What's the strategy for handling CRLF (carriage return, line feed) with Git?

I tried committing files with CRLF-ending lines, but it failed.

I spent a whole work day on my Windows computer trying different strategies and was almost drawn to stop trying to use Git and instead try Mercurial.

How to properly handle CRLF line endings?

Almost four years after asking this question, I have finally found an answer that completely satisfies me!

See the details in github:help's guide to Dealing with line endings.

> Git allows you to set the line ending properties for a > repo directly using the text attribute in the > .gitattributes file. This file is committed into > the repo and overrides the core.autocrlf setting, > allowing you to ensure consistent behaviour for all > users regardless of their git settings.

And thus

> The advantage of this is that your end of line > configuration now travels with your repository and you > don't need to worry about whether or not collaborators > have the proper global settings.

Here's an example of a .gitattributes file

# Auto detect text files and perform LF normalization
*        text=auto

*.cs     text diff=csharp
*.java   text diff=java
*.html   text diff=html
*.css    text
*.js     text
*.sql    text

*.csproj text merge=union
*.sln    text merge=union eol=crlf

*.docx   diff=astextplain
*.DOCX   diff=astextplain

# absolute paths are ok, as are globs
/**/postinst* text eol=lf

# paths that don't start with / are treated relative to the .gitattributes folder
relative/path/*.txt text eol=lf

There is a convenient collection of ready to use .gitattributes files for the most popular programming languages. It's useful to get you started.

Once you've created or adjusted your .gitattributes, you should perform a once-and-for-all line endings re-normalization.

Note that the GitHub Desktop app can suggest and create a .gitattributes file after you open your project's Git repo in the app. To try that, click the gear icon (in the upper right corner) > Repository settings ... > Line endings and attributes. You will be asked to add the recommended .gitattributes and if you agree, the app will also perform a normalization of all the files in your repository.

Finally, the Mind the End of Your Line article provides more background and explains how Git has evolved on the matters at hand. I consider this required reading.

You've probably got users in your team who use EGit or JGit (tools like Eclipse and TeamCity use them) to commit their changes. Then you're out of luck, as @gatinueta explained in this answer's comments:

> This setting will not satisfy you completely if you have people working with Egit or JGit in your team, since those tools will just ignore .gitattributes and happily check in CRLF files https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=342372

One trick might be to have them commit their changes in another client, say SourceTree. Our team back then preferred that tool to Eclipse's EGit for many use cases.

Who said software is easy? :-/

Don't convert line endings. It's not the VCS's job to interpret data -- just store and version it. Every modern text editor can read both kinds of line endings anyway.

You almost always want autocrlf=input unless you really know what you are doing.

Some additional context below:

> It should be either core.autocrlf=true if you like > DOS ending or core.autocrlf=input if you prefer > unix-newlines. In both cases, your Git repository will > have only LF, which is the Right Thing. The only > argument for core.autocrlf=false was that automatic > heuristic may incorrectly detect some binary as text > and then your tile will be corrupted. So, > core.safecrlf option was introduced to warn a user if > a irreversable change happens. In fact, there are two > possibilities of irreversable changes -- mixed > line-ending in text file, in this normalization is > desirable, so this warning can be ignored, or > (very unlikely) that Git incorrectly detected your > binary file as text. Then you need to use attributes to > tell Git that this file is binary.

The above paragraph was originally pulled from a thread on gmane.org, but it has since gone down.

Two alternative strategies to get consistent about line-endings in mixed environments (Microsoft + Linux + Mac):

A. Global All Repositories Setup

1. Convert all to one format

   find . -type f -not -path "./.git/*" -exec dos2unix {} \;
   git commit -a -m 'dos2unix conversion'
   

2. Set core.autocrlf to input on Linux/UNIX or true on MS Windows (repository or global)

   git config --global core.autocrlf input
   

3. Optionally, set core.safecrlf to true (to stop) or warn (to sing:) to add extra guard comparing if the reversed newline transformation would result in the same file

   git config --global core.safecrlf true
   

B. Or per Repository Setup

1. Convert all to one format

   find . -type f -not -path "./.git/*" -exec dos2unix {} \;
   git commit -a -m 'dos2unix conversion'
   

2. Add a .gitattributes file to your repository

   echo "* text=auto" > .gitattributes
   git add .gitattributes
   git commit -m 'adding .gitattributes for unified line-ending'
   

Don't worry about your binary files—Git should be smart enough about them.

---

More about safecrlf/autocrlf variables

--- UPDATE 3 --- (does not conflict with UPDATE 2)

Considering the case that windows users prefer working on CRLF and linux/mac users prefer working on LF on text files. Providing the answer from the perspective of a repository maintainer:

For me the best strategy(less problems to solve) is: keep all text files with LF inside git repo even if you are working on a windows-only project. Then give the freedom to clients to work on the line-ending style of their preference, provided that they pick a core.autocrlf property value that will respect your strategy (LF on repo) while staging files for commit.

Staging is what many people confuse when trying to understand how newline strategies work. It is essential to undestand the following points before picking the correct value for core.autocrlf property:

• Adding a text file for commit (staging it) is like copying the file to another place inside .git/ sub-directory with converted line-endings (depending on core.autocrlf value on your client config). All this is done locally.
• setting core.autocrlf is like providing an answer to the question (exact same question on all OS): "Should git-client:
  • a. convert LF-to-CRLF when checking-out (pulling) the repo changes from the remote?
  • b. convert CRLF-to-LF when adding a file for commit?"
• and the possible answers (values) are:
  • false: "do none of the above",
  • input: "do only b"
  • true: "do a and and b"
  • note that there is NO "do only a"

Fortunately

• git client defaults (windows: core.autocrlf: true, linux/mac: core.autocrlf: false) will be compatible with LF-only-repo strategy.
  Meaning: windows clients will by default convert to CRLF when checking-out the repository and convert to LF when adding for commit. And linux clients will by default not do any conversions. This theoretically keeps your repo lf-only.

Unfortunately:

• There might be GUI clients that do not respect the git core.autocrlf value
• There might be people that don't use a value to respect your lf-repo strategy. E.g. they use core.autocrlf=false and add a file with CRLF for commit.

To detect ASAP non-lf text files committed by the above clients you can follow what is described on --- update 2 ---: (git grep -I --files-with-matches --perl-regexp '\r' HEAD, on a client compiled using: --with-libpcre flag)

And here is the catch:. I as a repo maintainer keep a git.autocrlf=input so that I can fix any wrongly committed files just by adding them again for commit. And I provide a commit text: "Fixing wrongly committed files".

As far as .gitattributes is concearned. I do not count on it, because there are more ui clients that do not understand it. I only use it to provide hints for text and binary files, and maybe flag some exceptional files that should everywhere keep the same line-endings:

*.java          text !eol # Don't do auto-detection. Treat as text (don't set any eol rule. use client's)
*.jpg           -text     # Don't do auto-detection. Treat as binary
*.sh            text eol=lf # Don't do auto-detection. Treat as text. Checkout and add with eol=lf
*.bat           text eol=crlf # Treat as text. Checkout and add with eol=crlf

Question: But why are we interested at all in newline handling strategy?

Answer: To avoid a single letter change commit, appear as a 5000-line change, just because the client that performed the change auto-converted the full file from crlf to lf (or the opposite) before adding it for commit. This can be rather painful when there is a conflict resolution involved. Or it could in some cases be the cause of unreasonable conflicts.

---

--- UPDATE 2 ---

The dafaults of git client will work in most cases. Even if you only have windows only clients, linux only clients or both. These are:

• windows: core.autocrlf=true means convert lines to CRLF on checkout and convert lines to LF when adding files.
• linux: core.autocrlf=input means don't convert lines on checkout (no need to since files are expected to be committed with LF) and convert lines to LF (if needed) when adding files. (-- update3 -- : Seems that this is false by default, but again it is fine)

The property can be set in different scopes. I would suggest explicitly setting in the --global scope, to avoid some IDE issues described at the end.

git config core.autocrlf
git config --global core.autocrlf
git config --system core.autocrlf
git config --local core.autocrlf
git config --show-origin core.autocrlf

Also I would strongly discourage using on windows git config --global core.autocrlf false (in case you have windows only clients) in contrast to what is proposed to git documentation. Setting to false will commit files with CRLF in the repo. But there is really no reason. You never know whether you will need to share the project with linux users. Plus it's one extra step for each client that joins the project instead of using defaults.

Now for some special cases of files (e.g. *.bat *.sh) which you want them to be checked-out with LF or with CRLF you can use .gitattributes

To sum-up for me the best practice is:

• Make sure that every non-binary file is committed with LF on git repo (default behaviour).
• Use this command to make sure that no files are committed with CRLF: git grep -I --files-with-matches --perl-regexp '\r' HEAD (Note: on windows clients works only through git-bash and on linux clients only if compiled using --with-libpcre in ./configure).
• If you find any such files by executing the above command, correct them. This in involves (at least on linux):
  • set core.autocrlf=input (--- update 3 --)
  • change the file
  • revert the change(file is still shown as changed)
  • commit it
• Use only the bare minimum .gitattributes
• Instruct the users to set the core.autocrlf described above to its default values.
• Do not count 100% on the presence of .gitattributes. git-clients of IDEs may ignore them or treat them differrently.

As said some things can be added in git attributes:

# Always checkout with LF
*.sh            text eol=lf
# Always checkout with CRLF
*.bat           text eol=crlf

I think some other safe options for .gitattributes instead of using auto-detection for binary files:

• -text (e.g for *.zip or *.jpg files: Will not be treated as text. Thus no line-ending conversions will be attempted. Diff might be possible through conversion programs)
• text !eol (e.g. for *.java,*.html: Treated as text, but eol style preference is not set. So client setting is used.)
• -text -diff -merge (e.g for *.hugefile: Not treated as text. No diff/merge possible)

--- PREVIOUS UPDATE ---

One painful example of a client that will commit files wrongly:

netbeans 8.2 (on windows), will wrongly commit all text files with CRLFs, unless you have explicitly set core.autocrlf as global. This contradicts to the standard git client behaviour, and causes lots of problems later, while updating/merging. This is what makes some files appear different (although they are not) even when you revert.
The same behaviour in netbeans happens even if you have added correct .gitattributes to your project.

Using the following command after a commit, will at least help you detect early whether your git repo has line ending issues: git grep -I --files-with-matches --perl-regexp '\r' HEAD

I have spent hours to come up with the best possible use of .gitattributes, to finally realize, that I cannot count on it.
Unfortunately, as long as JGit-based editors exist (which cannot handle .gitattributes correctly), the safe solution is to force LF everywhere even on editor-level.

Use the following anti-CRLF disinfectants.

• windows/linux clients: core.autocrlf=input

• committed .gitattributes: * text=auto eol=lf

• committed .editorconfig (http://editorconfig.org/) which is kind of standardized format, combined with editor plugins:

  • https://github.com/editorconfig/
  • https://github.com/welovecoding/editorconfig-netbeans/

Using core.autocrlf=false stopped all the files from being marked updated as soon as I checked them out in my Visual Studio 2010 project. The other two members of the development team are also using Windows systems so a mixed environment didn't come into play, yet the default settings that came with the repository always marked all files as updated immediately after cloning.

I guess the bottom line is to find what CRLF setting works for your environment. Especially since in many other repositories on our Linux boxes setting autocrlf = true produces better results.

20+ years later and we're still dealing with line ending disparities between OSes... sad.

Try setting the core.autocrlf configuration option to true. Also have a look at the core.safecrlf option.

Actually it sounds like core.safecrlf might already be set in your repository, because (emphasis mine):

> If this is not the case for the current setting of core.autocrlf, git will reject the file.

If this is the case, then you might want to check that your text editor is configured to use line endings consistently. You will likely run into problems if a text file contains a mixture of LF and CRLF line endings.

Finally, I feel that the recommendation to simply "use what you're given" and use LF terminated lines on Windows will cause more problems than it solves. Git has the above options to try to handle line endings in a sensible way, so it makes sense to use them.

These are the two options for Windows and Visual Studio users that share code with Mac or Linux users. For an extended explanation, read the gitattributes manual.

* text=auto

In your repo's .gitattributes file add:

*	text=auto

This will normalize all the files with LF line endings in the repo.

And depending on your operating system (core.eol setting), files in the working tree will be normalized to LF for Unix based systems or CRLF for Windows systems.

This is the configuration that Microsoft .NET repos use.

Example:

Hello\r\nWorld

Will be normalized in the repo always as:

Hello\nWorld

On checkout, the working tree in Windows will be converted to:

Hello\r\nWorld

On checkout, the working tree in Mac will be left as:

Hello\nWorld

> Note: If your repo already contains files not normalized, git status will show these files as completely modified the next time you make any change on them, and it could be a pain for other users to merge their changes later. See refreshing a repository after changing line endings for more information.

core.autocrlf = true

If text is unspecified in the .gitattributes file, Git uses the core.autocrlf configuration variable to determine if the file should be converted.

For Windows users, git config --global core.autocrlf true is a great option because:

• Files are normalized to LF line endings only when added to the repo. If there are files not normalized in the repo, this setting will not touch them.
• All text files are converted to CRLF line endings in the working directory.

The problem with this approach is that:

• If you are a Windows user with autocrlf = input, you will see a bunch of files with LF line endings. Not a hazard for the rest of the team, because your commits will still be normalized with LF line endings.
• If you are a Windows user with core.autocrlf = false, you will see a bunch of files with LF line endings and you may introduce files with CRLF line endings into the repo.
• Most Mac users use autocrlf = input and may get files with CRLF file endings, probably from Windows users with core.autocrlf = false.

This is just a workaround solution:

In normal cases, use the solutions that are shipped with git. These work great in most cases. Force to LF if you share the development on Windows and Unix based systems by setting .gitattributes.

In my case there were >10 programmers developing a project in Windows. This project was checked in with CRLF and there was no option to force to LF.

Some settings were internally written on my machine without any influence on the LF format; thus some files were globally changed to LF on each small file change.

My solution:

Windows-Machines: Let everything as it is. Care about nothing, since you are a default windows 'lone wolf' developer and you have to handle like this: "There is no other system in the wide world, is it?"

Unix-Machines

1. Add following lines to a config's [alias] section. This command lists all changed (i.e. modified/new) files:

   lc = "!f() { git status --porcelain \
                | egrep -r \"^(\?| ).\*\\(.[a-zA-Z])*\" \
                | cut -c 4- ; }; f "
   

2. Convert all those changed files into dos format:

   unix2dos $(git lc)
   

3. Optionally ...

   1. Create a git hook for this action to automate this process

   2. Use params and include it and modify the grep function to match only particular filenames, e.g.:

       ... | egrep -r "^(\?| ).*\.(txt|conf)" | ...
      

   3. Feel free to make it even more convenient by using an additional shortcut:

       c2dos = "!f() { unix2dos $(git lc) ; }; f "
      

      ... and fire the converted stuff by typing

       git c2dos