In #git, you said you unintentionally added a directory that should have been ignored, so run

    git rm --cached -r directory-name

to recursively remove the tree rooted at `directory-name` from the index.

Don&#39;t forget to update `.gitignore`!

You can just use the command:

    git reset


Make sure you remember to put the `s` in `--global core.excludesfile .gitignore.txt`

`excludesfile`  vs `excludefile`

Maybe this will save someone else the hour I lost... 

  

  With a fairly modern git version you can now do:

    git reset foldername/*

I found earliest documentation for this feature from version 2.12.5 onwards, but it might work on older version of git too.

I am parsing an XSL file using xlrd. Most of the things are working fine. I have a dictionary where keys are strings and values are lists of strings. All the keys and values are Unicode. I can print most of the keys and values using `str()` method. But some values have the Unicode character `\u2013` for which I get the above error. 

I suspect that this is happening because this is Unicode embedded in Unicode and the Python interpreter cannot decode it. So how can I get rid of this error? 


UnicodeEncodeError: &#39;ascii&#39; codec can&#39;t encode character u&#39;\u2013&#39; in position 3 2: ordinal not in range(128)

On more than one occasion I have found myself desiring a variable visibility that is not possible in Java.  I wanted certain members to be visible within their own class and within any sub-classes, but not to the rest of the package or to the rest of the world.  In other words, I wanted this:


    Modifier        Class     Package   Subclass  World
    sub-class       Y         N         Y         N

However, the designers of Java only gave me [this][1]:


    Modifier        Class     Package   Subclass  World
    public          Y         Y         Y         Y
    protected       Y         Y         Y         N
    no modifier     Y         Y         N         N
    private         Y         N         N         N

The typical case when I want something like this is when creating an abstract class.  Sometimes I find the abstract parent needs access to certain members, but concrete children do as well.  I can give them this access by making the members `protected`, but that opens up accessibility to the rest of the package when I don&#39;t really want to.

To be fully clear, I know such a modifier is _not_ possible in Java.  My question is why is such a modifier not included in Java?  It seems (to me) to be a more natural visibility level than either `protected` or the default.  Is the reason just along the lines of it not being sufficiently important to be included, or is it more related to possible side effects that I haven&#39;t considered?


  [1]: http://download.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/accesscontrol.html

Why is there no sub-class visibility modifier in Java?

I made a new repository, and ran `git add -A`. I then noticed that there was a folder containing about 100 files that shouldn&#39;t have been included, so I added it to `.gitignore`.

How do I now clear the staging area so that I can `add` all my files again taking into account the updated `.gitignore`?



How do I remove a directory subtree from the staging area?

<p>I made a new repository, and ran <code>git add -A</code>. I then noticed that there was a folder containing about 100 files that shouldn't have been included, so I added it to <code>.gitignore</code>.</p>
<p>How do I now clear the staging area so that I can <code>add</code> all my files again taking into account the updated <code>.gitignore</code>?</p>


I am using the command line version of Git and gitk. I want to see the full version tree, not just the part that is reachable from the currently checked out version. Is it possible?

Viewing full version tree in git

I would appreciate it if someone could tell me how I could delete every single file/folder on my git repository without actually deleting the repository itself. I want to delete all history associated with those files as well.

Delete all files and history from remote Git repo without deleting repo itself

I have a working copy of the project, without any source control meta data. Now, I&#39;d like to do the equivalent of git-clone into this folder, and keep my local changes.

git-clone doesn&#39;t allow me to clone into an existing folder. What is the best practice here?

Git: What&#39;s the best practice to &quot;git clone&quot; into an existing folder?

I&#39;m new to git and I&#39;m trying to add the current git branch to my already existing prompt, which is defined as follows :

    RESET=&quot;\[\017\]&quot;
    NORMAL=&quot;\[\033[0m\]&quot;
    RED=&quot;\[\033[31;1m\]&quot;
    YELLOW=&quot;\[\033[33;1m\]&quot;
    WHITE=&quot;\[\033[37;1m\]&quot;
    SMILEY=&quot;${WHITE}:)${NORMAL}&quot;
    FROWNY=&quot;${RED}:(${NORMAL}&quot;
    SELECT=&quot;if [ \$? = 0 ]; then echo \&quot;${SMILEY}\&quot;; else echo \&quot;${FROWNY}\&quot;; fi&quot;
    
    export PS1=&quot;${RESET}${YELLOW}\u@\h${NORMAL} \`${SELECT}\` ${YELLOW}\w $(__git_ps1) &gt;${NORMAL} &quot;

I tried it (by sourcing my `.bashrc` file again) and it seemed to work, but then I went on another branch and it did not update. How can I make sure the `$(__git_ps1)` is not cached?

Why doesn&#39;t my bash prompt update?

I&#39;m not really familiar with how git works. I pushed a commit by mistake and want to revert it. I did a 

    git reset --hard HEAD~1
*Beware Fellow Googlers:* **This does not only revert the commit, but discards all file changes!**

and now the project is reverted on my machine, but not on github. If I try to push this code, I get the error &#39;Your branch is behind &#39;origin/master&#39; by 1 commit, and can be fast-forwarded.&#39; How do I remove this commit from github?

How do I reverse a commit in git?

I have the folder `application/` which I add to the `.gitignore`. Inside the  `application/` folder is the folder `application/language/gr`. How can I include this folder?

I&#39;ve tried this

    application/
    !application/language/gr/





.gitignore exclude folder but include specific subfolder

    application/cache/*
    application/cache/folder/*
    application/cache/folder/onemorefolder/*

This doesn&#39;t seem to be working. When I clone the project, there is no `&quot;application/cache&quot;` folder or `&quot;application/cache/folder&quot;` folder, etc...

I&#39;d like if files in the cache folders weren&#39;t cached but folders were, so that the folders permissions transfer and exist.












.gitignore exclude files in directory but not certain directories

Does the .gitignore file belong in the .git folder structure somewhere or in the main source files?

Where does the .gitignore file belong?

How can binary files be ignored in `git` using the `.gitignore` file? 

Example:  

    $ g++ hello.c -o hello
  
The &quot;hello&quot; file is a binary file. Can `git` ignore this file ? 

gitignore binary files that have no extension

I want to change the gitignore, but not everyone on the team wants these changes. How can a user have their own specific git ignore file?

Can I make a user-specific gitignore file?

Using `git add` command becomes tedious once the file path becomes lengthy. For e.g.
`git add src_test/com/abc/product/server/datasource/manager/aats/DSManger.java`&lt;br/&gt;
Is it possible to bypass specifying absolute file path? May be using some kind of pattern or something?&lt;br/&gt;

I know that we can use `git gui`. But I want to do it using cmd line. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 

Thanks in advance for the inputs.

How to avoid specifying absolute file path while git-add

I am trying to recover my work. I stupidly did `git reset --hard`, but before that I&#39;ve done only `get add .` and didn&#39;t do `git commit`. Please help! Here is my log:

    MacBookPro:api user$ git status
    # On branch master
    # Changes to be committed:
    #   (use &quot;git reset HEAD &lt;file&gt;...&quot; to unstage)
    
    #   modified:   .gitignore
    ...


    MacBookPro:api user$ git reset --hard
    HEAD is now at ff546fa added new strucuture for api

Is it possible to undo `git reset --hard` in this situation?

Undo git reset --hard with uncommitted files in the staging area

One of the commands I find incredibly useful in Git is `git add -u` to throw everything but untracked files into the index. Is there an inverse of that? 

Such as a way to add **only** the untracked files to the index *without identifying them individually*? 


Adding Only Untracked Files

I have a very basic github setup with a readme, a directory, and another directory inside it with an html file. On github I can only view the readme and the first folder but none of its contents, and I am getting this message

    tc349 ryntc3$ git add *
    tc349 ryntc3$ git status
    On branch master
    Changes not staged for commit:
    (use &quot;git add &lt;file&gt;...&quot; to update what will be committed)
    (use &quot;git checkout -- &lt;file&gt;...&quot; to discard changes in working directory)
    (commit or discard the untracked or modified content in submodules) 

	modified:   week1 (modified content)

    no changes added to commit (use &quot;git add&quot; and/or &quot;git commit -a&quot;)

I feel like if I am adding all to be staged that it should not be an issue. Any help?


github changes not staged for commit

Say I have a file in my git repository called `foo`.

Suppose it has been deleted with `rm` (not `git rm`).  Then git status will show:

    Changes not staged for commit:

        deleted: foo

How do I stage this individual file deletion?

If I try:

    git add foo

It says:

    &#39;foo&#39; did not match any files.

**Update (9 years later, lol):**

This looks like it has been fixed in git 2.x:

    $ git --version
    git version 2.25.1

    $ mkdir repo

    $ cd repo

    $ git init .
    Initialized empty Git repository in repo/.git/

    $ touch foo bar baz

    $ git add foo bar baz

    $ git commit -m &quot;initial commit&quot;
    [master (root-commit) 79c736b] initial commit
    3 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
    create mode 100644 bar
    create mode 100644 baz
    create mode 100644 foo

    $ rm foo

    $ git status
    On branch master
    Changes not staged for commit:
        deleted: foo

    $ git add foo

    $ git status
    On branch master
    Changes to be committed:
  	    deleted:    foo



Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Acorn	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Git	Greg Bacon	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Git	Matthew Flaschen	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Git	Busilinks	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Git	Vettis	View Answer on Stackoverflow

How do I remove a directory subtree from the staging area?

Git Problem Overview

Git Solutions

Solution 1 - Git

Solution 2 - Git

Solution 3 - Git

Solution 4 - Git

Why is there no sub-class visibility modifier in Java?

UnicodeEncodeError: 'ascii' codec can't encode character u'\u2013' in position 3 2: ordinal not in range(128)

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