Use the lib command. If it&#39;s static, lib will show you a pile of .obj files inside. Not so if it&#39;s am implib.

    lib /list foo.lib


will do it.

Also see:

https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/cpp/build/reference/managing-a-library

Look in its accompanying header files ,if the function are &#39;decorated&#39; with `__declspec(dllimport)` that it&#39;s an import library. Or look for an accompanying .def file ,that also tells you that it&#39;s an import library.

I just realized that doing

    x.real*x.real+x.imag*x.imag

is three times faster than doing

    abs(x)**2

where x is a numpy array of complex numbers. For code readability, I could define a function like

    def abs2(x):
        return x.real*x.real+x.imag*x.imag

which is still far faster than abs(x)**2, but it is at the cost of a function call. Is it possible to inline such a function, as I would do in C using macro or using inline keyword?


Python equivalence to inline functions or macros

Suppose I have a module `foo.py` and a package `foo/`. If I call

    import foo

which one will be loaded? How can I specify I want to load the module, or the package?

How python deals with module and package having the same name?

I have `.lib` file compiled from C code. How I know if this self-contained static library or just an import lib and DLL will be needed at runtime? Is there some `dumpbin` option I&#39;m missing?


know if .lib is static or import

<p>I have <code>.lib</code> file compiled from C code. How I know if this self-contained static library or just an import lib and DLL will be needed at runtime? Is there some <code>dumpbin</code> option I'm missing?</p>


When exactly are objects destroyed in C++, and what does that mean? Do I have to destroy them manually, since there is no Garbage Collector? How do exceptions come into play?

&lt;sub&gt;&lt;i&gt;
(Note: This is meant to be an entry to [Stack Overflow&#39;s C++ FAQ](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/c++-faq). If you want to critique the idea of providing an FAQ in this form, then [the posting on meta that started all this](https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/68647/setting-up-a-faq-for-the-c-tag) would be the place to do that. Answers to that question are monitored in the [C++ chatroom](https://chat.stackoverflow.com/rooms/10/c-lounge), where the FAQ idea started out in the first place, so your answer is very likely to get read by those who came up with the idea.)
&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;


Object destruction in C++

I have been working on a project (a game to be specific) and I feel that I should start over with different libraries. So when doing this I reinstalled [Code::Blocks](http://codeblocks.org) and setup my new libraries and includes. 

But as of now Im having a problem starting u[ my new project to test if all of the includes work. This problem is: `libstdc++-6.dll was not found.` At first i wondered if I could just find this file online, but its nowhere to be found(or at least the many places I have searched...) Soon after, I tried loading up my old project, and the same problem happened again(wierd... ._.) I was thinking its maybe my compiler, so I used my older compiler and it did the same thing! At this moment I held the problem off for tomorrow(which is today)

So my question is: If anyone else had this problem, how would you solve it?

Im using Code::Blocks with MinGW as the compiler on Windows Vista 32 bit.


*****EDIT*****

Here are the Build options in my project. Note that these are the settings in the Project, not the global compiler:

In (project name)-&gt;Compiler settings-&gt;Otehr options:

(I use `//` to seperate the commands)

    -mthreads//
    -fmessage-length=0//
    -fexceptions//
    -fident//

In (project name)-&gt;Compiler settings-&gt;#define:


    WIN32//
    _WINDOWS//

In (project name)-&gt;Linker settings-&gt;Other linker options:

    -static-libstdc++//
    -static-libgcc//
    -Wl,--enable-auto-image-base//
    -Wl,--add-stdcall-alias//
    -Wl,--enable-auto-import//

In linker-&gt;link libraries i have various links to files with a `.a` extension, these files include Bullet PHysics, Ogre3D, and SFML

In the search directories i have links to the MinGW/bin, and the MinGW/lib directories, along with other links to different libraries.


My Compiler is MinGW, a GNU GCC compiler for windows 32 bit. and the IDE is Codeblocks. Also note that in Debug and Release settings on the project, there is nothing.

Most of these setings are also pieces that i got from the [Ogre3D Application setup tutorial](http://www.ogre3d.org/tikiwiki/Setting+Up+An+Application+-+CodeBlocks) if that is of any help.



libstdc++-6.dll not found

Is there a difference between declaring a friend function/class as private or public? I can&#39;t seem to find anything about this online.

I mean the difference between:

    class A
    {
     public: 
          friend class B;
     };


and

    class A
    {
     private: //or nothing as the default is private
          friend class B;
     };

Is there a difference?

Friend declaration in C++ - difference between public and private

2 valid versions of `main()` exist in `C++`:

    int main()  // version 1
    int main(int argc, char **argv)  // version 2

But both overloads cannot coexist at the same time. Why not? (Potential use case: while running the program from the terminal, if no arguments are passed the first version is called, otherwise the second version is.)

Does the compiler perform a special check to allow just one version per binary? 


Is main() overloaded in C++?

Can someone explain it in a language that mere mortals understand?

What does the [[carries_dependency]] attribute mean?

How can I work with complex numbers in C? I see there is a `complex.h` header file, but it doesn&#39;t give me much information about how to use it. How to access real and imaginary parts in an efficient way? Is there native functions to get module and phase?

How to work with complex numbers in C?

I&#39;m trying to understand this LIB file business on Microsoft Windows, and I&#39;ve just made a discovery that will - I hope - dispel the confusion that hitherto has prevented me from getting a clear grasp of the issue. To wit, LIB files are not the one kind of file that their file extension suggests they are.

    :: cd &quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v7.0A\Lib&quot;
    
    :: lib /nologo /list Ad1.Lib
    obj\i386\activdbgid.obj
    obj\i386\activscpid.obj
    obj\i386\ad1exid.obj
    obj\i386\dbgpropid.obj
    obj\i386\dispexid.obj
    
    :: lib /nologo /list oledb.lib
    o:\winmain.obj.x86fre\enduser\…\oledb\uuid\objfre\i386\oledbiid.obj
    o:\winmain.obj.x86fre\enduser\…\oledb\uuid\objfre\i386\oledbnewiid.obj
    o:\winmain.obj.x86fre\enduser\…\oledb\uuid\objfre\i386\cmdtreeiid.obj
    o:\winmain.obj.x86fre\enduser\…\oledb\uuid\objfre\i386\oledbdepiid.obj
    
    :: lib /nologo /list AdvAPI32.Lib | sort | uniq -c
        731 ADVAPI32.dll

The first two examples contain object files (appearing as relative or absolute paths when displayed by the `lib.exe` utility). The third example, however, only contains 731 references to a DLL. (I guess `lib.exe` isn&#39;t designed to display more useful information for this kind of file.)

Some contain object files, and they are static libraries. Others contain symbols, and they are import libraries. (There&#39;s a [short explanation here](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2240737/2240777#2240777).)

So static libraries appear to be the equivalents of `.a` files on Linux, and DLLs appear to map to `.so` files on Linux. (By the way, how would import libraries fit into this Windows/Linux equivalence picture?)

Now I&#39;m wondering why this is so? Why did Microsoft decide to give import libraries the same file extension as static libraries? (I understand that historically, static libraries were first, like primitive forms of life preceded more complex forms.) Why wouldn&#39;t they say, okay, here&#39;s these new kind of libraries, they shall be referred to as import libraries, and they shall bear the file extension `.ILB` (or whatever)?

Why are LIB files beasts of such a duplicitous nature?

When declaring an enum as shown below, do all C compilers set the default values as `x=0`, `y=1`, and `z=2` on both Linux and Windows systems?

    typedef enum {
        x,
        y,
        z
    } someName;

Are default enum values in C the same for all compilers?

I have a void pointer called `ptr`.  I want to increment this value by a number of bytes.  Is there a way to do this?

Please note that I want to do this in-place without creating any more variables.

Could I do something like `ptr = (void *)(++((char *) ptr));` ?

Increment void pointer by one byte? by two?

**DISCLAIMER:**  *This is not a real-world example. It    is just a theoretical question of how    these languages work.*

What exactly are the differences between C/C++, C#, and Java when it comes to post &amp; pre increment operators?

This is what I get with VC++10, Java 1.6, and C# 4

    int a = 2;
    int b = a++ + a++;
    int c = ++a + a++ + a++;

          +-----+------+------+----+
          |  C  | C++  | Java | C# |
    +-----+-----+------+------+----+
    | a   |  7  |  7   |   7  |  7 |
    +-----+-----+------+------+----+
    | b   |  4  |  4   |   5  | 5  |
    +-----+-----+------+------+----+
    | c   | 15  |  15  |  16  | 16 |
    +-----+-----+------+------+----+


Pre &amp; post increment operator behavior in C, C++, Java, &amp; C#

I have bought and I use Windows 7 Ultimate, and I like to use it to develop applications. One of the down sides (as with every OS) is that I can not run Bash scripts. Is there a way to run Bash scripts on Windows by installing some software? It is ok if it does not work 100%, but as long as the most common functionality is available it should be great.

Is there a way to run Bash scripts on Windows?

Is it possible to get a C++ application running in Windows to request administrator privileges from the operating system at run time?

I know it can be done at compile time, but can&#39;t seem to find anywhere whether it can be done at run time.

Thanks for your help!

EDIT: What if I want the current instance to have elevated privileges? For example, I might have data stored in memory which I want to keep.

Requesting administrator privileges at run time

I&#39;ve read through a few questions regarding file permissions in Git and I&#39;m still a bit confused. I&#39;ve got a repo on GitHub forked from another. Post merge, they should be identical. However:

    $ git diff --summary origin/epsilon master/epsilon
     mode change 100644 =&gt; 100755 ants/dist/sample_bots/csharp/compile.sh
     mode change 100644 =&gt; 100755 ants/dist/starter_bots/coffeescript/MyBot.coffee
     mode change 100644 =&gt; 100755 ants/dist/starter_bots/coffeescript/ants.coffee
     mode change 100644 =&gt; 100755 ants/util/block_test.sh
     mode change 100644 =&gt; 100755 manager/mass_skill_update.py
     mode change 100644 =&gt; 100755 worker/jailguard.py
     mode change 100644 =&gt; 100755 worker/release_stale_jails.py
     mode change 100644 =&gt; 100755 worker/start_worker.sh

I&#39;ve tried changing file permissions, but it does not alter the diff results.

Git file permissions on Windows

How do I run Redis on Windows? The Redis download page just seems to offer *nix options.

Can I run Redis natively on Windows?

How do I run Redis on Windows?

As in the title. How can I clear console in C++?

How can I clear console

I&#39;m currently developing a C++ library for Windows which will be distributed as a DLL. My goal is to maximize binary interoperability; more precisely, the functions in my DLL must be usable from code compiled with multiple versions of MSVC++ and MinGW without having to recompile the DLL. However, I&#39;m confused about which calling convention is best, [`cdecl`][cdecl] or [`stdcall`][stdcall].

Sometimes I hear statements like &quot;the C calling convention is the only one guaranteed to be the same accross compilers&quot;, which contrasts with statements like &quot;[There are some variations in the interpretation of `cdecl`, particularly in how to return values][wikipedia-cdecl]&quot;. This doesn&#39;t seem to stop certain library developers (like [libsndfile][libsndfile]) to use the C calling convention in the DLLs they distribute, without any visible problems.

On the other hand, the `stdcall` calling convention seems to be well-defined. From what I&#39;ve been told, all Windows compilers are basically required to follow it because it&#39;s the convention used for Win32 and COM. This is based on the assumption that a Windows compiler without Win32/COM support would not be very useful. A lot of code snippets posted on forums declare functions as `stdcall` but I can&#39;t seem to find one single post which clearly explains *why*.

There&#39;s too much conflicting information out there, and every search I run gives me different answers which doesn&#39;t really help me decide between the two. I&#39;m searching for a clear, detailed, argumented explanation as to why I should choose one over the other (or why the two are equivalent).

Note that this question not only applies to &quot;classic&quot; functions, but also to virtual member function calls, since most client code will interface with my DLL through &quot;interfaces&quot;, pure virtual classes (following patterns described e.g. [here][chris-becke] and [there][binary-compatible-interfaces]).

[cdecl]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/zkwh89ks.aspx
[stdcall]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/zxk0tw93.aspx
[wikipedia-cdecl]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_calling_conventions#cdecl

[libsndfile]: http://www.mega-nerd.com/libsndfile/
[chris-becke]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/232926/how-to-make-consistent-dll-binaries-across-vs-versions/232959#232959
[binary-compatible-interfaces]: http://chadaustin.me/cppinterface.html

__cdecl or __stdcall on Windows?

I&#39;ve had Eclipse for Java on my computer for a few years, and decided to install the CDT and learn C. I installed both `MinGW` and `Cygwin` and the CDT detects and tries to use them when I make a new project. 

I choose `File &gt; New C++ Project` and choose `Hello World C++ Project` and the `CygwinGCC` toolchain. I name the project &quot;asdf&quot; and hit &quot;Build Debug&quot; in the toolbar. The compiler completes without error. I hit Run and nothing happens. 

Browsing to the project directory manually and running asdf.exe gives me an error saying:  
**`&quot;The program can&#39;t start because cygwin1.dll is missing from your computer. Try reinstalling the program to fix this problem.&quot;`**  

The same thing happens using MinGW, only a different dll is missing.  
**What do I need to do to have a usable .exe?**  
(I&#39;m running Windows 7 x64 and the newest version of Eclipse and the CDT.)

EDIT:
The compiler output is as follows:

    **** Build of configuration Debug for project asdf ****
    
    make all 
    Building file: ../src/asdf.cpp
    Invoking: Cygwin C++ Compiler
    g++ -O0 -g3 -Wall -c -fmessage-length=0 -MMD -MP -MF&quot;src/asdf.d&quot; -MT&quot;src/asdf.d&quot; -o&quot;src/asdf.o&quot; &quot;../src/asdf.cpp&quot;
    cygwin warning:
      MS-DOS style path detected: C:\Users\Shawn\Dropbox\eclipse\asdf\Debug
      Preferred POSIX equivalent is: /cygdrive/c/Users/Shawn/Dropbox/eclipse/asdf/Debug
      CYGWIN environment variable option &quot;nodosfilewarning&quot; turns off this warning.
      Consult the user&#39;s guide for more details about POSIX paths:
        http://cygwin.com/cygwin-ug-net/using.html#using-pathnames
    Finished building: ../src/asdf.cpp
     
    Building target: asdf.exe
    Invoking: Cygwin C++ Linker
    g++  -o&quot;asdf.exe&quot;  ./src/asdf.o   
    Finished building target: asdf.exe

The program can&#39;t start because cygwin1.dll is missing... in Eclipse CDT

I want to get a **dll&#39;s** directory (or file) path from within its code. (not the program&#39;s .exe file path)

I&#39;ve tried a few methods I&#39;ve found:  
`GetCurrentDir` - gets the current directory path.  
`GetModuleFileName` - gets the executable&#39;s path.

So how can i find out in which dll the code is in ?  
I&#39;m looking for something similar to C#&#39;s `Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly`

Get DLL path at runtime

I am building a project with OpenCV in C#. It requires a dll file called `cvextern.dll`. but, when adding this file as a reference, this message appears :-

 **a reference &quot;cvextern.dll&quot; can&#39;t be added, Please make sure that the file is accessible and that it is a valid assembly or COM component.**

I get tired from searching, I spent the past 2 days in searching for a solution for that problem 

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	zaharpopov	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - C++	bmargulies	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - C++	engf-010	View Answer on Stackoverflow

know if .lib is static or import

C++ Problem Overview

C++ Solutions

Solution 1 - C++

Solution 2 - C++

How python deals with module and package having the same name?

Python equivalence to inline functions or macros

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