You can do so by giving a value to the `s` argument to change the marker size.

Example:

    ax = sns.scatterplot(x=&quot;Data Set Description&quot;, y=&quot;R Squared&quot;, data=mean_df, s=10)

About the update of the legend size, I got it by the attribute &#39;markerscale&#39; from matplotlib.pyplot.legend

&gt; markerscalefloat, default: rcParams[&quot;legend.markerscale&quot;] (default: 1.0)
The relative size of legend markers compared with the originally drawn ones.

    plt.legend(markerscale=2)

I&#39;ve reading everything I can about shiny reactive programming.  I&#39;m a bit confused.  The following all work but what is the preferred method and why?  Obviously the example below is simple but will I run into trouble when creating a larger application with any of the methods? 

I&#39;ve been tending to gravitate towards the style in server code #1.  Reason being, is that I&#39;m able to break up the if statements.  To me this seems much more readable.  Again, the simple examples below aren&#39;t terribly complex but you can easily imagine how server code 2 and server code 3 could get very confusing with lots of nested if / if else statements.

**UI Code**

	library(shiny)

	ui &lt;- fluidPage(
	  selectInput(inputId = &#39;choice&#39;,
				  label = &#39;Choice&#39;,
				  choice = c(&#39;Hello&#39;,&#39;Goodbye&#39;),
				  selected = c(&#39;Hello&#39;)
	  ),
  
	  textOutput(&#39;result&#39;)
  
	)

**Server Code 1**

	server &lt;- function(input,output,session)({
  
	  text &lt;- reactiveValues()

	  observe({
		if (input$choice == &#39;Hello&#39;) {
		  text$result &lt;- &#39;Hi there&#39;
		  }
		})
  
	  observe({
		if (input$choice == &#39;Goodbye&#39;) {
		  text$result &lt;- &#39;See you later&#39;
		  }
		})
  
	  output$result &lt;- renderText({
		text$result
	  })
  
	})

	shinyApp(ui = ui, server = server)

**Server Code 2**

	server &lt;- function(input,output,session)({
  
	  getStatus &lt;- reactive({
	
		if (input$choice == &#39;Hello&#39;) {
		  &#39;Hi there&#39;
		} else if (input$choice == &#39;Goodbye&#39;){
		  &#39;See you later&#39;
		}
	  })
  
	  output$result &lt;- renderText({
		getStatus()
	  })
  
	})

	shinyApp(ui = ui, server = server)

**Server Code 3**

	server &lt;- function(input,output,session)({
  
	  text &lt;- reactiveValues()
  
	  observeEvent(input$choice,{
		if (input$choice == &#39;Hello&#39;) {
		  text$result &lt;- &#39;Hi there&#39;
		} else if (input$choice == &#39;Goodbye&#39;) {
		  text$result &lt;- &#39;See you later&#39;
		}
	  })
  
	  output$result &lt;- renderText({
		text$result
	  })
  
	})

	shinyApp(ui = ui, server = server)


Advantages of reactive vs. observe vs. observeEvent

I have a Windows 10 PC and I want to install pyaudio to use it with my chatbot, powered by chatterbot.

I tried 2 different ways to install pyaudio.

The first way is doing this on the command prompt:

    python -m pip install PyAudio

This is the result:

       C:\Users\Waaberi&gt;python -m pip install PyAudio
    Collecting PyAudio
      Using cached https://files.pythonhosted.org/packages/ab/42/b4f04721c5c5bfc196ce156b3c768998ef8c0ae3654ed29ea5020c749a6b/PyAudio-0.2.11.tar.gz
    Installing collected packages: PyAudio
      Running setup.py install for PyAudio ... error
        Complete output from command C:\Users\Waaberi\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37-32\python.exe -u -c &quot;import setuptools, tokenize;__file__=&#39;C:\\Users\\Waaberi\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-e5le61j0\\PyAudio\\setup.py&#39;;f=getattr(tokenize, &#39;open&#39;, open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace(&#39;\r\n&#39;, &#39;\n&#39;);f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, &#39;exec&#39;))&quot; install --record C:\Users\Waaberi\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-record-adj3zivl\install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile:
        running install
        running build
        running build_py
        creating build
        creating build\lib.win32-3.7
        copying src\pyaudio.py -&gt; build\lib.win32-3.7
        running build_ext
        building &#39;_portaudio&#39; extension
        error: Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0 is required. Get it with &quot;Microsoft Visual C++ Build Tools&quot;: http://landinghub.visualstudio.com/visual-cpp-build-tools
    
        ----------------------------------------
    Command &quot;C:\Users\Waaberi\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python37-32\python.exe -u -c &quot;import setuptools, tokenize;__file__=&#39;C:\\Users\\Waaberi\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\pip-install-e5le61j0\\PyAudio\\setup.py&#39;;f=getattr(tokenize, &#39;open&#39;, open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace(&#39;\r\n&#39;, &#39;\n&#39;);f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, &#39;exec&#39;))&quot; install --record C:\Users\Waaberi\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-record-adj3zivl\install-record.txt --single-version-externally-managed --compile&quot; failed with error code 1 in C:\Users\Waaberi\AppData\Local\Temp\pip-install-e5le61j0\PyAudio\

The second way is entering this command:

    python pip install python-pyaudio

and it does nothing.




I can&#39;t install pyaudio on Windows? How to solve &quot;error: Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0 is required.&quot;?

I can&#39;t find out anywhere how to change the marker size on seaborn scatterplots. There is a `size` option listed in the [documentation][1] but it is only for when you want variable size across points. I want the same size for all points but larger than the default!

I tried making a new column of integers in my dataframe and set that as the size, but it looks like the actual value doesn&#39;t matter, it changes the marker size on a relative basis, so in this case all the markers were still the same size as the default.


Edit: here&#39;s some code

    ax = sns.scatterplot(x=&quot;Data Set Description&quot;, y=&quot;R Squared&quot;, data=mean_df)
    plt.show()

I just tried something and it worked, not sure if it&#39;s the best method though. I added size=[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] and sizes=(500, 500). So essentially I&#39;m setting all sizes to be the same, and the range of sizes to be only at 500.



  [1]: https://seaborn.pydata.org/generated/seaborn.scatterplot.html

seaborn scatterplot marker size for ALL markers

I can't find out anywhere how to change the marker size on seaborn scatterplots. There is a <code>size</code> option listed in the <a href="https://seaborn.pydata.org/generated/seaborn.scatterplot.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">documentation</a> but it is only for when you want variable size across points. I want the same size for all points but larger than the default!
I tried making a new column of integers in my dataframe and set that as the size, but it looks like the actual value doesn't matter, it changes the marker size on a relative basis, so in this case all the markers were still the same size as the default.
Edit: here's some code
<pre><code class="hljs language-ini">ax = sns.scatterplot(x="Data Set Description", y="R Squared", data=mean_df)
plt.show()
</code></pre>
I just tried something and it worked, not sure if it's the best method though. I added size=[1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1] and sizes=(500, 500). So essentially I'm setting all sizes to be the same, and the range of sizes to be only at 500.

I tried to read https://hackernoon.com/asynchronous-python-45df84b82434.
It&#39;s about asynchronous python and I tried the code from this, but I&#39;m getting a weird Error.
The code is:
`

    import asyncio
    import aiohttp
    
    urls = [&#39;http://www.google.com&#39;, &#39;http://www.yandex.ru&#39;, &#39;http://www.python.org&#39;]
    
    async def call_url(url):
        print(&#39;Starting {}&#39;.format(url))
        response = await aiohttp.ClientSession().get(url)
        data = await response.text()
        print(&#39;{}: {} bytes: {}&#39;.format(url, len(data), data))
        return data
    
    futures = [call_url(url) for url in urls]
    
    asyncio.run(asyncio.wait(futures))


When I try to run it says:

    
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;test.py&quot;, line 15, in &lt;module&gt;
        asyncio.run(asyncio.wait(futures))
    AttributeError: module &#39;asyncio&#39; has no attribute &#39;run&#39;
    sys:1: RuntimeWarning: coroutine &#39;call_url&#39; was never awaited
    
    

I dont have any files named ayncio and I have proof:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; asyncio
    &lt;module &#39;asyncio&#39; from &#39;/usr/lib/python3.6/asyncio/__init__.py&#39;&gt;


Python3.6 AttributeError: module &#39;asyncio&#39; has no attribute &#39;run&#39;

I am trying to get data from the web using python. I imported urllib.request package for it but while executing, I get error:

    certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate (_ssl.c:1045)

 - I am using Python 3.7 on Mac OS High Sierra.
 - I am trying to get CSV file from:
https://s3.amazonaws.com/assets.datacamp.com/production/course_1606/datasets/winequality-red.csv

When I changed the URL to &#39;http&#39; - I am able to get data. But, I believe, this avoids checking SSL certificate.

So I checked on the internet and found one solution:
Run `/Applications/Python\ 3.7/Install\ Certificates.command`

This solved my problem. But I have no knowledge on SSL and the likes. Can you help me understand what it actually did to solve my issue.

If possible, please recommend me any good resource to learn about the security and certificates. I am new to this.

Thanks!

Note: I did go through the link - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22027418/openssl-python-requests-error-certificate-verify-failed

My question differs from the one in link because, I want to know what actually happens when I install `certifi` package or run `Install\ Certificates.command` to fix the error. I have a poor understanding of securities. 


certificate verify failed: unable to get local issuer certificate

What is the naming convention in python community to set names for project folders and subfolders? 

    my-great-python-project
    my_great_python_project 
    myGreatPythonProject 
    MyGreatPythonProject

I find mixed up in the github. 
Appreciate your expert opinion. 

Folder naming convention for python projects

## TL:DR: How can I remove all installed packages from `base`?

I installed a bunch of machine learning packages in my `base` conda environment.

I&#39;ve now created a `ml` environment for machine learning, and wish to reset my `base` environment by removing all the packages installed there.



I&#39;ve tried:

    % activate base
    % conda uninstall -n base --all
    
    CondaEnvironmentError: cannot remove current environment. deactivate and run conda remove again


Apparently, I can&#39;t remove packages from the current environment(?!), so lets switch to my `ml` environment first:

    % source activate ml
    % conda uninstall -n base --all
    
    CondaEnvironmentError: cannot remove root environment,
           add -n NAME or -p PREFIX option

Orright, I&#39;ll use `-p` then...

    % conda uninstall -p ~/.local/share/miniconda3 --all
    
    CondaEnvironmentError: cannot remove root environment,
           add -n NAME or -p PREFIX option


How do I uninstall all installed packages in the `base` or `root` environment?

conda: remove all installed packages from base/root environment

Normally in a jupyter notebook I would use `%matplotlib notebook` magic to display an interactive window, however this doesn&#39;t seem to work with google colab. Is there a solution, or is it not possible to display interactive windows in google colab?

Interactive matplotlib figures in Google Colab

Getting the error message when using matplotlib:

&gt; Error #15: Initializing libiomp5.dylib, but found libiomp5.dylib
&gt; already initialized
&gt;     OMP: Hint: This means that multiple copies of the OpenMP runtime have been linked into the program. That is dangerous, since it can
&gt; degrade performance or cause incorrect results. The best thing to do
&gt; is to ensure that only a single OpenMP runtime is linked into the
&gt; process, e.g. by avoiding static linking of the OpenMP runtime in any
&gt; library. As an unsafe, unsupported, undocumented workaround you can
&gt; set the environment variable KMP_DUPLICATE_LIB_OK=TRUE to allow the
&gt; program to continue to execute, but that may cause crashes or silently
&gt; produce incorrect results. For more information, please see
&gt; http://www.intel.com/software/products/support/.



Error #15: Initializing libiomp5.dylib, but found libiomp5.dylib already initialized

I want to use Shapely for my computational geometry project. I need to be able to visualize and display polygons, lines, and other geometric objects for this. I&#39;ve tried to use Matplotlib for this but I am having trouble with it.

```python
from shapely.geometry import Polygon
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

polygon1 = Polygon([(0,5),
                    (1,1),
                    (3,0),
                    ])

plt.plot(polygon1)
plt.show()
```

I would like to be able to display this polygon in a plot. How would I change my code to do this?

How do I plot Shapely polygons and objects using Matplotlib?

I&#39;m trying to adjust a `suptitle` above a multi-panel figure and am having trouble figuring out how to adjust the `figsize` and subsequently position the suptitle.

The problem is that calling `plt.suptitle(&quot;my title&quot;, y=...)` to adjust the position of the suptitle also adjusts the figure dimensions. A few questions:

1. where does `suptitle(..., y=1.1)` actually put the title? As far as I can tell, the documentation for the `y` parameter of suptitle points to [matplotlib.text.Text][1], but I don&#39;t know what figure coordinates mean when you have multiple subplots.

2. what is the effect on figure size when specifying `y` to `suptitle`?

3. how do I manually adjust figure size and spacing (`subplots_adjust`?) to add a figure title per panel and a suptitle for the entire figure, maintaining the size of each ax in the figure?

An example:

    data = np.random.random(size=100)
    f, a = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(10, 5))
    
    a[0,0].plot(data)
    a[0,0].set_title(&quot;this is a really long title\n&quot;*2)
    a[0,1].plot(data)
    a[1,1].plot(data)
    
    plt.suptitle(&quot;a big long suptitle that runs into the title\n&quot;*2, y=1.05);

[![enter image description here][2]][2]

Obviously I can tweak y each time I make a figure, but I need a solution that generally works without manual intervention. I&#39;ve tried both constrained layout and tight layout; neither works reliably with figures of any complexity.

  [1]: https://matplotlib.org/api/text_api.html#matplotlib.text.Text.set_y
  [2]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/y8c2v.png

How to position suptitle?

I am trying to plot a simple graph using pyplot, e.g.:
```
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.plot([1,2,3],[5,7,4])
plt.show()
```
but the figure does not appear and I get the following message:
```
UserWarning: Matplotlib is currently using agg, which is a non-GUI backend, so cannot show the figure.
```

I saw in several places that one had to change the configuration of matplotlib using the following:
```
import matplotlib
matplotlib.use(&#39;TkAgg&#39;)
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
```

I did this, but then got an error message because it cannot find a module:
```
ModuleNotFoundError: No module named &#39;tkinter&#39;
```

Then, I tried to install &quot;tkinter&quot; using `pip install tkinter` (inside the virtual environment), but it does not find it:
```
Collecting tkinter
  Could not find a version that satisfies the requirement tkinter (from versions: )
No matching distribution found for tkinter
```

I should also mention that I am running all this on Pycharm Community Edition IDE using a virtual environment, and that my operating system is Linux/Ubuntu 18.04.

**I would like to know how I can solve this problem in order to be able to display the graph.**

&quot;UserWarning: Matplotlib is currently using agg, which is a non-GUI backend, so cannot show the figure.&quot; when plotting figure with pyplot on Pycharm

When plotting heatmaps with seaborn (and correlation matrices with matplotlib) the first and the last row is cut in halve.
This happens also when I run this minimal code example which I found online.

```python
import pandas as pd
import seaborn as sns
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

data = pd.read_csv(&#39;https://raw.githubusercontent.com/resbaz/r-novice-gapminder-files/master/data/gapminder-FiveYearData.csv&#39;)
plt.figure(figsize=(10,5))
sns.heatmap(data.corr())
plt.show()
```

![And get this result (I am not allowed to embed images yet)][1]
  [1]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/Km4x6.png


The labels at the y axis are on the correct spot, but the rows aren&#39;t completely there.

A few days ago, it work as intended. Since then, I installed texlive-xetex so I removed it again but it didn&#39;t solve my problem.

Any ideas what I could be missing?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	DataMan	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Xiaoyu Lu	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Rian.Lopes	View Answer on Stackoverflow

seaborn scatterplot marker size for ALL markers

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

I can't install pyaudio on Windows? How to solve "error: Microsoft Visual C++ 14.0 is required."?

Advantages of reactive vs. observe vs. observeEvent

Attributions