Quoting from `man bash`:

&gt;-c string If the -c option is present,  then  commands  are  read 
&gt; from string.   
&gt;If  there  are arguments after the string, they are assigned to the positional parameters, starting with $0.

The command quoted by you would _append_ the text in heredoc (i.e. the text in `VirtualHost` tag) to the file `/etc/apache2/sites-available/magento-store.com`.

[The manual page for Bash][1] (e.g. `man bash`) says that the `-c` option executes the commands from a string; i.e. everything inside the quotes.

  [1]: https://linux.die.net/man/1/bash



Check out the man pages, either on your machine or on the Internet, like [this one][1].

Quote:

    -c string
         If the -c option is present, then commands are read from string.
         If there are arguments after the string, they are assigned to the positional
         parameters, starting with $0.

  [1]: http://linux.die.net/man/1/bash



I am trying to get the following effect using a UITextView:

![enter image description here][1]


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/mdyg9.png

Basically I want to insert an image between text. The image can simply just take up 1 row of space so there is no wrapping necessary.

I tried just adding a UIView to the subview:

    UIView *pictureView = [[UIView alloc] initWithFrame:CGRectMake(0, 0, 25, 25)];
    [pictureView setBackgroundColor:[UIColor redColor]];
    [self.textView addSubview:pictureView];

But it seems to float over the text and cover it.


I did a bit of reading on **exclusion paths** which appears to be one way of implementing this. However, I don&#39;t want to absolutely position the image - instead, it should flow with the text (similar to how `&lt;span&gt;` behaves in HTML).

iOS 7 TextKit - How to insert images inline with text?

I&#39;m trying to run karma as part as an *angular-seed* project, after installing karma using

    npm install -g karma

I get:

    &#39;karma&#39; is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file.

when i&#39;m trying to run test.bat from angular-client\scripts, the content of this file is:

&gt; set BASE_DIR=%~dp0
&gt;
&gt;karma start &quot;%BASE_DIR%\..\config\karma.conf.js&quot; %*

I also tried to navigate to &quot;\AppData\Roaming\npm\node_modules\karma\bin&quot; and saw karma file, when I&#39;m trying to run it I get again:

&gt;  &#39;karma&#39; is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file.

Any suggestions? 
If not please suggest how to use jasmine without karma.

Thanks.

Running karma after installation results in &#39;karma&#39; is not recognized as an internal or external command

I followed the following tutorial: http://davidtsadler.com/archives/2012/06/03/how-to-install-magento-on-ubuntu/

At some point it told me to execute the following command:

    sudo bash -c &quot;cat &gt;&gt; /etc/apache2/sites-available/magento-store.com &lt;&lt;EOF
    &lt;VirtualHost *:80&gt;

      ServerName  localhost.magento-store.com
      ServerAlias www.localhost.magento-store.com

      DocumentRoot /home/dev/public_html/magento-store.com/public

      LogLevel warn
      ErrorLog  /home/dev/public_html/magento-store.com/log/error.log
      CustomLog /home/dev/public_html/magento-store.com/log/access.log combined

    &lt;/VirtualHost&gt;
    EOF&quot;

What did this command do, and how I can cancel that?

I restarted the computer, and it seems that it is still running. I looked in `.bashrc` and `.profile`, but I did not find it inside.



What does &#39;bash -c&#39; do?

I followed the following tutorial: <a href="http://davidtsadler.com/archives/2012/06/03/how-to-install-magento-on-ubuntu/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://davidtsadler.com/archives/2012/06/03/how-to-install-magento-on-ubuntu/</a>
At some point it told me to execute the following command:
<pre><code class="hljs language-php-template">sudo bash -c "cat >> /etc/apache2/sites-available/magento-store.com &#x3C;&#x3C;EOF
&#x3C;VirtualHost *:80>

 ServerName localhost.magento-store.com
 ServerAlias www.localhost.magento-store.com

 DocumentRoot /home/dev/public_html/magento-store.com/public

 LogLevel warn
 ErrorLog /home/dev/public_html/magento-store.com/log/error.log
 CustomLog /home/dev/public_html/magento-store.com/log/access.log combined

&#x3C;/VirtualHost>
EOF"
</code></pre>
What did this command do, and how I can cancel that?
I restarted the computer, and it seems that it is still running. I looked in <code>.bashrc</code> and <code>.profile</code>, but I did not find it inside.

I am copying 7.5 GB file to a remote server using *scp* command. At some point in time file transfer breaks and I have to start all over again.

Is the temporary amount of file being transferred completely lost ? Can I somehow restart the transfer from where it has stopped at previous attempt ? If not, is there some standard Unix command line file transfer command for doing that ?

Is there a way to continue broken scp (secure copy) command process in Linux?

With a `find` command, I can display directories names with multiple levels. The following command display all directories under `/var` path with a depth of 2:

    find /var -maxdepth 2 -type d;

The result shows:

    /var
    /var/log
    /var/log/sssd
    /var/log/samba
    /var/log/audit
    /var/log/ConsoleKit
    /var/log/gdm
    /var/log/sa

With a `stat` command, I can find the modified date time:

    stat /var/log/samba | grep &#39;Modify:&#39;

The result is:

    Modify: 2014-01-02 11:21:27.762346214 -0800 

Is there a way to combine the two commands so that directories will be listed with modified date time?

How to display modified date time with &#39;find&#39; command?

To count the number of files in a directory, I typically use

    ls directory | wc -l

But is there another command that doesn&#39;t use `wc` ?

Count number of files within a directory in Linux?

I have begun to combine different commands in the linux terminal. I am wondering why the backslash and semicolon are required for a command such as:

    find ./ -name &#39;blabla&#39; -exec cp {} ./test \;

when a simple cp command is simply:

    cp randomfile ./test

without the `\;`

Are they to clearly indicate the end of a command, or is it simply required in the documentation? What is the underlying principle?

Why are the backslash and semicolon required with the find command&#39;s -exec option?

I installed Neo4j on Ubuntu 12.04 using these instructions: http://www.neo4j.org/download/linux

    wget -O - http://debian.neo4j.org/neotechnology.gpg.key | apt-key add - 
    echo &#39;deb http://debian.neo4j.org/repo stable/&#39; &gt; /etc/apt/sources.list.d/neo4j.list
    apt-get update
    apt-get install neo4j

I made sure to have the right jdk:

    root@precise64:~# java -version
    java version &quot;1.7.0_45&quot;
    Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_45-b18)
    Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.45-b08, mixed mode)

And when I startup neo4j I get this error:

&gt; WARNING: Max 1024 open files allowed, minimum of 40 000 recommended.
&gt; See the Neo4j manual.

So I follow the instructions here: http://docs.neo4j.org/chunked/1.6.2/configuration-linux-notes.html

And add these contents to `/etc/security/limits.conf`

    neo4j   soft    nofile  40000
    neo4j   hard    nofile  40000

And uncomment this line in `/etc/pam.d/su`

    session    required   pam_limits.so

After I restart the server I validate the new limit

    neo4j@precise64:~$ ulimit -n
    40000

Then I restart my server.  I still get the same error when starting up.  

    root@precise64:~# service neo4j-service start
    WARNING: Max 1024 open files allowed, minimum of 40 000 recommended. See the Neo4j manual.
    Using additional JVM arguments:  -server -XX:+DisableExplicitGC -Dorg.neo4j.server.properties=conf/neo4j-server.properties -Djava.util.logging.config.file=conf/logging.properties -Dlog4j.configuration=file:conf/log4j.properties -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC -XX:+CMSClassUnloadingEnabled
    Starting Neo4j Server...WARNING: not changing user
    process [3161]... waiting for server to be ready....... OK.
    http://localhost:7474/ is ready.

Even though the service is running as the neo4j user:

    root@precise64:~# ps -ef | grep 3161
    neo4j     3161     1  2 17:43 pts/0    00:00:10 /usr/bin/java -cp /var/lib/neo4j/lib/concurrentlinkedhashmap-lru-1.3.1.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/geronimo-jta_1.1_spec-1.1.1.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/lucene-core-3.6.2.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/neo4j-cypher-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/neo4j-cypher-commons-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/neo4j-cypher-compiler-1.9-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/neo4j-cypher-compiler-2.0-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/neo4j-graph-algo-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/neo4j-graph-matching-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/neo4j-jmx-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/neo4j-kernel-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/neo4j-lucene-index-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/neo4j-shell-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/neo4j-udc-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/org.apache.servicemix.bundles.jline-0.9.94_1.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/parboiled-core-1.1.6.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/parboiled-scala_2.10-1.1.6.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/scala-library-2.10.3.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/lib/server-api-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/asm-3.1.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/bcprov-jdk16-140.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/commons-beanutils-1.8.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/commons-beanutils-core-1.8.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/commons-collections-3.2.1.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/commons-compiler-2.6.1.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/commons-configuration-1.6.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/commons-digester-1.8.1.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/commons-io-1.4.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/commons-lang-2.4.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/commons-logging-1.1.1.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jackson-core-asl-1.9.7.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jackson-jaxrs-1.9.7.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jackson-mapper-asl-1.9.7.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/janino-2.6.1.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/javax.servlet-3.0.0.v201112011016.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jcl-over-slf4j-1.6.1.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jersey-core-1.9.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jersey-multipart-1.9.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jersey-server-1.9.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jetty-http-9.0.5.v20130815.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jetty-io-9.0.5.v20130815.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jetty-security-9.0.5.v20130815.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jetty-server-9.0.5.v20130815.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jetty-servlet-9.0.5.v20130815.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jetty-util-9.0.5.v20130815.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jetty-webapp-9.0.5.v20130815.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jetty-xml-9.0.5.v20130815.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/jsr311-api-1.1.2.r612.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/logback-access-1.0.9.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/logback-classic-1.0.9.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/logback-core-1.0.9.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/mimepull-1.6.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/neo4j-browser-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/neo4j-server-2.0.0-static-web.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/neo4j-server-2.0.0.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/rhino-1.7R3.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/rrd4j-2.0.7.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/system/lib/slf4j-api-1.6.2.jar:/var/lib/neo4j/conf/ -server -XX:+DisableExplicitGC -Dorg.neo4j.server.properties=conf/neo4j-server.properties -Djava.util.logging.config.file=conf/logging.properties -Dlog4j.configuration=file:conf/log4j.properties -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC -XX:+CMSClassUnloadingEnabled -Dneo4j.home=/var/lib/neo4j -Dneo4j.instance=/var/lib/neo4j -Dfile.encoding=UTF-8 org.neo4j.server.Bootstrapper
    root      3238  2056  0 17:49 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto 3161

So I think that maybe starting the service as root is the issue, so I shut it down and start it up as the neo4j user.

    root@precise64:~# service neo4j-service stop
    root@precise64:~# su - neo4j 
    neo4j@precise64:~$ service neo4j-service start
    Using additional JVM arguments:  -server -XX:+DisableExplicitGC -    Dorg.neo4j.server.properties=conf/neo4j-server.properties -Djava.util.logging.config.file=conf/logging.properties -Dlog4j.configuration=file:conf/log4j.properties -XX:+UseConcMarkSweepGC -XX:+CMSClassUnloadingEnabled
    Starting Neo4j Server...WARNING: not changing user
    process [3435]... waiting for server to be ready....... OK.
    http://localhost:7474/ is ready.
    cp: cannot create regular file `/var/run/neo4j.pid&#39;: Permission denied

And it fails because the pid file cannot be created.  Which I assume means this is not the correct approach, but I go ahead and edit `/etc/init.d/neo4j-service` to change the location of the pid file to the home folder of the neo4j user:

    #PIDFILE=/var/run/$NAME.pid
    PIDFILE=/var/lib/neo4j/$Name.pid

And then things startup without error when I run the service as the Neo4j user.  

So, my question is:  What is the intended behavior? Should starting the service as root work as long as the neo4j user has the correct ulimit permissions, or do I need to modify the startup script/permissions to allow the neo4j user to create it&#39;s PID file?


   







Neo4j WARNING: Max 1024 open files allowed, minimum of 40 000 recommended. See the Neo4j manual

**What I need:**

Suppose I have two commands, `A` and `B`, each of which returns a single-line string (i.e., a string with no newline character, except possibly 1 at the very end).  I need a command (or sequence of piped commands) `C` that concatenates the output of commands `A` and `B` on the same line and inserts 1 space character between them.  

**Example of how it should work:**

For example, suppose the output of command `A` is the string *between* the quotation marks here:

    &quot;The quick&quot;

And suppose the output of command `B` is the string *between* the quotation marks here:

    &quot;brown fox&quot;

Then I want the output of command(s) `C` to be the string *between* the quotation marks here:

    &quot;The quick brown fox&quot;

**My best attempted solution:**

In trying to figure out `C` by myself, it seemed that the follow sequence of piped commands should work:

    { echo &quot;The quick&quot; ; echo &quot;brown fox&quot; ; } | xargs -I{} echo {} | sed &#39;s/\n//&#39;

Unfortunately, the output of this command is
    
    The quick
    brown fox

Concatenate in bash the output of two commands without newline character

I want to write a Bash script that loops over the sha1s of commits output by an invocation of `git log`. However, `git log` gives me much more output than I want:

    commit 0375602ba2017ba8750a58e934b41153faee6fcb
    Author: Mark Amery &lt;markamery@notmyrealemail.com&gt;
    Date:   Wed Jan 1 21:35:07 2014 +0000
    
        Yet another commit message
        
        This one even has newlines.
    
    commit 4390ee9f4428c84bdbeb2fed0a461099a6c81b39
    Author: Mark Amery &lt;markamery@notmyrealemail.com&gt;
    Date:   Wed Jan 1 21:30:19 2014 +0000
    
        Second commit message.
    
    commit bff53bfbc56485c4c1007b0884bb1c0d61a1cf71
    Author: Mark Amery &lt;markamery@notmyrealemail.com&gt;
    Date:   Wed Jan 1 21:28:27 2014 +0000
    
        First commit message.

How can I get `git log` to just output sha1s so that I can loop over them conveniently?

Show sha1 only with git log

Before marking this as duplicate, I went through these posts, but nothing helped.

* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13697874/mvn-is-not-recognized-as-an-internal-or-external-command?rq=1 
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1606174/getting-bash-mvn-command-not-found, 
* https://stackoverflow.com/questions/20029934/cant-access-mvn-command-from-command-line 

Some are specific to windows and did not help. A couple of them on Mac OS X gave suggestions, that I tried but did not help.

What I tried (this is exactly what `Maven` suggests):

&gt; Extract the distribution archive, i.e. apache-maven-3.1.1-bin.tar.gz
&gt; to the directory you wish to install Maven 3.1.1. These instructions
&gt; assume you chose /usr/local/apache-maven. The subdirectory
&gt; apache-maven-3.1.1 will be created from the archive. In a command
&gt; terminal, add the M2_HOME environment variable, e.g. export
&gt; M2_HOME=/usr/local/apache-maven/apache-maven-3.1.1. Add the M2
&gt; environment variable, e.g. export M2=$M2_HOME/bin. Optional: Add the
&gt; MAVEN_OPTS environment variable to specify JVM properties, e.g. export
&gt; MAVEN_OPTS=&quot;-Xms256m -Xmx512m&quot;. This environment variable can be used
&gt; to supply extra options to Maven. Add M2 environment variable to your
&gt; path, e.g. export PATH=$M2:$PATH. Make sure that JAVA_HOME is set to
&gt; the location of your JDK, e.g. export JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/jdk1.5.0_02
&gt; and that $JAVA_HOME/bin is in your PATH environment variable. Run mvn
&gt; --version to verify that it is correctly installed.

I see that on the `terminal` that I used for installation, it works fine. I do not have this issue. but when I tried on a new `terminal`, I get `command not found`.

I also added `export PATH=$M2` to my `.bashrc`, I did `source` and then restarted the terminal, still it did not help.

can someone suggest how to make it available in all sessions of terminal?

Thanks



mvn command not found in OSX Mavrerick

When running this part of my bash script am getting an error

Script

    value=0
    for (( t=0; t &lt;= 4; t++ ))
    do
    d1=${filedates[$t]}
    d2=${filedates[$t+1]}
    ((diff_sec=d2-d1))
    SEC=$diff_sec
    compare=$((${SEC}/(60*60*24)))
    value=$((value+compare))
    done

Output

    jad.sh: line 28: ((: 10#2014-01-09: value too great for base (error token is &quot;09&quot;)
    jad.sh: line 30: /(60*60*24): syntax error: operand expected (error token is &quot;/(60*60*24)&quot;)


d1 and d2 are dates in that form 2014-01-09 and 2014-01-10

Any solution please?


Value too great for base (error token is &quot;09&quot;)

I have problem with Bash, and I don&#39;t know why.  
Under shell, I enter:

    echo $$    ## print 2433
    (echo $$)  ## also print 2433
    (./getpid) ## print 2602

Where `getpid` is a C program to get current _pid_, like:  

&gt;        int main() {
&gt;         printf(&quot;%d&quot;, (int)getpid());
&gt;         return 0;
&gt;        }

What confuses me is that:  

 1. I think &quot;(command)&quot; is a sub-process (am i right?), and i think its _pid_ should be different with its _parent pid_, but they are the same, why...  
 2. When I use my program to show _pid_ between parenthesis, the _pid_ it shows is different, is it right?  
 3. Is `$$` something like macro?

Can you help me?  

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	giannisapi	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Linux	devnull	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Linux	lightandlight	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Linux	sailingthoms	View Answer on Stackoverflow

What does 'bash -c' do?

Linux Problem Overview

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Running karma after installation results in 'karma' is not recognized as an internal or external command

iOS 7 TextKit - How to insert images inline with text?

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