You&#39;ll need a `r` before &quot;&quot;&quot;, or replace all `\` with `\\`. This is not something you should care about when read the json from somewhere else, but something in the string itself.

`data = json.loads(r&quot;&quot;&quot;{ &quot;entry&quot;:{ &quot;etag&quot;:&quot;W/\&quot;A0UGRK47eCp7I9B9WiRrYU0.\&quot;&quot; } }&quot;&quot;&quot;)`

see [here][1] for more information


  [1]: http://docs.python.org/reference/lexical_analysis.html

You need to add `r` before your json string.

    &gt;&gt;&gt; st = r&#39;{ &quot;entry&quot;:{ &quot;etag&quot;:&quot;W/\&quot;A0UGRK47eCp7I9B9WiRrYU0.\&quot;&quot; } }&#39;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; data = json.loads(st)
    &gt;&gt;&gt;

how to add web view inside dialog or popup window.

my web view hold URL WebView.loadurl() .when  view added inside dialog it still moving to the browser.

I&#39;ve been in https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3411778/android-loading-webview-in-dialog 
but is no example of how to do it?
thanks


android: webview inside dialog or popup

In BASH, is it possible to get the function name in function body? Taking following codes as example, I want to print the function name &quot;Test&quot; in its body, but &quot;$0&quot; seems to refer to the script name instead of the function name. So how to get the function name? 

    #!/bin/bash
    
    function Test
    {
        if [ $# -lt 1 ]
        then
            #   how to get the function name here?
            echo &quot;$0 num&quot; 1&gt;&amp;2
            exit 1
        fi
        local num=&quot;${1}&quot;
        echo &quot;${num}&quot;
    }
    
    #   the correct function
    Test 100
    
    #   missing argument, the function should exit with error
    Test
    
    exit 0



Is it possible to get the function name in function body?

I&#39;m trying to parse a json response data from youtube api but i keep getting an error.

Here is the snippet where it choking:

    data = json.loads(&quot;&quot;&quot;{ &quot;entry&quot;:{ &quot;etag&quot;:&quot;W/\&quot;A0UGRK47eCp7I9B9WiRrYU0.\&quot;&quot; } }&quot;&quot;&quot;)
..and this happens:

    JSONDecodeError: Expecting , delimiter: line 1 column 23 (char 23)

I&#39;ve confirmed that it&#39;s valid json and I have no control over the formatting of it so how can I get past this error?

Valid JSON giving JSONDecodeError: Expecting , delimiter

I'm trying to parse a json response data from youtube api but i keep getting an error.
Here is the snippet where it choking:
<pre><code class="hljs language-ini">data = json.loads("""{ "entry":{ "etag":"W/\"A0UGRK47eCp7I9B9WiRrYU0.\"" } }""")
</code></pre>
..and this happens:
<pre><code class="hljs language-arduino">JSONDecodeError: Expecting , delimiter: line 1 column 23 (char 23)
</code></pre>
I've confirmed that it's valid json and I have no control over the formatting of it so how can I get past this error?

I have this `try` block in my code:

    try:
        do_something_that_might_raise_an_exception()
    except ValueError as err:
        errmsg = &#39;My custom error message.&#39;
        raise ValueError(errmsg)

Strictly speaking, I am actually raising _another_ `ValueError`, not the `ValueError` thrown by `do_something...()`, which is referred to as `err` in this case. How do I attach a custom message to `err`? I try the following code but fails due to `err`, a `ValueError` __instance__, not being callable:

    try:
        do_something_that_might_raise_an_exception()
    except ValueError as err:
        errmsg = &#39;My custom error message.&#39;
        raise err(errmsg)

How do I raise the same Exception with a custom message in Python?

I want to cast data like `[1,2,&#39;a&#39;,&#39;He said &quot;what do you mean?&quot;&#39;]` to a CSV-formatted string. 

Normally one would use `csv.writer()` for this, because it handles all the crazy edge cases (comma escaping, quote mark escaping, CSV dialects, etc.) The catch is that `csv.writer()` expects to output to a file object, not to a string.

My current solution is this somewhat hacky function:

    def CSV_String_Writeline(data):
        class Dummy_Writer:
            def write(self,instring):
                self.outstring = instring.strip(&quot;\r\n&quot;)
        dw = Dummy_Writer()
        csv_w = csv.writer( dw )
        csv_w.writerow(data)
        return dw.outstring

Can anyone give a more elegant solution that still handles the edge cases well?



Edit: Here&#39;s how I ended up doing it:

    def csv2string(data):
        si = StringIO.StringIO()
        cw = csv.writer(si)
        cw.writerow(data)
        return si.getvalue().strip(&#39;\r\n&#39;)

How do I write data into CSV format as string (not file)?

It is a common mistake in Python to set a mutable object as the default value of an argument in a function. Here&#39;s an example taken from [this excellent write-up by David Goodger][1]:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; def bad_append(new_item, a_list=[]):
            a_list.append(new_item)
            return a_list
    &gt;&gt;&gt; print bad_append(&#39;one&#39;)
    [&#39;one&#39;]
    &gt;&gt;&gt; print bad_append(&#39;two&#39;)
    [&#39;one&#39;, &#39;two&#39;]

The explanation why this happens is [here][2].

And now for my question: **Is there a good use-case for this syntax?** 

I mean, if everybody who encounters it makes the same mistake, debugs it, understands the issue and from thereon tries to avoid it, what use is there for such syntax?

  [1]: http://www.omahapython.org/IdiomaticPython.html
  [2]: http://www.omahapython.org/IdiomaticPython.html#default-parameter-values

Good uses for mutable function argument default values?

I&#39;d like to add comments for a few packages in a pip requirements file. (Just to explain why that package is on the list.) Can I do this?

I&#39;m imagining something like

&lt;pre&gt;&lt;code&gt;Babel==0.9.5 # translation
CherryPy==3.2.0 # web server
Creoleparser==0.7.1 # wiki formatting
Genshi==0.5.1 # templating
&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/pre&gt;

Can I add comments to a pip requirements file?

I&#39;m using PIL to convert a transparent PNG image uploaded with Django to a JPG file. The output looks broken.

###Source file

![transparent source file][1]

###Code

    Image.open(object.logo.path).save(&#39;/tmp/output.jpg&#39;, &#39;JPEG&#39;)

or

    Image.open(object.logo.path).convert(&#39;RGB&#39;).save(&#39;/tmp/output.png&#39;)

###Result

Both ways, the resulting image looks like this:

![resulting file][2]

Is there a way to fix this? I&#39;d like to have white background where the transparent background used to be.


----------

# Solution

Thanks to the great answers, I&#39;ve come up with the following function collection:

    import Image
    import numpy as np


    def alpha_to_color(image, color=(255, 255, 255)):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;Set all fully transparent pixels of an RGBA image to the specified color.
        This is a very simple solution that might leave over some ugly edges, due
        to semi-transparent areas. You should use alpha_composite_with color instead.

        Source: http://stackoverflow.com/a/9166671/284318

        Keyword Arguments:
        image -- PIL RGBA Image object
        color -- Tuple r, g, b (default 255, 255, 255)

        &quot;&quot;&quot; 
        x = np.array(image)
        r, g, b, a = np.rollaxis(x, axis=-1)
        r[a == 0] = color[0]
        g[a == 0] = color[1]
        b[a == 0] = color[2] 
        x = np.dstack([r, g, b, a])
        return Image.fromarray(x, &#39;RGBA&#39;)


    def alpha_composite(front, back):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;Alpha composite two RGBA images.

        Source: http://stackoverflow.com/a/9166671/284318

        Keyword Arguments:
        front -- PIL RGBA Image object
        back -- PIL RGBA Image object

        &quot;&quot;&quot;
        front = np.asarray(front)
        back = np.asarray(back)
        result = np.empty(front.shape, dtype=&#39;float&#39;)
        alpha = np.index_exp[:, :, 3:]
        rgb = np.index_exp[:, :, :3]
        falpha = front[alpha] / 255.0
        balpha = back[alpha] / 255.0
        result[alpha] = falpha + balpha * (1 - falpha)
        old_setting = np.seterr(invalid=&#39;ignore&#39;)
        result[rgb] = (front[rgb] * falpha + back[rgb] * balpha * (1 - falpha)) / result[alpha]
        np.seterr(**old_setting)
        result[alpha] *= 255
        np.clip(result, 0, 255)
        # astype(&#39;uint8&#39;) maps np.nan and np.inf to 0
        result = result.astype(&#39;uint8&#39;)
        result = Image.fromarray(result, &#39;RGBA&#39;)
        return result


    def alpha_composite_with_color(image, color=(255, 255, 255)):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;Alpha composite an RGBA image with a single color image of the
        specified color and the same size as the original image.

        Keyword Arguments:
        image -- PIL RGBA Image object
        color -- Tuple r, g, b (default 255, 255, 255)

        &quot;&quot;&quot;
        back = Image.new(&#39;RGBA&#39;, size=image.size, color=color + (255,))
        return alpha_composite(image, back)

    
    def pure_pil_alpha_to_color_v1(image, color=(255, 255, 255)):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;Alpha composite an RGBA Image with a specified color.

        NOTE: This version is much slower than the
        alpha_composite_with_color solution. Use it only if
        numpy is not available.

        Source: http://stackoverflow.com/a/9168169/284318

        Keyword Arguments:
        image -- PIL RGBA Image object
        color -- Tuple r, g, b (default 255, 255, 255)

        &quot;&quot;&quot; 
        def blend_value(back, front, a):
            return (front * a + back * (255 - a)) / 255
        
        def blend_rgba(back, front):
            result = [blend_value(back[i], front[i], front[3]) for i in (0, 1, 2)]
            return tuple(result + [255])
        
        im = image.copy()  # don&#39;t edit the reference directly
        p = im.load()  # load pixel array
        for y in range(im.size[1]):
            for x in range(im.size[0]):
                p[x, y] = blend_rgba(color + (255,), p[x, y])
        
        return im

    def pure_pil_alpha_to_color_v2(image, color=(255, 255, 255)):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;Alpha composite an RGBA Image with a specified color.

        Simpler, faster version than the solutions above.

        Source: http://stackoverflow.com/a/9459208/284318

        Keyword Arguments:
        image -- PIL RGBA Image object
        color -- Tuple r, g, b (default 255, 255, 255)

        &quot;&quot;&quot;
        image.load()  # needed for split()
        background = Image.new(&#39;RGB&#39;, image.size, color)
        background.paste(image, mask=image.split()[3])  # 3 is the alpha channel
        return background


## Performance

The simple non-compositing `alpha_to_color` function is the fastest solution, but leaves behind ugly borders because it does not handle semi transparent areas.

Both the pure PIL and the numpy compositing solutions give great results, but `alpha_composite_with_color` is much faster (8.93 msec) than `pure_pil_alpha_to_color` (79.6 msec). &lt;del&gt;If numpy is available on your system, that&#39;s the way to go.&lt;/del&gt; (Update: The new pure PIL version is the fastest of all mentioned solutions.)

    $ python -m timeit &quot;import Image; from apps.front import utils; i = Image.open(u&#39;logo.png&#39;); i2 = utils.alpha_to_color(i)&quot;
    10 loops, best of 3: 4.67 msec per loop
    $ python -m timeit &quot;import Image; from apps.front import utils; i = Image.open(u&#39;logo.png&#39;); i2 = utils.alpha_composite_with_color(i)&quot;
    10 loops, best of 3: 8.93 msec per loop
    $ python -m timeit &quot;import Image; from apps.front import utils; i = Image.open(u&#39;logo.png&#39;); i2 = utils.pure_pil_alpha_to_color(i)&quot;
    10 loops, best of 3: 79.6 msec per loop
    $ python -m timeit &quot;import Image; from apps.front import utils; i = Image.open(u&#39;logo.png&#39;); i2 = utils.pure_pil_alpha_to_color_v2(i)&quot;
    10 loops, best of 3: 1.1 msec per loop


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/I2uNe.png
  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/rmlPz.png

Convert RGBA PNG to RGB with PIL

I have an enum:

    public enum Action {
        Remove=1,
        Add=2
    }

And a class:

    [DataContract]
    public class Container {
        [DataMember]
        public Action Action {get; set;}
    }

When serialize instance of Container to json I get: `{Action:1}` (in case Action is Remove).

   
I would like to get: `{Action:Remove}` (instead of int I need to ToString form of the enum)

Can I do it without adding another member to the class?

Serialize enum to string

A project for class involves parsing Twitter JSON data. I&#39;m getting the data and setting it to the file without much trouble, but it&#39;s all in one line. This is fine for the data manipulation I&#39;m trying to do, but the file is ridiculously hard to read and I can&#39;t examine it very well, making the code writing for the data manipulation part very difficult. 

Does anyone know how to do that from within Python (i.e. not using the command line tool, which I can&#39;t get to work)? Here&#39;s my code so far:

    header, output = client.request(twitterRequest, method=&quot;GET&quot;, body=None,
                                headers=None, force_auth_header=True)

    # now write output to a file
    twitterDataFile = open(&quot;twitterData.json&quot;, &quot;wb&quot;)
    # magic happens here to make it pretty-printed
    twitterDataFile.write(output)
    twitterDataFile.close()

**Note** I appreciate people pointing me to simplejson documentation and such, but as I have stated, I have already looked at that and continue to need assistance. A truly helpful reply will be more detailed and explanatory than the examples found there. *Thanks*

**Also:**
Trying this in the windows command line:

    more twitterData.json | python -mjson.tool &gt; twitterData-pretty.json

results in this:

    Invalid control character at: line 1 column 65535 (char 65535)

I&#39;d give you the data I&#39;m using, but it&#39;s very large and you&#39;ve already seen the code I used to make the file.


Pretty-Print JSON Data to a File using Python

What&#39;s the best SQL datatype for storing JSON string?

    static List&lt;ProductModel&gt; CreateProductList()
    {
        string json = @&quot;[
            {
                ProductId: 1, 
                ProductCode: &#39;A&#39;, 
                Product: &#39;A&#39;
            },
            {
                ProductId: 2, 
                ProductCode: &#39;B&#39;, 
                Product: &#39;B&#39;
            }
        ]&quot;;

        IList&lt;JToken&gt; tokenList = JToken.Parse(json).ToList();
        List&lt;ProductModel&gt; productList = new List&lt;ProductModel&gt;();

        foreach (JToken token in tokenList)
        {
            productList.Add(JsonConvert.DeserializeObject&lt;ProductModel&gt;(token.ToString()));
        }

        return productList;
    }

Which SQL datatype should we use for storing such a string containing JSON?

- `NVARCHAR(255)`?
- `TEXT`?
- `VARBINARY(MAX)`?

What&#39;s best SQL datatype for storing JSON string?

This is related to this question: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9260249/django-return-json-and-html-depending-on-client-python

----------


I have a command line Python API for a Django app. When I access the app through the API it should return JSON and with a browser it should return HTML. I can use different URLs to access the different versions but how do I render the HTML template and JSON in the **views.py** with just one template?

To render the HTML I would use:

    return render_to_response(&#39;sample/sample.html....&#39;)

But how would I do the same for JSON without putting a JSON template? (the `content-type` should be `application/json` instead of `text/html`)

What would determine the JSON and HTML outputs?

So in my **views.py**:

    if something:
        return render_to_response(&#39;html_template&#39;,.....)
    else:
        return HttpReponse(jsondata,mimetype=&#39;application/json&#39;)


How do I return JSON without using a template in Django?

I have a string like this:

    s = u&quot;&quot;&quot;{&quot;desc&quot;: &quot;\u73cd\u54c1\u7f51-\u5168\u7403\u6f6e\u6d41\u5962\u54c1\u7f51\u7edc\u96f6\u552e\u5546 &lt;br \/&gt;\r\nhttp:\/\/www.zhenpin.com\/ &lt;br \/&gt;\r\n&lt;br \/&gt;\r\n200\u591a\u4e2a\u56fd\u9645\u4e00\u7ebf\u54c1\u724c\uff0c\u9876\u7ea7\u4e70\u624b\u5168\u7403\u91c7\u8d2d\uff0c100%\u6b63\u54c1\u4fdd\u969c\uff0c7\u5929\u65e0\u6761\u2026&quot;}&quot;&quot;&quot;

`json.loads(s)` returns error message like this:

    ValueError: Invalid control character at: line 1 column 33 (char 33)

Why does this error occur? How can I solve this problem?


Python json.loads fails with `ValueError: Invalid control character at: line 1 column 33 (char 33)`

Is it possible to create an **HTML** fragment in an AngularJS controller and have this HTML shown in the view?

This comes from a requirement to turn an inconsistent JSON blob into a nested list of `id: value` pairs. Therefore the **HTML** is created in the controller and I am now looking to display it.

I have created a model property, but cannot render this in the view without it just printing the **HTML**.

---

Update

It appears that the problem arises from angular rendering the created HTML as a string within quotes. Will attempt to find a way around this.

Example controller :

    var SomeController = function () {

        this.customHtml = &#39;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;render me please&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&#39;;
    }

Example view :

    &lt;div ng:bind=&quot;customHtml&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Gives :

    &lt;div&gt;
        &quot;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;render me please&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&quot;
    &lt;/div&gt;

Insert HTML into view from AngularJS controller

The [MySQL documentation][1] says that it should be `\&#39;`. However, both scite and mysql shows that `&#39;&#39;` works.  I saw that and it works. What should I do?


  [1]: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/string-literals.html#character-escape-sequences

How to escape apostrophe (&#39;) in MySql?

As silly as it may sound, I still haven&#39;t found an appropriate answer.

Let&#39;s say I want to dynamically create a new DOM element and fill up its textContent/innerText
with a JS string literal.&lt;br /&gt;
The string is so long I would like to split it into three chunks:

    var h1 = document.createElement(&quot;h1&quot;);

    h1.textContent = &quot;This is a very long string and I would like to insert a carriage return HERE...
    moreover, I would like to insert another carriage return HERE... 
    so this text will display in a new line&quot;;

The problem is, if i write

    h1.textContent = &quot;...I would like to insert a carriage return here... \n&quot;;

it doesn&#39;t work, probably because the browser considers the &#39;\n&#39; to be pure text and displays it as such (the \r doesn&#39;t work either).

*On the other hand, I could change the h1.innerHTML instead of the textContent and write*:

    h1.innerHTML = &quot;...I would like to insert a carriage return here...&lt;br /&gt;&quot;;

*Here the &amp;lt;br /&amp;gt; would do the job, but doing so would replace not just the text content but all the HTML content of my h1, **which is not quite what I want***.

Is there a simple way to solve my problem?&lt;br /&gt; I wouldn&#39;t resort to creating multiple block elements just to have the text on different lines. &lt;br /&gt;
Any idea would be greatly appreciated. &lt;br /&gt;
Thanks in advance.

How can I insert new line/carriage returns into an element.textContent?

I&#39;m using git, then posting the commit message and other bits as a JSON payload to a server.

Currently I have:

    MSG=`git log -n 1 --format=oneline | grep -o &#39; .\+&#39;`

which sets MSG to something like:

    Calendar can&#39;t go back past today


then

    curl -i -X POST \
      -H &#39;Accept: application/text&#39; \
      -H &#39;Content-type: application/json&#39; \
      -d &quot;{&#39;payload&#39;: {&#39;message&#39;: &#39;$MSG&#39;}}&quot; \
      &#39;https://example.com&#39;

My real JSON has another couple of fields.

This works fine, but of course when I have a commit message such as the one above with an apostrophe in it, the JSON is invalid.

How can I escape the characters required in bash? I&#39;m not familiar with the language, so am not sure where to start. Replacing `&#39;` with `\&#39;` would do the job at minimum I suspect.

Escaping characters in bash (for JSON)

I was reading https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10645067/does-sessionusername-need-to-be-escaped-before-getting-into-an-sql-query and it said &quot;You need to escape every string you pass to the sql query, regardless of its origin&quot;. Now I know something like this is really basic. A Google search turned up over 20, 000 results. Stackoverflow alone had 20 pages of results but no one actually explains  what escaping a string is or how to do it. It is just assumed. Can you help me? I want to learn because as always I am making a web app in PHP. 

I have looked at:
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1653040/inserting-escape-characters, https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1367322/what-are-all-the-escape-characters-in-java, 
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9341068/cant-escape-a-string-with-addcslashes, 
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2237703/escape-caracter, 
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6327679/what-does-mysql-real-escape-string-really-do, 
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9389191/how-can-i-escape-double-quotes-from-a-string-in-php, 
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6627971/mysql-real-escape-string-not-adding-slashes, 
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7178399/remove-escape-sequences-from-string-in-php I could go on but I am sure you get the point. This is not laziness.

What does it mean to escape a string?

From the python documentation on [regex][1], regarding the `&#39;\&#39;` character:

&gt; The solution is to use Python’s raw string notation for regular
&gt; expression patterns; backslashes are not handled in any special way in
&gt; a string literal prefixed with `&#39;r&#39;`. So `r&quot;\n&quot;` is a two-character string
&gt; containing `&#39;\&#39;` and `&#39;n&#39;`, while `&quot;\n&quot;` is a one-character string
&gt; containing a newline. Usually patterns will be expressed in Python
&gt; code using this raw string notation.

What is this raw string notation? If you use a raw string format, does that mean `&quot;*&quot;` is taken as a a literal character rather than a zero-or-more indicator? That obviously can&#39;t be right, or else regex would completely lose its power. But then if it&#39;s a raw string, how does it recognize newline characters if `&quot;\n&quot;` is literally a backslash and an `&quot;n&quot;`?

I don&#39;t follow.

**Edit for bounty:**

I&#39;m trying to understand how a raw string regex matches newlines, tabs, and character sets, e.g. `\w` for words or `\d` for digits or all whatnot, if raw string patterns don&#39;t recognize backslashes as anything more than ordinary characters. I could really use some good examples.


  [1]: https://docs.python.org/library/re.html

What exactly is a &quot;raw string regex&quot; and how can you use it?

The two characters `)&quot;` terminate the raw string literal in the example below. &lt;br&gt;
The sequence `)&quot;` could appear in my text at some point, and I want the string to continue even if this sequence is found within it.

    R&quot;(  
        Some Text)&quot;  
    )&quot;;       // ^^
   

How can I include the sequence `)&quot;` within the string literal without terminating it?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	userBG	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Felix Yan	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	RanRag	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Valid JSON giving JSONDecodeError: Expecting , delimiter

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

Is it possible to get the function name in function body?

android: webview inside dialog or popup

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