How do I print my Java object without getting "SomeType@2f92e0f4"?

Enum ToString with user friendly strings

How to get the entire document HTML as a string?

to_string is not a member of std, says g++ (mingw)

Problem with converting int to string in Linq to entities

Why is a round-trip conversion via a string not safe for a double?

What is the Objective-C equivalent for "toString()", for use with NSLog?

Difference between Convert.ToString() and .ToString()

How to convert an int array to String with toString method in Java

Override valueof() and toString() in Java enum

Is it possible to override JavaScript's toString() function to provide meaningful output for debugging?

ToString() function in Go

Confused about str on list in Python

Why does 0.ToString("#.##") return an empty string instead of 0.00 or at least 0?

What is the meaning of ToString("X2")?