The behaviour is intentional, but the documentation could make this clearer. If you look at the first paragraph in the test discovery section, it says:

&gt; For a project’s tests to be compatible with test discovery they must all be importable from the top level directory of the project (in other words, they must all be in Python packages).

A corollary to that is that the file names must also be valid Python module names. `test-report.py` fails that test, since `test-report` is not a legal Python identifier.

A docs bug suggesting that this be mentioned explicitly in the documentation for the `-p` pattern option would probably be a good way forward.

I had this problem because some directories in a project were missing `__init__.py`. I thought I don&#39;t need them in Python 3.7.

Just add `__init__.py` to _every_ directory and `python3 -m unittest` will find tests automatically. 

As someone relatively new to Python, the naming convention in the docs implied the opposite. Ben&#39;s comment was very helpful: the default discovery pattern looks for test-modules prefixed with the string &quot;test&quot;

I thought the introspection would just look for class names and not require a specific file naming convention.

Here is what the docs say:
https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html
python -m unittest discover -s project_directory -p &quot;*_test.py&quot;
I couldn&#39;t get this to work, but by changing my file names to be &quot;test_*.py&quot; - success!



From the [official documentation][1]:

&gt; Using the External Storage
&gt; 
&gt; Every Android-compatible device supports a shared &quot;external storage&quot;
&gt; that you can use to save files. **This can be a removable storage
&gt; media (such as an SD card) or an internal (non-removable)
&gt; storage ...**

I&#39;m really confused about this subject. From what I understand, using external storage doesn&#39;t necessarily mean to use a removable card, am I right?  However, when talking about external storage, it&#39;s always referred as &quot;sd card&quot;. 

I&#39;m developing an app that downloads .mp3 files from the internet. I want to save those files in the phone memory (don&#39;t want to use any removable device) but for what I have learned, those files have to be saved in external memory.However, I would like to offer the possibility of importing a file from a removable device.  Where and how should I save those files? 

Thanks


  [1]: http://developer.android.com/guide/topics/data/data-storage.html#filesExternal

What are the differences among Internal storage, external storage, sd card and removable storage?

Lets say I have a parabola. Now I also have a bunch of sticks that are all of the same width (yes my drawing skills are amazing!).  How can I stack these sticks within the parabola such that I am minimizing the space it uses as much as possible?  I believe that this falls under the category of [Knapsack problems][1],  but this Wikipedia page doesn&#39;t appear to bring me closer to a real world solution.  Is this a NP-Hard problem?   

In this problem we are trying to minimize the amount of area consumed (eg: Integral),  which includes vertical area.

![enter image description here][2]


  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_knapsack_problems
  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/XqA0t.jpg

Parabolic knapsack

Python&#39;s unittest discover does not find my tests!

I have been using nose to discover my unit tests and it is working fine. From the top level of my project, if I run `nosetests` I get:

    Ran 31 tests in 0.390s

Now that Python 2.7 unittest [has discovery][1], I have tried using

    python -m unittest discover

but I get

    Ran 0 tests in 0.000s

My directory structure is:

    myproj/
        reporter/
        __init__.py
        report.py
        [other app modules]
            tests/
            __init__.py
            test-report.py
            [other test modules]

Do you have any ideas why unittest&#39;s discovery algorithm can&#39;t find the tests?

I&#39;m using Python 2.7.1 and nose 1.0.0 on Windows 7.

  [1]: http://docs.python.org/library/unittest.html#unittest-test-discovery


`python -m unittest discover` does not discover tests

Python's unittest discover does not find my tests!
I have been using nose to discover my unit tests and it is working fine. From the top level of my project, if I run <code>nosetests</code> I get:
<pre><code class="hljs">Ran 31 tests in 0.390s
</code></pre>
Now that Python 2.7 unittest <a href="http://docs.python.org/library/unittest.html#unittest-test-discovery" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">has discovery</a>, I have tried using
<pre><code class="hljs">python -m unittest discover
</code></pre>
but I get
<pre><code class="hljs">Ran 0 tests in 0.000s
</code></pre>
My directory structure is:
<pre><code class="hljs language-csharp">myproj/
 reporter/
 __init__.py
 report.py
 [other app modules]
 tests/
 __init__.py
 test-report.py
 [other test modules]
</code></pre>
Do you have any ideas why unittest's discovery algorithm can't find the tests?
I'm using Python 2.7.1 and nose 1.0.0 on Windows 7.

The current backend name is accessible via 

&lt;pre&gt;
&gt;&gt;&gt; import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
&gt;&gt;&gt; plt.get_backend()
&#39;GTKAgg&#39;
&lt;/pre&gt;

Is there a way to get a list of all backends that can be used on a particular machine?

List of all available matplotlib backends

I need to parse a xml file to extract some data.
I only need some elements with certain attributes, here&#39;s an example of document:
    
    &lt;root&gt;
        &lt;articles&gt;
            &lt;article type=&quot;news&quot;&gt;
                 &lt;content&gt;some text&lt;/content&gt;
            &lt;/article&gt;
            &lt;article type=&quot;info&quot;&gt;
                 &lt;content&gt;some text&lt;/content&gt;
            &lt;/article&gt;
            &lt;article type=&quot;news&quot;&gt;
                 &lt;content&gt;some text&lt;/content&gt;
            &lt;/article&gt;
        &lt;/articles&gt;
    &lt;/root&gt;

Here I would like to get only the article with the type &quot;news&quot;.
What&#39;s the most efficient and elegant way to do it with lxml?

I tried with the find method but it&#39;s not very nice:

    from lxml import etree
    f = etree.parse(&quot;myfile&quot;)
    root = f.getroot()
    articles = root.getchildren()[0]
    article_list = articles.findall(&#39;article&#39;)
    for article in article_list:
        if &quot;type&quot; in article.keys():
            if article.attrib[&#39;type&#39;] == &#39;news&#39;:
                content = article.find(&#39;content&#39;)
                content = content.text


        








finding elements by attribute with lxml

I could use some help complying with Django&#39;s CSRF protection mechanism via my AJAX post. I&#39;ve followed the directions here:

http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/contrib/csrf/

I&#39;ve copied the AJAX sample code they have on that page exactly:

http://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/ref/contrib/csrf/#ajax

I put an alert printing the contents of `getCookie(&#39;csrftoken&#39;)` before the `xhr.setRequestHeader` call and it is indeed populated with some data. I&#39;m not sure how to verify that the token is correct, but I&#39;m encouraged that it&#39;s finding and sending something.

But Django is still rejecting my AJAX post.

Here&#39;s my JavaScript:

    $.post(&quot;/memorize/&quot;, data, function (result) {
        if (result != &quot;failure&quot;) {
            get_random_card();
        }
        else {
            alert(&quot;Failed to save card data.&quot;);
        }
    });

Here&#39;s the error I&#39;m seeing from Django:

&gt; [23/Feb/2011 22:08:29] &quot;POST /memorize/ HTTP/1.1&quot; 403 2332

I&#39;m sure I&#39;m missing something, and maybe it&#39;s simple, but I don&#39;t know what it is.  I&#39;ve searched around SO and saw some information about turning off the CSRF check for my view via the `csrf_exempt` decorator, but I find that unappealing.  I&#39;ve tried that out and it works, but I&#39;d rather get my POST to work the way Django was designed to expect it, if possible.

Just in case it&#39;s helpful, here&#39;s the gist of what my view is doing:

    def myview(request):

        profile = request.user.profile

        if request.method == &#39;POST&#39;:
            &quot;&quot;&quot;
            Process the post...
            &quot;&quot;&quot;
            return HttpResponseRedirect(&#39;/memorize/&#39;)
        else: # request.method == &#39;GET&#39;

            ajax = request.GET.has_key(&#39;ajax&#39;)

            &quot;&quot;&quot;
            Some irrelevent code...
            &quot;&quot;&quot;

            if ajax:
                response = HttpResponse()
                profile.get_stack_json(response)
                return response
            else:
                &quot;&quot;&quot;
                Get data to send along with the content of the page.
                &quot;&quot;&quot;

            return render_to_response(&#39;memorize/memorize.html&#39;,
                    &quot;&quot;&quot; My data &quot;&quot;&quot;
                    context_instance=RequestContext(request))


Thanks for your replies!

Django CSRF check failing with an Ajax POST request

I have a Python2.6 program that can load Python modules compiled to .so files using Cython. I used Cython to compile the .py modules to .so files and everything works fine. 

This is the setup.py file I use with Cython:
 

    from distutils.core import setup
    from distutils.extension import Extension
    from Cython.Distutils import build_ext
        
    ext_modules = [
        Extension(&quot;ldap&quot;, [&quot;ldap.pyx&quot;]),
        Extension(&quot;checker&quot;, [&quot;checker.pyx&quot;]),
        Extension(&quot;finder&quot;, [&quot;finder.pyx&quot;]),
        Extension(&quot;utils&quot;, [&quot;utils.pyx&quot;]),
    ]
    
    setup(
      name = &#39;bchecker&#39;,
      cmdclass = {&#39;build_ext&#39;: build_ext},
      ext_modules = ext_modules
    )


   
So I know I can compile Python modules using Cython (I guess Cython creates &#39;C&#39; files from my Python files and then compiles them), but can I compile my main Python program to something I can execute on a Linux platform? If so, a Cython command line example would be appreciated. Thanks.

Compile main Python program using Cython

I would like to make a deep copy of a `dict` in python. Unfortunately the `.deepcopy()` method doesn&#39;t exist for the `dict`. How do I do that?

    &gt;&gt;&gt; my_dict = {&#39;a&#39;: [1, 2, 3], &#39;b&#39;: [4, 5, 6]}
    &gt;&gt;&gt; my_copy = my_dict.deepcopy()
    Traceback (most recent calll last):
      File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
    AttributeError: &#39;dict&#39; object has no attribute &#39;deepcopy&#39;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; my_copy = my_dict.copy()
    &gt;&gt;&gt; my_dict[&#39;a&#39;][2] = 7
    &gt;&gt;&gt; my_copy[&#39;a&#39;][2]
    7
The last line should be `3`.

I would like that modifications in `my_dict` don&#39;t impact the snapshot `my_copy`.

How do I do that? The solution should be compatible with Python 3.x.

Deep copy of a dict in python

I want to create unit tests easily by just selecting method. Is there a tool in eclipse that does that. It should support templates. I should be able to create positive test as well as negative tests.

How to create unit tests easily in eclipse

Right now I have my Django unit tests living at `mcif/tests.py`. I would prefer to have something more like `mcif/tests/foo_test.py`, `mcif/tests/bar_test.py`, etc., but if I organize my tests that way, Django flips out.

Is there a way to do what I&#39;m trying to do or do I have to have all my tests in one file?

Organizing Django unit tests

I&#39;m very new to unit testing and mocking! I&#39;m trying to write some unit tests that covers some code that interacts with a data store. Data access is encapsulated by IRepository&lt;T&gt;:

    interface IRepository&lt;T&gt; {
        ....
        IEnumerable&lt;T&gt; FindBy(Expression&lt;Func&lt;T, bool&gt;&gt; predicate);
        ....
    }

The code that I&#39;m trying to test, utilising a concrete IoC&#39;d implementation of IRepository looks like this:

    public class SignupLogic {
        private Repository&lt;Company&gt; repo = new Repository&lt;Company&gt;();
      
        public void AddNewCompany(Company toAdd) {
            Company existingCompany = this.repo.FindBy(c =&gt; c.Name == toAdd.Name).FirstOrDefault();
        
            if(existingCompany != null) {
                throw new ArgumentException(&quot;Company already exists&quot;);
            }

            repo.Add(Company);
            repo.Save();
        }
    }

So that I&#39;m testing the logic of SignupLogic.AddNewCompany() itself, rather than the logic and the concrete Repository, I&#39;m mocking up IRepository and passing it into SignupLogic. The mocked up Repository looks like this:

    Mock&lt;Repository&gt; repoMock = new Mock&lt;Repository&gt;();
    repoMock.Setup(moq =&gt; moq.FindBy(c =&gt; c.Name == &quot;Company Inc&quot;)....

which returns an in-memory IEnumberable containing a Company object with name set to &quot;Company Inc&quot;. The unit test that calls SignupLogic.AddNewCompany sets up a company with duplicate details and trys to pass that in, and I assert that an ArgumentException is thrown with the message &quot;Company already exists&quot;. This test isn&#39;t passing.

Debugging through the unit test and AddNewCompany() as it runs, it would appear that existingCompany is always null. In desperation, I&#39;ve found that if I update SignupLogic.AddNewCompany() so that the call to FindBy looks like this:

    Company existingCompany = this.repo.FindBy(c =&gt; c.Name == &quot;Company Inc&quot;).FirstOrDefault();

the test passes, which suggests to me that Moq is only responding to code that is *exactly* the same as I&#39;ve setup in my test fixture. Obviously that&#39;s not especially useful in testing that any duplicate company is rejected by SignupLogic.AddNewCompany.

I&#39;ve tried setting up moq.FindBy(...) to use &quot;Is.ItAny&lt;string&gt;&quot;, but that doesn&#39;t cause the test to pass either.

From everything I&#39;m reading, it would appear that testing Expressions as I&#39;m trying to isn&#39;t actually do-able with Moq here. Is it possible? Please help!

Moq&#39;ing methods where Expression&lt;Func&lt;T, bool&gt;&gt; are passed in as parameters

I use `unittest` (actually `unittest2`) for Python testing, together with [Python Mock][1] for mocking objects and [nose][2] to run all tests in a single pass.

I miss being able to tell what is working and what&#39;s wrong at a glance from the green/red bars. Is there a way to get colored output from unittest?

*(Changing test suite at this point is not an option, and I actually like unittest)*


  [1]: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/index.html
  [2]: http://code.google.com/p/python-nose/

unittest colored output

I am using a simple unit test based test runner to test my Django application.

My application itself is configured to use a basic logger in settings.py using:

    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG)

And in my application code using:

    logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
    logger.setLevel(getattr(settings, &#39;LOG_LEVEL&#39;, logging.DEBUG))

However, when running unittests, I&#39;d like to disable logging so that it doesn&#39;t clutter my test result output. Is there a simple way to turn off logging in a global way, so that the application specific loggers aren&#39;t writing stuff out to the console when I run tests?


How can I disable logging while running unit tests in Python Django?

I&#39;d like to implement some unit tests in a Scrapy (screen scraper/web crawler).  Since a project is run through the &quot;scrapy crawl&quot; command I can run it through something like nose.  Since scrapy is built on top of twisted can I use its unit testing framework Trial? If so, how? Otherwise I&#39;d like to get *nose* working.

**Update:**

I&#39;ve been talking on [Scrapy-Users](http://groups.google.com/group/scrapy-users/browse_thread/thread/ba1fadfd40916e71) and I guess I am supposed to &quot;build the Response in the test code, and then call the method with the response and assert that [I] get the expected items/requests in the output&quot;.  I can&#39;t seem to get this to work though.

I can build a unit-test test class and in a test:

 - create a response object
 - try to call the parse method of my spider with the response object

However it ends up generating [this](https://gist.github.com/1044924) traceback. Any insight as to why?

Scrapy Unit Testing

This is a question which is asked frequently in different forms, and often obtains &quot;lol you&#39;re not doing it properly&quot; responses. Pretty sure that&#39;s because there&#39;s a common sense scenario people (including me) are trying to use as an implementation, and the solution is not obvious (if you&#39;ve not done it before).

Would accept an answer which &quot;lets the fly out of the bottle&quot;.

Given

    project/
        __init__.py
        /code
            __init__.py
            sut.py
        /tests
            __init__.py
            test_sut.py

Where tests_sut.py starts:

    import code.sut
    
Running nosetests in the root dir leads to:
 
    ImportError: No module named code.sut

Avenues traveled:

a) do a relative using 

    from ..code import sut

b) add root of project to PYTHONPATH

c) use the 

    sys.path.append

to add the .. path before the imports at the start of each test module.

d) just remember to do a 

    setup.py 

on the project to install the modules into the site-packages before running tests.

&lt;hr/&gt;

So the requirement is to have tests located beneath the test package root which have access to the project. Each of the above don&#39;t feel &quot;natural&quot; to me, have proved problematic or seem like too much hard work!

In java this works, but basically by dint of your build tool / IDE placing all your classes on the classpath. Perhaps the issue is I&#39;m expecting &quot;magic&quot; from Python? Have noted in the Flask webframework tests, option d) seems to be preferred.

In any case, statements below recommending a preferred solution would remove the feeling of &quot;unnaturalness&quot; in my own.

Python imports for tests using nose - what is best practice for imports of modules above current package

I can&#39;t seem to get code coverage with Nose to work, despite having the plugin installed.

Any ideas on how to fix this?

    12:15:25 ~/sandbox/ec$ nosetests --plugins
    Plugin xunit
    Plugin deprecated
    Plugin skip
    Plugin multiprocess
    Plugin failuredetail
    Plugin capture
    Plugin logcapture
    Plugin coverage
    Plugin attributeselector
    Plugin doctest
    Plugin profile
    Plugin id
    Plugin allmodules
    Plugin collect-only
    Plugin isolation
    Plugin pdb

    12:15:34 ~/sandbox/ec$ nosetests -v --with-coverage
    nose.plugins.cover: ERROR: Coverage not available: unable to import coverage module
    tests.edgecast_client_tests.test_log ... ok
    
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ran 1 test in 0.206s
    
    OK

How to Fix Python Nose: Coverage not available: unable to import coverage module

When using nose 1.2.1 with Python 3.3.0, I sometimes get an error message similar to the following one

    ======================================================================
    FAIL: maxdiff2.test_equal
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;/usr/local/lib/python3.3/site-packages/nose/case.py&quot;, line 198, in runTest
        self.test(*self.arg)
      File &quot;/Users/loic/cmrsj/Calculus_II/scrap/maxdiff2.py&quot;, line 32, in test_equal
        assert_equal(str1, str2)
    AssertionError: &#39;Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec a
    diam lectus.\n [truncated]... != &#39;Suspendisse lectus leo, consectetur in tempor sit
    amet, placerat quis neque.\nE [truncated]...
    Diff is 1780 characters long. Set self.maxDiff to None to see it.
    
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ran 1 test in 0.064s
    
    FAILED (failures=1)

In many situations, to figure out what the error really is, I need to see the full diff output.  However, I have no idea of how to set that `self.maxDiff`.  Googling for nose and maxDiff does not help.  With the same version of nose on Python 2.7.1 the full diff is printed to screen.

Here is a simple script that generates the error above when run with `nosetests-3.3`:

    from nose.tools import assert_equal
    
    def test_equal():
        str1 = &quot;&quot;&quot;\
    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Donec a diam lectus.
    Sed sit amet ipsum mauris. Maecenas congue ligula ac quam viverra nec
    consectetur ante hendrerit. Donec et mollis dolor. Praesent et diam eget libero
    egestas mattis sit amet vitae augue. Nam tincidunt congue enim, ut porta lorem
    lacinia consectetur. Donec ut libero sed arcu vehicula ultricies a non tortor.
    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Aenean ut gravida
    lorem. Ut turpis felis, pulvinar a semper sed, adipiscing id dolor.
    Pellentesque auctor nisi id magna consequat sagittis. Curabitur dapibus enim
    sit amet elit pharetra tincidunt feugiat nisl imperdiet. Ut convallis libero in
    urna ultrices accumsan. Donec sed odio eros. Donec viverra mi quis quam
    pulvinar at malesuada arcu rhoncus. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis
    parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. In rutrum accumsan ultricies. Mauris
    vitae nisi at sem facilisis semper ac in est.&quot;&quot;&quot;
    
        str2 = &quot;&quot;&quot;\
    Suspendisse lectus leo, consectetur in tempor sit amet, placerat quis neque.
    Etiam luctus porttitor lorem, sed suscipit est rutrum non. Curabitur lobortis
    nisl a enim congue semper. Aenean commodo ultrices imperdiet. Vestibulum ut
    justo vel sapien venenatis tincidunt. Phasellus eget dolor sit amet ipsum
    dapibus condimentum vitae quis lectus. Aliquam ut massa in turpis dapibus
    convallis. Praesent elit lacus, vestibulum at malesuada et, ornare et est. Ut
    augue nunc, sodales ut euismod non, adipiscing vitae orci. Mauris ut placerat
    justo. Mauris in ultricies enim. Quisque nec est eleifend nulla ultrices
    egestas quis ut quam. Donec sollicitudin lectus a mauris pulvinar id aliquam
    urna cursus. Cras quis ligula sem, vel elementum mi. Phasellus non ullamcorper
    urna.&quot;&quot;&quot;
    
        assert_equal(str1, str2)

How to set self.maxDiff in nose to get full diff output?

At the moment I am running `python manage.py test` every once in a while after I make significant changes in my django project. Is it possible to run those tests automatically whenever I change and save a file in my project? It&#39;ll be useful to detect bugs earlier (I know rails has something like this with rspec). I am using nose and django-nose. Thanks in advance.

How to automatically run tests when there&#39;s any change in my project (Django)?

I&#39;m trying to figure out how to get `python setup.py test` to run the equivalent of `python -m unittest discover`.  I don&#39;t want to use a run_tests.py script and I don&#39;t want to use any external test tools (like `nose` or `py.test`).  It&#39;s OK if the solution only works on python 2.7.

In `setup.py`, I think I need to add something to the `test_suite` and/or `test_loader` fields in config, but I can&#39;t seem to find a combination that works correctly:

    config = {
        &#39;name&#39;: name,
        &#39;version&#39;: version,
        &#39;url&#39;: url,
        &#39;test_suite&#39;: &#39;???&#39;,
        &#39;test_loader&#39;: &#39;???&#39;,
    }

**Is this possible using only `unittest` built into python 2.7?**

FYI, my project structure looks like this:

    project/
      package/
        __init__.py
        module.py
      tests/
        __init__.py
        test_module.py
      run_tests.py &lt;- I want to delete this
      setup.py

**Update**: This is possible with `unittest2` but I want find something equivalent using only `unittest`

From https://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2

&gt; unittest2 includes a very basic setuptools compatible test collector. Specify test_suite = &#39;unittest2.collector&#39; in your setup.py. This starts test discovery with the default parameters from the directory containing setup.py, so it is perhaps most useful as an example (see unittest2/collector.py).

For now, I&#39;m just using a script called `run_tests.py`, but I&#39;m hoping I can get rid of this by moving to a solution that only uses `python setup.py test`.

Here&#39;s the `run_tests.py` I&#39;m hoping to remove:

    import unittest

    if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
        
        # use the default shared TestLoader instance
        test_loader = unittest.defaultTestLoader
        
        # use the basic test runner that outputs to sys.stderr
        test_runner = unittest.TextTestRunner()
        
        # automatically discover all tests in the current dir of the form test*.py
        # NOTE: only works for python 2.7 and later
        test_suite = test_loader.discover(&#39;.&#39;)
        
        # run the test suite
        test_runner.run(test_suite)

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	blokeley	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	ncoghlan	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Max Malysh	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Python	Bill K	View Answer on Stackoverflow

`python -m unittest discover` does not discover tests

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

Solution 3 - Python

Parabolic knapsack

What are the differences among Internal storage, external storage, sd card and removable storage?

Attributions