likely/unlikely equivalent for MSVC

GCC compiler supports __builtin_expect statement that is used to define likely and unlikely macros.

eg.

#define likely(expr)    (__builtin_expect(!!(expr), 1))
#define unlikely(expr)  (__builtin_expect(!!(expr), 0))

Is there an equivalent statement for the Microsoft Visual C compiler, or something equivalent ?

C++20 standard will include [[likely]] and [[unlikely]] branch prediction attributes.

The latest revision of attribute proposal can be found from http://wg21.link/p0479

The original attribute proposal can be found from http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2016/p0479r0.html

Programmers should prefer PGO. Attributes can easily reduce performance if applied incorrectly or they later become incorrect when program changes.

According to http://www.akkadia.org/drepper/cpumemory.pdf (page 57), it still makes sense to use static branch prediction even if CPU predicts correctly dynamically. The reason for that is that L1i cache will be used even more efficiently if static prediction was done right.

I say just punt

There is nothing like it. There is __assume(), but don't use it, it's a different kind of optimizer directive.

Really, the reason the gnu builtin is wrapped in a macro is so you can just get rid of it automatically if __GNUC__ is not defined. There isn't anything the least bit necessary about those macros and I bet you will not notice the run time difference.

Summary

Just get rid of (null out) *likely on non-GNU. You won't miss it.

According to Branch and Loop Reorganization to Prevent Mispredicts document from Intel:

> In order to effectively write your code to take advantage of these > rules, when writing if-else or switch statements, check the most > common cases first and work progressively down to the least common.

Unfortunately you cannot write something like

#define if_unlikely(cond) if (!(cond)); else 

because MSVC optimizer as of VS10 ignores such "hint".

As I prefer to deal with errors first in my code, I seem to write less efficient code. Fortunately, second time CPU encounters the branch it will use its statistics instead of a static hint.

__assume should be similar.

However, if you want to do this really well you should use Profile Guided Optimization rather than static hints.

I know this question is about Visual Studio, but I'm going to try to answer for as many compilers as I can (including Visual Studio)…

A decade later there is progress! As of Visual Studio 2019 MSVC still doesn't support anything like this (even though it's the most popular builtin/intrinsic), but as Pauli Nieminen mentioned above C++20 has likely / unlikely attributes which can be used to create likely/unlikely macros and MSVC usually adds support for new C++ standards pretty quickly (unlike C) so I expect Visual Studio 2021 to support them.

Currently (2019-10-14) only GCC supports these attributes, and even then only applied to labels, but it is sufficient to at least do some basic testing. Here is a quick implementation which you can test on Compiler Explorer:

#define LIKELY(expr) \
  ( \
    ([](bool value){ \
      switch (value) { \
        [[likely]] case true: \
          return true; \
        [[unlikely]] case false: \
          return false; \
      } \
    }) \
  (expr))
#define UNLIKELY(expr) \
  ( \
    ([](bool value){ \
      switch (value) { \
        [[unlikely]] case true: \
          return true; \
        [[likely]] case false: \
          return false; \
      } \
    }) \
  (expr))

Edit (2022-05-02): MSVC 2022 supports C++20, including [[likely]]/[[unlikely]], but generates absolutely terrible code for this (see the comments on this post)... don't use it there.

You'll probably want to #ifdef around it to support compilers that can't handle it, but luckily most compilers support __builtin_expect:

• GCC 3.0
• clang
• ICC since at least 13, probably much longer.
• Oracle Development Studio 12.6+, but only in C++ mode.
• ARM 4.1
• IBM XL C/C++ since at least 10.1, probably longer.
• TI since 6.1
• TinyCC since 0.9.27

GCC 9+ also supports __builtin_expect_with_probability. It's not available anywhere else, but hopefully one day… It takes a lot of the guesswork out of trying to figure out whether to use ilkely/unlikely or not—you just set the probability and the compiler (theoretically) does the right thing.

Also, clang supports a __builtin_unpredictable (since 3.8, but test for it with __has_builtin(__builtin_unpredictable)). Since a lot of compilers are based on clang these days it probably works in them, too.

If you want this all wrapped up and ready to go, you might be interested in one of my projects, Hedley. It's a single public-domain C/C++ header which works on pretty much all compilers and contains lots of useful macros, including HEDLEY_LIKELY, HEDLEY_UNLIKELY, HEDLEY_UNPREDICTABLE, HEDLEY_PREDICT, HEDLEY_PREDICT_TRUE, and HEDLEY_PREDICT_FALSE. It doesn't have the C++20 version quite yet, but it should be there soon…

Even if you don't want to use Hedley in your project, you might want to check the the implementations there instead of relying on the lists above; I'll probably forget to update this answer with new information, but Hedley should always be up-to-date.

Now MS said they have implemented likely/unlikely attributes

But in fact there isn't any different between using "likely" or not using.

I have compiled these codes and is produce same result.

    int main()
    {
        int i = rand() % 2;
        if (i) [[likely]]
        {
           printf("Hello World!\n");
        }
        else
        {
            printf("Hello World2%d!\n",i);
        }
    }

    int main()
    {
        int i = rand() % 2;
        if (i)
        {
           printf("Hello World!\n");
        }
        else [[likely]]
        {
            printf("Hello World2%d!\n",i);
        }
    }

int pdb._main (int argc, char **argv, char **envp);
0x00401040      push    ebp
0x00401041      mov     ebp, esp
0x00401043      push    ecx
0x00401044      call    dword [rand] ; pdb.__imp__rand
                                   ; 0x4020c4
0x0040104a      and     eax, 0x80000001
0x0040104f      jns     0x401058
0x00401051      dec     eax
0x00401052      or      eax, 0xfffffffe ; 4294967294
0x00401055      add     eax, 1
0x00401058      je      0x40106d
0x0040105a      push    str.Hello_World ; pdb.___C__0O_NFOCKKMG_Hello_5World__CB_6
                                   ; 0x402108 ; const char *format
0x0040105f      call    pdb._printf ; int printf(const char *format)
0x00401064      add     esp, 4
0x00401067      xor     eax, eax
0x00401069      mov     esp, ebp
0x0040106b      pop     ebp
0x0040106c      ret
0x0040106d      push    0
0x0040106f      push    str.Hello_World2_d ; pdb.___C__0BB_DODJFBPJ_Hello_5World2__CFd__CB_6
                                   ; 0x402118 ; const char *format
0x00401074      call    pdb._printf ; int printf(const char *format)
0x00401079      add     esp, 8
0x0040107c      xor     eax, eax
0x0040107e      mov     esp, ebp
0x00401080      pop     ebp
0x00401081      ret

As the question is old, the answers saying there's no [[likely]] / [[unlikely]] in MSVC, or that there's no impact are obsolete.

Latest MSVC supports [[likely]] / [[unlikely]] in /std:c++20 and /std:c++latest modes.

See demo on Godbolt's compiler explorer that shows the difference.

As can be seen from the link above, one visible effect on x86/x64 for if-else statement is that the conditional jump forward will be for unlikely branch. Before C++20 and supporting VS version the same could be achieved by placing the likely branch into if part, and the unlikely branch into else part, negating the condition as needed.

Note that the effect of such optimization is minimal. For frequently called code in a tight loop, the dynamic branch prediction would do the right thing anyway.