What does this do?

    if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;:
        print(&quot;Hello world!&quot;)


What does if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;: do?

How do I load a Python module given its full path?

Note that the file can be anywhere in the filesystem.

How do I import a module given the full path?

How do I import other files in Python?

 1. How exactly can I import a specific Python file, like `import file.py`?
 2. How can I import a folder instead of a specific file?
 3. I want to load a Python file dynamically at runtime, based on user
    input.
 4. I want to know how to load just one specific part from the file.

For example, in `main.py` I have:

    from extra import *

Although this gives me all the definitions in `extra.py`, when maybe all I want is a single definition:

    def gap():
        print
        print

What do I add to the `import` statement to just get `gap` from `extra.py`?




How can I import other Python files?

Imagine this directory structure:

    app/
       __init__.py
       sub1/
          __init__.py
          mod1.py
       sub2/
          __init__.py
          mod2.py

I&#39;m coding `mod1`, and I need to import something from `mod2`. How should I do it?  

I tried `from ..sub2 import mod2` but I&#39;m getting an &quot;Attempted relative import in non-package&quot;.

I googled around but found only &quot;`sys.path` manipulation&quot; hacks. Isn&#39;t there a clean way?  

---
Edit: all my `__init__.py`&#39;s are currently empty  

Edit2: I&#39;m trying to do this because sub2 contains classes that are shared across sub packages (`sub1`, `subX`, etc.).

Edit3: The behaviour I&#39;m looking for is the same as described in [PEP 366][1] (thanks John B)


  [1]: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0366/

How to do relative imports in Python?

How do I find out which directories are listed in my system’s `PYTHONPATH` variable, from within a Python script (or the interactive shell)?

How do I find out my PYTHONPATH using Python?

I need to install a package from PyPi straight within my script.
Maybe there&#39;s some module or `distutils` (`distribute`, `pip` etc.) feature which allows me to just execute something like `pypi.install(&#39;requests&#39;)` and requests will be installed into my virtualenv.

Installing python module within code

I&#39;ve been making Python scripts for simple tasks at work and never really bothered packaging them for others to use. Now I have been assigned to make a Python wrapper for a REST API. I have absolutely no idea on how to start and I need help.

**What I have:**

(Just want to be specific as possible) I have the [virtualenv][1] ready, it&#39;s also [up in github][2], the .gitignore file for python is there as well, plus, the [requests library][3] for interacting with the REST API. That&#39;s it.

Here&#39;s the current directory tree

    .
    ├── bin
    │&#160;&#160; └── /the usual stuff/
    ├── include
    │&#160;&#160; └── /the usual stuff/
    ├── lib
    │&#160;&#160; └── python2.7
    │&#160;&#160;     └── /the usual stuff/
    ├── local
    │&#160;&#160; └── /the usual stuff/
    └── README.md

    27 directories, 280 files

I don&#39;t even know where to put the .py files, if I ever make one.

**What I wanted to do:**

Make a python module install-able with &quot;pip install ...&quot;

If possible, I want a general step by step process on writing Python modules.


  [1]: http://www.pythonforbeginners.com/basics/how-to-use-python-virtualenv/
  [2]: https://github.com/yowmamasita/pyfirefly
  [3]: https://requests.readthedocs.io/

How to write a Python module/package?

After installing [mechanize](https://pypi.org/project/mechanize/), I don&#39;t seem to be able to import it.

I have tried installing from pip, easy_install, and via `python setup.py install` from this repo: [https://github.com/abielr/mechanize][1]. All of this to no avail, as each time I enter my Python interactive I get:

    Python 2.7.3 (default, Aug  1 2012, 05:14:39) 
    [GCC 4.6.3] on linux2
    Type &quot;help&quot;, &quot;copyright&quot;, &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;license&quot; for more information.
    &gt;&gt;&gt; import mechanize
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
    ImportError: No module named mechanize
    &gt;&gt;&gt; 

The installations I ran previously reported that they had completed successfully, so I expect the import to work. What could be causing this error?

  [1]: https://github.com/abielr/mechanize
  [2]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12449161/complete-removal-and-fresh-install-of-python-on-ubuntu-12-04?rq=1

Unable to import a module that is definitely installed

When trying to import OpenCV, using `import cv2` I get the following error:

    /usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/cv2/__init__.py in &lt;module&gt;()
          7 
          8 # make IDE&#39;s (PyCharm) autocompletion happy
    ----&gt; 9 from .cv2 import *
         10 
         11 # wildcard import above does not import &quot;private&quot; variables like __version__
    
    ImportError: libSM.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

Not sure how to fix this - trying to play around with Google&#39;s new [Colaboratory][1] tool. Notebook is here: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B7-sJqBiyjCcRmFkMzl6cy1iN0k/view?usp=sharing


  [1]: https://research.google.com/colaboratory/faq.html

ImportError: libSM.so.6: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

With python properties, I can make it such that 

    obj.y 

calls a function rather than just returning a value.

Is there a way to do this with modules? I have a case where I want

    module.y 

to call a function, rather than just returning the value stored there.


Can modules have properties the same way that objects can?

I was coding today and noticed something. If I open a new interpreter session (IDLE) and check what&#39;s defined with the `dir` function I get this:

    $ python
    &gt;&gt;&gt; dir()
    [&#39;__builtins__&#39;, &#39;__doc__&#39;, &#39;__name__&#39;, &#39;__package__&#39;]
    &gt;&gt;&gt; dir(__builtins__)
    [&#39;ArithmeticError&#39;, &#39;AssertionError&#39;, &#39;AttributeError&#39;, &#39;BaseException&#39;, &#39;BufferError&#39;, &#39;BytesWarning&#39;, &#39;DeprecationWarning&#39;, &#39;EOFError&#39;, &#39;Ellipsis&#39;, &#39;EnvironmentError&#39;, &#39;Exception&#39;, &#39;False&#39;, &#39;FloatingPointError&#39;, &#39;FutureWarning&#39;, &#39;GeneratorExit&#39;, &#39;IOError&#39;, &#39;ImportError&#39;, &#39;ImportWarning&#39;, &#39;IndentationError&#39;, &#39;IndexError&#39;, &#39;KeyError&#39;, &#39;KeyboardInterrupt&#39;, &#39;LookupError&#39;, &#39;MemoryError&#39;, &#39;NameError&#39;, &#39;None&#39;, &#39;NotImplemented&#39;, &#39;NotImplementedError&#39;, &#39;OSError&#39;, &#39;OverflowError&#39;, &#39;PendingDeprecationWarning&#39;, &#39;ReferenceError&#39;, &#39;RuntimeError&#39;, &#39;RuntimeWarning&#39;, &#39;StandardError&#39;, &#39;StopIteration&#39;, &#39;SyntaxError&#39;, &#39;SyntaxWarning&#39;, &#39;SystemError&#39;, &#39;SystemExit&#39;, &#39;TabError&#39;, &#39;True&#39;, &#39;TypeError&#39;, &#39;UnboundLocalError&#39;, &#39;UnicodeDecodeError&#39;, &#39;UnicodeEncodeError&#39;, &#39;UnicodeError&#39;, &#39;UnicodeTranslateError&#39;, &#39;UnicodeWarning&#39;, &#39;UserWarning&#39;, &#39;ValueError&#39;, &#39;Warning&#39;, &#39;ZeroDivisionError&#39;, &#39;_&#39;, &#39;__debug__&#39;, &#39;__doc__&#39;, &#39;__import__&#39;, &#39;__name__&#39;, &#39;__package__&#39;, &#39;abs&#39;, &#39;all&#39;, &#39;any&#39;, &#39;apply&#39;, &#39;basestring&#39;, &#39;bin&#39;, &#39;bool&#39;, &#39;buffer&#39;, &#39;bytearray&#39;, &#39;bytes&#39;, &#39;callable&#39;, &#39;chr&#39;, &#39;classmethod&#39;, &#39;cmp&#39;, &#39;coerce&#39;, &#39;compile&#39;, &#39;complex&#39;, &#39;copyright&#39;, &#39;credits&#39;, &#39;delattr&#39;, &#39;dict&#39;, &#39;dir&#39;, &#39;divmod&#39;, &#39;enumerate&#39;, &#39;eval&#39;, &#39;execfile&#39;, &#39;exit&#39;, &#39;file&#39;, &#39;filter&#39;, &#39;float&#39;, &#39;format&#39;, &#39;frozenset&#39;, &#39;getattr&#39;, &#39;globals&#39;, &#39;hasattr&#39;, &#39;hash&#39;, &#39;help&#39;, &#39;hex&#39;, &#39;id&#39;, &#39;input&#39;, &#39;int&#39;, &#39;intern&#39;, &#39;isinstance&#39;, &#39;issubclass&#39;, &#39;iter&#39;, &#39;len&#39;, &#39;license&#39;, &#39;list&#39;, &#39;locals&#39;, &#39;long&#39;, &#39;map&#39;, &#39;max&#39;, &#39;memoryview&#39;, &#39;min&#39;, &#39;next&#39;, &#39;object&#39;, &#39;oct&#39;, &#39;open&#39;, &#39;ord&#39;, &#39;pow&#39;, &#39;print&#39;, &#39;property&#39;, &#39;quit&#39;, &#39;range&#39;, &#39;raw_input&#39;, &#39;reduce&#39;, &#39;reload&#39;, &#39;repr&#39;, &#39;reversed&#39;, &#39;round&#39;, &#39;set&#39;, &#39;setattr&#39;, &#39;slice&#39;, &#39;sorted&#39;, &#39;staticmethod&#39;, &#39;str&#39;, &#39;sum&#39;, &#39;super&#39;, &#39;tuple&#39;, &#39;type&#39;, &#39;unichr&#39;, &#39;unicode&#39;, &#39;vars&#39;, &#39;xrange&#39;, &#39;zip&#39;]
    &gt;&gt;&gt; import __builtin__
    [&#39;ArithmeticError&#39;, &#39;AssertionError&#39;, &#39;AttributeError&#39;, &#39;BaseException&#39;, &#39;BufferError&#39;, &#39;BytesWarning&#39;, &#39;DeprecationWarning&#39;, &#39;EOFError&#39;, &#39;Ellipsis&#39;, &#39;EnvironmentError&#39;, &#39;Exception&#39;, &#39;False&#39;, &#39;FloatingPointError&#39;, &#39;FutureWarning&#39;, &#39;GeneratorExit&#39;, &#39;IOError&#39;, &#39;ImportError&#39;, &#39;ImportWarning&#39;, &#39;IndentationError&#39;, &#39;IndexError&#39;, &#39;KeyError&#39;, &#39;KeyboardInterrupt&#39;, &#39;LookupError&#39;, &#39;MemoryError&#39;, &#39;NameError&#39;, &#39;None&#39;, &#39;NotImplemented&#39;, &#39;NotImplementedError&#39;, &#39;OSError&#39;, &#39;OverflowError&#39;, &#39;PendingDeprecationWarning&#39;, &#39;ReferenceError&#39;, &#39;RuntimeError&#39;, &#39;RuntimeWarning&#39;, &#39;StandardError&#39;, &#39;StopIteration&#39;, &#39;SyntaxError&#39;, &#39;SyntaxWarning&#39;, &#39;SystemError&#39;, &#39;SystemExit&#39;, &#39;TabError&#39;, &#39;True&#39;, &#39;TypeError&#39;, &#39;UnboundLocalError&#39;, &#39;UnicodeDecodeError&#39;, &#39;UnicodeEncodeError&#39;, &#39;UnicodeError&#39;, &#39;UnicodeTranslateError&#39;, &#39;UnicodeWarning&#39;, &#39;UserWarning&#39;, &#39;ValueError&#39;, &#39;Warning&#39;, &#39;ZeroDivisionError&#39;, &#39;_&#39;, &#39;__debug__&#39;, &#39;__doc__&#39;, &#39;__import__&#39;, &#39;__name__&#39;, &#39;__package__&#39;, &#39;abs&#39;, &#39;all&#39;, &#39;any&#39;, &#39;apply&#39;, &#39;basestring&#39;, &#39;bin&#39;, &#39;bool&#39;, &#39;buffer&#39;, &#39;bytearray&#39;, &#39;bytes&#39;, &#39;callable&#39;, &#39;chr&#39;, &#39;classmethod&#39;, &#39;cmp&#39;, &#39;coerce&#39;, &#39;compile&#39;, &#39;complex&#39;, &#39;copyright&#39;, &#39;credits&#39;, &#39;delattr&#39;, &#39;dict&#39;, &#39;dir&#39;, &#39;divmod&#39;, &#39;enumerate&#39;, &#39;eval&#39;, &#39;execfile&#39;, &#39;exit&#39;, &#39;file&#39;, &#39;filter&#39;, &#39;float&#39;, &#39;format&#39;, &#39;frozenset&#39;, &#39;getattr&#39;, &#39;globals&#39;, &#39;hasattr&#39;, &#39;hash&#39;, &#39;help&#39;, &#39;hex&#39;, &#39;id&#39;, &#39;input&#39;, &#39;int&#39;, &#39;intern&#39;, &#39;isinstance&#39;, &#39;issubclass&#39;, &#39;iter&#39;, &#39;len&#39;, &#39;license&#39;, &#39;list&#39;, &#39;locals&#39;, &#39;long&#39;, &#39;map&#39;, &#39;max&#39;, &#39;memoryview&#39;, &#39;min&#39;, &#39;next&#39;, &#39;object&#39;, &#39;oct&#39;, &#39;open&#39;, &#39;ord&#39;, &#39;pow&#39;, &#39;print&#39;, &#39;property&#39;, &#39;quit&#39;, &#39;range&#39;, &#39;raw_input&#39;, &#39;reduce&#39;, &#39;reload&#39;, &#39;repr&#39;, &#39;reversed&#39;, &#39;round&#39;, &#39;set&#39;, &#39;setattr&#39;, &#39;slice&#39;, &#39;sorted&#39;, &#39;staticmethod&#39;, &#39;str&#39;, &#39;sum&#39;, &#39;super&#39;, &#39;tuple&#39;, &#39;type&#39;, &#39;unichr&#39;, &#39;unicode&#39;, &#39;vars&#39;, &#39;xrange&#39;, &#39;zip&#39;]
    &gt;&gt;&gt; dir(__builtin__) == dir(__builtins__) # They seem to have the same things
    True

Please note the last line.

So, my question is:

 - Is any an alias of the other one?
   
 - Are the Python guys planning to get rid of one of those?
   
 - What should I use for my own programs?

 - What about Python 3?

 - Any information is valuable!

**Important:**

I&#39;m using Python 2.7.2+  on Ubuntu.

What&#39;s the difference between __builtin__ and __builtins__?

From the python documentation on [regex][1], regarding the `&#39;\&#39;` character:

&gt; The solution is to use Python’s raw string notation for regular
&gt; expression patterns; backslashes are not handled in any special way in
&gt; a string literal prefixed with `&#39;r&#39;`. So `r&quot;\n&quot;` is a two-character string
&gt; containing `&#39;\&#39;` and `&#39;n&#39;`, while `&quot;\n&quot;` is a one-character string
&gt; containing a newline. Usually patterns will be expressed in Python
&gt; code using this raw string notation.

What is this raw string notation? If you use a raw string format, does that mean `&quot;*&quot;` is taken as a a literal character rather than a zero-or-more indicator? That obviously can&#39;t be right, or else regex would completely lose its power. But then if it&#39;s a raw string, how does it recognize newline characters if `&quot;\n&quot;` is literally a backslash and an `&quot;n&quot;`?

I don&#39;t follow.

**Edit for bounty:**

I&#39;m trying to understand how a raw string regex matches newlines, tabs, and character sets, e.g. `\w` for words or `\d` for digits or all whatnot, if raw string patterns don&#39;t recognize backslashes as anything more than ordinary characters. I could really use some good examples.


  [1]: https://docs.python.org/library/re.html

What exactly is a &quot;raw string regex&quot; and how can you use it?

I fear that this is a messy way to approach the problem but... 

let&#39;s say that I want to make some imports in Python based on some conditions.

For this reason I want to write a function:

    def conditional_import_modules(test):
        if test == &#39;foo&#39;:
            import onemodule, anothermodule
        elif test == &#39;bar&#39;:
            import thirdmodule, and_another_module
        else:
            import all_the_other_modules

Now how can I have the imported modules globally available?

For example:

    conditional_import_modules(test=&#39;bar&#39;)
    thirdmodule.myfunction()



How to make global imports from a function?

I tried [&quot;heapq&quot;](https://docs.python.org/3/library/heapq.html) and arrived at the conclusion that my expectations differ from what I see on the screen. I need somebody to explain how it works and where it can be useful.

From the book [Python Module of the Week](http://pymotw.com/2/articles/data_structures.html#sorting) under paragraph **2.2 Sorting** it is written

&gt; If you need to maintain a sorted list as you add and remove values,
&gt; check out heapq. By using the functions in heapq to add or remove
&gt; items from a list, you can maintain the sort order of the list with
&gt; low overhead.

Here is what I do and get.
    
    import heapq
    heap = []
    
    for i in range(10):
        heap.append(i)
    
    heap
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
    
    heapq.heapify(heap)    
    heapq.heappush(heap, 10)    
    heap
    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
    
    heapq.heappop(heap)
    0    
    heap
    [1, 3, 2, 7, 4, 5, 6, 10, 8, 9] &lt;&lt;&lt; Why the list does not remain sorted?
    
    heapq.heappushpop(heap, 11)
    1
    heap
    [2, 3, 5, 7, 4, 11, 6, 10, 8, 9] &lt;&lt;&lt; Why is 11 put between 4 and 6?

So, as you see the &quot;heap&quot; list is not sorted at all, in fact the more you add and remove the items the more cluttered it becomes. Pushed values take unexplainable positions.
What is going on? 

What is Python&#39;s heapq module?

That&#39;s it. If you want to document a function or a class, you put a string just after the definition. For instance:

    def foo():
        &quot;&quot;&quot;This function does nothing.&quot;&quot;&quot;
        pass

But what about a module? How can I document what a *file.py* does?






How do I document a module in Python?

I have a Bottle webserver module with the following line:

    from foobar.formtools import auto_process_form_insert

And the `foobar.formtools` module contains this line:

    from foobar.webserver import redirect, redirect_back

Of course, both result in the following errors (respectively):

&gt; ImportError: cannot import name auto_process_form_insert  
&gt; ImportError: cannot import name redirect

Is it simply a fact that in Python two modules can&#39;t import each other and all module imports must be hierarchical in nature, or am I doing something wrong? Alternatively, is there a workaround short of placing all these nice functions in new modules?

Two Python modules require each other&#39;s contents - can that work?

Suppose I have two modules:

a.py:

    import b
    print __name__, __file__

b.py:

    print __name__, __file__

I run the &quot;a.py&quot; file. This prints:

    b        C:\path\to\code\b.py
    __main__ C:\path\to\code\a.py

__Question__: how do I obtain the path to the `__main__` module (&quot;a.py&quot; in this case) from within the &quot;b.py&quot; library?

How to get filename of the __main__ module in Python?

I have a script named `requests.py` that imports the requests package.  The script either can&#39;t access attributes from the package, or can&#39;t import them.  Why isn&#39;t this working and how do I fix it?

The following code raises an `AttributeError`.

    import requests
    
    res = requests.get(&#39;http://www.google.ca&#39;)
    print(res)

```none
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;/Users/me/dev/rough/requests.py&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
    import requests
  File &quot;/Users/me/dev/rough/requests.py&quot;, line 3, in &lt;module&gt;
    requests.get(&#39;http://www.google.ca&#39;)
AttributeError: module &#39;requests&#39; has no attribute &#39;get&#39;
```
The following code raises an `ImportError`.

    from requests import get
    
    res = get(&#39;http://www.google.ca&#39;)
    print(res)

```none
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;requests.py&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
    from requests import get
  File &quot;/Users/me/dev/rough/requests.py&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
    from requests import get
ImportError: cannot import name &#39;get&#39;
```
Or code that imports from a module inside the `requests` package:

    from requests.auth import AuthBase
    
```none
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File &quot;requests.py&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
    from requests.auth import AuthBase
  File &quot;/Users/me/dev/rough/requests.py&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
    from requests.auth import AuthBase
ImportError: No module named &#39;requests.auth&#39;; &#39;requests&#39; is not a package
```

Importing installed package from script raises &quot;AttributeError: module has no attribute&quot; or &quot;ImportError: cannot import name&quot;

While developing a largeish project (split in several files and folders) in Python with IPython, I run into the trouble of cached imported modules.

The problem is that instructions `import module` only reads the module once, even if that module has changed! So each time I change something in my package, I have to quit and restart IPython. Painful.

Is there any way to properly force reloading some modules? Or, better, to somehow prevent Python from caching them?

I tried several approaches, but none works. In particular I run into really, really weird bugs, like some modules or variables mysteriously becoming equal to `None`...

The only sensible resource I found is [Reloading Python modules][1], from pyunit, but I have not checked it. I would like something like that.

A good alternative would be for IPython to restart, or restart the Python interpreter somehow.

So, if you develop in Python, what solution have you found to this problem?

**Edit**

To make things clear: obviously, I understand that some old variables depending on the previous state of the module may stick around. That&#39;s fine by me. By why is that so difficult in Python to force reload a module without having all sort of strange errors happening?

More specifically, if I have my whole module in **one** file `module.py` then the following works fine:


    import sys
    try:
        del sys.modules[&#39;module&#39;]
    except AttributeError:
        pass
    import module

    obj = module.my_class()

This piece of code works beautifully and I can develop without quitting IPython for months.

*However*, whenever my module is made of several submodules, hell breaks loose:

    import os
    for mod in [&#39;module.submod1&#39;, &#39;module.submod2&#39;]:
        try:
            del sys.module[mod]
        except AttributeError:
            pass
    # sometimes this works, sometimes not. WHY?

Why is that so different for Python whether I have my module in one big file or in several submodules? Why would that approach not work??

  [1]: http://pyunit.sourceforge.net/notes/reloading.html

Prevent Python from caching the imported modules

Everywhere I see Python code importing modules using `import sys` or `import mymodule`

How does the interpreter find the correct file if no directory or path is provided?

How does python find a module file if the import statement only contains the filename?

I have a package `mypack` with modules `mod_a` and `mod_b` in it. I intend the package itself and `mod_a` to be imported freely:

    import mypack
    import mypack.mod_a

However, I&#39;d like to keep `mod_b` for the exclusive use of `mypack`. That&#39;s because it exists merely to organize the latter&#39;s internal code. 

My first question is, is it an accepted practice in Python programming to have &#39;private&#39; modules like this?

If yes, my second question is, what is the best way to convey this intention to the client? Do I prefix the name with an underscore (i.e. `_mod_b`)? Or would it be a good idea to declare a sub-package `private` and place all such modules there?

Python: &#39;Private&#39; module in a package

I saw in [this useful Q&amp;A][1] that one can use `reload(whatever_module)` or, in Python 3, `imp.reload(whatever_module)`.

My question is, what if I had said `from whatever_module import *` to import?  Then I have no `whatever_module` to refer to when I use `reload()`. Are you guys gonna yell at me for throwing a whole module into the global namespace? :)


  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/q/437589/4518341

How to reload python module imported using `from module import *`

I have a module foo, containing util.py and bar.py.

I want to import it in IDLE or python session. How do I go about this?

I could find no documentation on how to import modules not in the current directory or the default python PATH.
After trying `import &quot;&lt;full path&gt;/foo/util.py&quot;`,
and `from &quot;&lt;full path&gt;&quot; import util` 

The closest I could get was

    import imp
    imp.load_source(&#39;foo.util&#39;,&#39;C:/.../dir/dir2/foo&#39;)

Which gave me Permission denied on windows 7.

Import python module NOT on path

I have a module in a `fibo.py` file which has the following functions -  

    #fibonacci numbers module
    
    def fib(n):    # write Fibonacci series up to n
        a, b = 0, 1
        while b &lt; n:
            print(b, end=&#39; &#39;)
            a, b = b, a+b
        print()
    
    def fib2(n): # return Fibonacci series up to n
        result = []
        a, b = 0, 1
        while b &lt; n:
            result.append(b)
            a, b = b, a+b
        return result

Now when I run the module from the cli python3 as - 

    &gt; python3 -m fibo.py

I get the error 

    Error while finding spec for &#39;fibo.py&#39; (&lt;class &#39;AttributeError&#39;&gt;:
    &#39;module&#39; object has no attribute &#39;__path__&#39;)

The `__path__` variable has has the current dir . I am not sure how to fix this.

Error while finding spec for &#39;fibo.py&#39; (&lt;class &#39;AttributeError&#39;&gt;: &#39;module&#39; object has no attribute &#39;__path__&#39;)

I have a project which I want to structure like this:

    myproject
    ├── api
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   └── api.py
    ├── backend
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   └── backend.py
    ├── models
    │   ├── __init__.py
    │   └── some_model.py
    └── __init__.py

Now, I want to import the module `some_model.py` in both `api.py` and `backend.py`. How do I properly do this?

I tried:

    from models import some_model

but that fails with `ModuleNotFoundError: No module named &#39;models&#39;`.

I also tried:

    from ..models import some_model

which gave me `ValueError: attempted relative import beyond top-level package`. 

What am I doing wrong here? How can I import a file from a different directory, which is not a subdirectory?

All Python Module Solutions on Gang of Coders

Total of 25 Python Module Solutions

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How to import a module from a different folder?