How to properly set up a PDO connection

From time to time I see questions regarding connecting to database.
Most answers is not the way I do it, or I might just not get the answers correctly. Anyway; I've never thought about it because the way I do it works for me.

But here's a crazy thought; Maybe I'm doing this all wrong, and if that's the case; I would really like to know how to properly connect to a MySQL database using PHP and PDO and make it easy accessible.

Here's how I'm doing it:

First off, here's my file structure (stripped down):

public_html/

* index.php  

* initialize/  
  -- load.initialize.php  
  -- configure.php  
  -- sessions.php   

index.php
At the very top, I have require('initialize/load.initialize.php');.

load.initialize.php

#   site configurations
    require('configure.php');
#   connect to database
    require('root/somewhere/connect.php');  //  this file is placed outside of public_html for better security.
#   include classes
    foreach (glob('assets/classes/*.class.php') as $class_filename){
        include($class_filename);
    }
#	include functions
    foreach (glob('assets/functions/*.func.php') as $func_filename){
        include($func_filename);
    }
#	handle sessions
    require('sessions.php');

I know there's a better, or more correct, way to include classes, but can't remember what it was. Haven't gotten the time to look into it yet, but I think it was something with autoload. something like that...

configure.php
Here I basically just override some php.ini-properties and do some other global configuration for the site

connect.php
I've put the connection onto a class so other classes can extends this one...

class connect_pdo
{
    protected $dbh;

    public function __construct()
    {
        try {
            $db_host = '  ';  //  hostname
            $db_name = '  ';  //  databasename
            $db_user = '  ';  //  username
            $user_pw = '  ';  //  password

            $con = new PDO('mysql:host='.$db_host.'; dbname='.$db_name, $db_user, $user_pw);  
            $con->setAttribute( PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION );
            $con->exec("SET CHARACTER SET utf8");  //  return all sql requests as UTF-8  
        }
        catch (PDOException $err) {  
            echo "harmless error message if the connection fails";
            $err->getMessage() . "<br/>";
            file_put_contents('PDOErrors.txt',$err, FILE_APPEND);  // write some details to an error-log outside public_html  
            die();  //  terminate connection
        }
    }

    public function dbh()
    {
        return $this->dbh;
    }
}
#   put database handler into a var for easier access
    $con = new connect_pdo();
    $con = $con->dbh();
//

Here I do believe there's room for massive improvement since I recently started learning OOP, and using PDO instead of mysql.
So I've just followed a couple of beginners tutorials and tried out different stuff...

sessions.php
Beside handling regular sessions, I also initialize some classes into a session like this:

if (!isset($_SESSION['sqlQuery'])){
    session_start();
    $_SESSION['sqlQuery'] = new sqlQuery();
}

This way this class is available all over the place. This might not be good practice(?)...
Anyway, this is what this approach allows me to do from everywhere:

echo $_SESSION['sqlQuery']->getAreaName('county',9);  // outputs: Aust-Agder (the county name with that id in the database)

Inside my sqlQuery-class, which extends my connect_pdo-class, I have a public function called getAreaName which handles the request to my database.
Pretty neat I think.

Works like a charm
So that's basically how I'm doing it.
Also, whenever I need to fetch something from my DB from not within a class, I just do something similar to this:

$id = 123;

$sql = 'SELECT whatever FROM MyTable WHERE id = :id';
$qry = $con->prepare($sql);
$qry -> bindParam(':id', $id, PDO::PARAM_INT);
$qry -> execute();
$get = $qry->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);

Since I put the connection into a variable inside connect_pdo.php, I just have referring to it and I'm good to go. It works. I get my expected results...

But regardless of that; I would really appreciate if you guys could tell me if I'm way off here. What I should do instead, areas I could or should change for improvement etc...

I'm eager to learn...

The goal

As I see it, your aim in this case is twofold:

• create and maintain a single/reusable connection per database
• make sure that the connection has been set up properly

Solution

I would recommend to use both anonymous function and factory pattern for dealing with PDO connection. The use of it would looks like this :

$provider = function()
{
    $instance = new PDO('mysql:......;charset=utf8', 'username', 'password');
    $instance->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
    $instance->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES, false);
    return $instance;
};

$factory = new StructureFactory( $provider );

Then in a different file or lower in the same file:

$something = $factory->create('Something');
$foobar = $factory->create('Foobar');

The factory itself should look something like this:

class StructureFactory
{
    protected $provider = null;
    protected $connection = null;

    public function __construct( callable $provider )
    {
        $this->provider = $provider;
    }

    public function create( $name)
    {
        if ( $this->connection === null )
        {
            $this->connection = call_user_func( $this->provider );
        }
        return new $name( $this->connection );
    }

}

This way would let you have a centralized structure, which makes sure that connection is created only when required. It also would make the process of unit-testing and maintenance much easier.

The provider in this case would be found somewhere at the bootstrap stage. This approach would also give a clear location where to define the configuration, that you use for connecting to the DB.

Keep in mind that this is an extremely simplified example. You also might benefit from watching two following videos:

• Global State and Singletons
• Don't Look For Things!

Also, I would strongly recommend reading a proper tutorial about use of PDO (there are a log of bad tutorial online).

I would suggest not using $_SESSION to access your DB connection globally.

You can do one of a few things (in order of worst to best practices):

• Access $dbh using global $dbh inside of your functions and classes

• Use a singleton registry, and access that globally, like so:

    $registry = MyRegistry::getInstance();
    $dbh = $registry->getDbh();
  

• Inject the database handler into the classes that need it, like so:

    class MyClass {
        public function __construct($dbh) { /* ... */ }
    }
  

I would highly recommend the last one. It is known as dependency injection (DI), inversion of control (IoC), or simply the Hollywood principle (Don't call us, we'll call you).

However, it is a little more advanced and requires more "wiring" without a framework. So, if dependency injection is too complicated for you, use a singleton registry instead of a bunch of global variables.

I recently came to a similar answer/question on my own. This is what I did, in case anyone is interested:

<?php
namespace Library;

// Wrapper for \PDO. It only creates the rather expensive instance when needed.
// Use it exactly as you'd use the normal PDO object, except for the creation.
// In that case simply do "new \Library\PDO($args);" with the normal args
class PDO
  {
  // The actual instance of PDO
  private $db;

  public function __construct() {
    $this->args = func_get_args();
    }

  public function __call($method, $args)
    {
    if (empty($this->db))
      {
      $Ref = new \ReflectionClass('\PDO');
      $this->db = $Ref->newInstanceArgs($this->args);
      }

    return call_user_func_array(array($this->db, $method), $args);
    }
  }

To call it you only need to modify this line:

$DB = new \Library\PDO(/* normal arguments */);

And the type-hinting if you are using it to (\Library\PDO $DB).

It's really similar to both the accepted answer and yours; however it has a notably advantage. Consider this code:

$DB = new \Library\PDO( /* args */ );

$STH = $DB->prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE user = ?");
$STH->execute(array(25));
$User = $STH->fetch();

While it might look like normal PDO (it changes by that \Library\ only), it actually doesn't initialize the object until you call the first method, whichever it is. That makes it more optimized, since the PDO object creation is slightly expensive. It's a transparent class, or what it's called a Ghost, a form of Lazy Loading. You can treat the $DB as a normal PDO instance, passing it around, doing the same operations, etc.

$dsn = 'mysql:host=your_host_name;dbname=your_db_name_here'; // define host name and database name
    $username = 'you'; // define the username
    $pwd='your_password'; // password
    try {
        $db = new PDO($dsn, $username, $pwd);
    }
    catch (PDOException $e) {
        $error_message = $e->getMessage();
        echo "this is displayed because an error was found";
        exit();
}

There are a few basic flaws in your setup:

1. The configure.php file shouldn't be in the web server's document root — if the server is ever missconfigured you might expose credentials to the public. You might think it won't happen to you, but it's a risk you just don't need to be taking. Classes also shouldn't be there... this isn't as important but still anything that doesn't need to be public shouldn't be public.
2. Unless you're working with an especially large project, you shouldn't have an "initialization" directory. Loading one large file is approximately 10x faster than loading ten small files with the same contents. This tends to really add up as a project grows and can really slow down PHP sites.
3. Try not to load things unless you actually need to. For example don't connect with PDO unless you actually need to. Don't session_start() you actually read/write to session. Don't include a class definition file unless you create an instance of the class. There are limits to how many connections you can have. And APIs like session establish "locks" that can pause code execution for other people using the same resource.
4. As far as I can tell, you're not using Composer. You should be using it - it'll make life so much easier both for your own code and for third party dependencies.

Here's my proposed directory structure, which is similar to what I use for medium sized projects:

init.php                Replaces public_html/initialize. Your PDO connection details
                        are held here.
classes/                Replaces public_html/classes
vendor/autoload.php     Your class autoload script generated using the
                        industry standard Composer command line tool
composer.json           The file where you describe how autoload.php
                        operates among other things. For example if you
                        don't use namespaces (maybe you should) it might be:
                        {"autoload": {"psr-4": { "": "classes/" }}}
public_html/index.php   Your landing page
public_html/other.php   Some other page
public_html/css/foobar.css ...and so on for all static resources

The init.php file might look something like:

date_default_timezone_set('Etc/UTC');

require 'vendor/autoload.php';

$pdoConnect = function() {
  static $pdo = false;
  if (!$pdo) {
    $pdo = new PDO('mysql:dbname=db;host=localhost', 'user', 'password');
    $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
    $pdo->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE, PDO::FETCH_OBJ);
  }
  return $pdo;
};

// similar anonymous functions for session_start(), etc.

index.php might look like:

require '../init.php';

$pdo = $pdoConnect();

// go from there

other.php might be similar but maybe it doesn't connect to the database, therefore doesn't execute $pdoConnect.

As much as possible, you should write the bulk of your code into the classes directory. Keep index.php, other.php, etc as short and sweet as possible.