&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;d&lt;/kbd&gt; or &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-a&lt;/kbd&gt; &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl-d&lt;/kbd&gt;.  See the [screen manual # Detach](http://www.gnu.org/software/screen/manual/screen.html#Detach).

- &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;\\&lt;/kbd&gt; - Exit screen and terminate all programs in this screen. It is helpful, for example, if you need to close a tty connection.

- &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt; or - &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt;, &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt; - &quot;minimize&quot; screen and `screen -r` to restore it.



 - &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; and then &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;D&lt;/kbd&gt;. Doing this will detach you from the `screen` session which you can later resume by doing `screen -r`.

 - You can also do: &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; then type &lt;kbd&gt;:&lt;/kbd&gt;. This will put you in screen command mode. Type the command `detach` to be detached from the running screen session.



&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt;+&lt;kbd&gt;a&lt;/kbd&gt; followed by &lt;kbd&gt;k&lt;/kbd&gt; will &quot;kill&quot; the current screen session.

In addition to the previous answers, you can also do &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt;, and then enter colon (&lt;kbd&gt;:&lt;/kbd&gt;), and you will notice a little input box at the bottom left. Type &#39;quit&#39; and &lt;kbd&gt;Enter&lt;/kbd&gt; to leave the current screen session. Note that this will **remove** your screen session.

&lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; and then &lt;kbd&gt;K&lt;/kbd&gt; will only kill the current **window** in the current **session**, not the **whole** session. A screen session consists of windows, which can be created using subsequent &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; followed by &lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt;. These windows can be viewed in a list using &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;&quot;&lt;/kbd&gt;.


To terminate the screen session use

    Ctrl + a followed by k

To detach session and restore later use

    Ctrl + a followed by d



Does anyone know whether there is an `assert` or something like that which can test whether an exception was thrown in the code being tested?

PHPUnit assert that an exception was thrown?

I Installed DotNetOpenAuth SDK-3.4.5.10201.vsix and I can&#39;t get it working.
It works locally (when I run as localhost) but when i try to publish it ain&#39;t working. 

The IIS error message I get is 

&gt; Error Summary  
  HTTP Error 500.22 - Internal Server Error  
  An ASP.NET setting has been detected that does not apply in Integrated managed pipeline mode.

AND

&gt;     Module       ConfigurationValidationModule  
    Notification BeginRequest  
    Handler      StaticFile  
    Error Code   0x80070032  

then there are some suggestions on how to solve the problem:

Things you can try:

&gt; * Migrate the configuration to the
       `system.webServer/modules` section. You
       can do so manually or by using AppCmd
       from the command line - for example,
       `%SystemRoot%\system32\inetsrv\appcmd
       migrate config &quot;Default Web Site/&quot;`.
       Using `AppCmd` to migrate your
       application will enable it to work in
       Integrated mode, and continue to work
       in Classic mode and on previous
       versions of IIS.

&gt; * If you are certain that it is OK to
       ignore this error, it can be disabled
       by setting
       `system.webServer/validation@validateIntegratedModeConfiguration`
       to false.  

&gt; * Alternatively, switch the application
       to a Classic mode application pool -
       for example,
       `%SystemRoot%\system32\inetsrv\appcmd
       set app &quot;Default Web Site/&quot;
       /applicationPool:&quot;Classic .NET
       AppPool&quot;`. Only do this if you are
       unable to migrate your application.  
       (Set &quot;Default Web Site&quot; and &quot;Classic .NET AppPool&quot; to your application path and application pool name)


But the problem is that I don&#39;t have access to the ISS server as I am not the owner of it. Is there any way to solve this?


An ASP.NET setting has been detected that does not apply in Integrated managed pipeline mode

I `screen -r`&#39;d into a Django server that&#39;s running and I can&#39;t simply &lt;kbd&gt;Ctrl&lt;/kbd&gt; + &lt;kbd&gt;C&lt;/kbd&gt; and `exit` out of it.

Are there any alternative ways to get out of `screen`?

Currently, I manually close the tab on my local PC and `ssh` back in, but that&#39;s becoming tiresome.


How do I get out of &#39;screen&#39; without typing &#39;exit&#39;?

I <code>screen -r</code>'d into a Django server that's running and I can't simply <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>C</kbd> and <code>exit</code> out of it.
Are there any alternative ways to get out of <code>screen</code>?
Currently, I manually close the tab on my local PC and <code>ssh</code> back in, but that's becoming tiresome.

Example `file.txt`:

      100 foo
      2 bar
      300 tuu

When using `sort -k 1,1 file.txt`, the order of lines will not change, though we are expecting :

      2 bar
      100 foo
      300 tuu

How to sort a field consisting of numbers based on the absolute numerical value?

How to sort a file, based on its numerical values for a field?

I was looking to find the difference between these four on Google and I expected there to be a huge amount of information on this, but there really wasn&#39;t any solid comparison between the four calls. 

I set about trying to compile a kind of basic at-a-glance look at the differences between these system calls and here&#39;s what I got. Is all this information correct/am I missing anything important ?

`Fork` : The fork call basically makes a duplicate of the current process, identical in almost every way (not everything is copied over, for example, resource limits in some implementations but the idea is to create as close a copy as possible).

The new process (child) gets a different process ID (PID) and has the PID of the old process (parent) as its parent PID (PPID). Because the two processes are now running exactly the same code, they can tell which is which by the return code of fork - the child gets 0, the parent gets the PID of the child. This is all, of course, assuming the fork call works - if not, no child is created and the parent gets an error code.

`Vfork` : The basic difference between vfork and fork is that when a new process is created with vfork(), the parent process is temporarily suspended, and the child process might borrow the parent&#39;s address space. This strange state of affairs continues until the child process either exits, or calls execve(), at which point the parent 
process continues. 

This means that the child process of a vfork() must be careful to avoid unexpectedly modifying variables of the parent process. In particular, the child process must not return from the function containing the vfork() call, and it must not call exit() (if it needs to exit, it should use _exit(); actually, this is also true for the child of a normal fork()). 

`Exec :` The exec call is a way to basically replace the entire current process with a new program. It loads the program into the current process space and runs it from the entry point. exec() replaces the current process with a the executable pointed by the function. Control never returns to the original program unless there is an exec() error.

`Clone :` Clone, as fork, creates a new process. Unlike fork, these calls allow the child process to share parts of its execution context with the calling process, such as the memory space, the table of file descriptors, and the table of signal handlers.

When the child process is created with clone, it executes the function application fn(arg). (This differs from fork, where execution continues in the child from the point of the original fork call.) The fn argument is a pointer to a function that is called by the child process at the beginning of its execution. The arg argument is passed to the fn function. 

When the fn(arg) function application returns, the child process terminates. The integer returned by fn is the exit code for the child process. The child process may also terminate explicitly by calling exit(2) or after receiving a fatal signal. 



Information gotten form : 

 - [https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1653340/exec-and-fork][1]
 - [http://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/59616.html][2]
 - [http://www.unixguide.net/unix/programming/1.1.2.shtml][3]
 - [http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl2_clone.htm][4]


Thanks for taking the time to read this ! :)


  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1653340/exec-and-fork
  [2]: http://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/59616.html
  [3]: http://www.unixguide.net/unix/programming/1.1.2.shtml
  [4]: http://linux.about.com/library/cmd/blcmdl2_clone.htm

The difference between fork(), vfork(), exec() and clone()

Does anybody have an idea how to statically compile any resource file right into the executable or the shared library file using GCC?

For example I&#39;d like to add image files that never change (and if they do, I&#39;d have to replace the file anyway) and wouldn&#39;t want them to lie around in the file system.

If this is possible (and I think it is because Visual C++ for Windows can do this, too), how can I load the files which are stored in the own binary? Does the executable parse itself, find the file and extract the data out of it?

Maybe there&#39;s an option for GCC which I haven&#39;t seen yet. Using search engines didn&#39;t really spit out the right stuff.

I would need this to work for shared libraries and normal ELF-executables.

C/C++ with GCC: Statically add resource files to executable/library

I need to add a cron job thru a script I run to set up a server. I am currently using Ubuntu. I can use `crontab -e` but that will open an editor to edit the current crontab. I want to do this programmatically.

Is it possible to do so?

How do I create a crontab through a script

I have added a crontab entry on a Linux server that will run a Java executable. The Java code uses its own class for logging errors and messages into a log file.

But when I checked the log file after the scheduled time, no messages were logged. There should have been at least one log message saying the execution had started.

So there are two possible causes:

  1. The code executed but didn&#39;t log;
  2. Or, the code didn&#39;t execute at all.

The log file specified has `chmod 777` permissions so I&#39;m guessing it&#39;s the second cause here.

Why wouldn&#39;t a crontab job execute at its scheduled time? And how do I debug this without any kind of logging happening?

I have read that if there is an error cron sends an email to the user. How do I find out which email address is associated with the user?


Debugging crontab jobs

When using screen in linux, how can I tell if I&#39;m in a screen or not?
I could do `exit` and I&#39;ll exit a screen if I was in one, but if I wasn&#39;t, then I&#39;ll end up closing my terminal.

When doing `screen -r`, I could see if I have other screens attached, but how do I know if my current terminal is one of those attached screens?

How can I tell whether I&#39;m in a screen?

I am looking for a terminal multiplexer for Microsoft Windows. I was unable to locate the installers for Microsoft Windows for both tmux and GNU Screen.

Currently I&#39;m using Putty to connect to my Linux machine from from Windows Machine. Can somebody please suggest how to get GNU Screen or tmux working on Windows Platform.

Are there any other good alternatives to above options.

Terminal Multiplexer for Microsoft Windows - Installers for GNU Screen or tmux

I&#39;m starting a number of screens in a bash script, then running django&#39;s `runserver` command in each of them. I&#39;d like to be able to programmatically stop them all as well, which requires me to send `Control+c` to `runserver`.

How can I send these keystrokes from my bash script?

How to send control+c from a bash script?

I am running a script on a remote server. I ran the script in `screen`, however I need to stop it before it completes since I need to update the script. I can easily detach from `screen`, however, is there a way to kill a `screen` process?

How to stop a screen process in linux?

I was trying to make the syntax highlighting (with 256 colors) of ```vim``` work inside ```screen```, which is running inside ```gterm```.

It works quite fine in the beginning. What I mean by &quot;in the beginning&quot; is, after I start ```screen```, and enter ```vim```, the colors look fine, and there are really 256 colors.

But after a while (I don&#39;t know exactly how long) the colors automatically change back to an appearance as if there are only 8 (or 16?) colors.

For example, after this has already occurred, if I enter the command

    hi Comment ctermfg=68

inside ```vim```, the comments appear to be &quot;pure&quot; green; however, if I open another ```vim``` outside screen (in the same terminal), then with the same command the comments appear to be a &quot;yellowish&quot; green.

The following is my .screenrc settings related to color:

    attrcolor b &quot;.I&quot;
    defbce &quot;on&quot;
    termcapinfo xterm &#39;Co#256:AB=\E[48;5;%dm:AF=\E[38;5;%dm&#39;
    term xterm-256color

After running a python script to display all the colors, I find out that maybe this is a problem of screen itself, and has nothing to do with vim.

What I did is, inside the ```screen``` session with problems, this script gives 256 colors, but many of them are actually the same; however, when I start a new screen session with the same configuration, this script gives 256 colors which are distinct from each other.

Edit:

Last night I connected to my Linux computer (which is in my office and it is always on) with ```putty```, then opened a ```screen``` session with multiple windows in it. The colors are correct last night. Then before I went to sleep I detached the ```screen``` session and closed ```putty```.

Now in the morning when I attach that ```screen``` session in ```putty``` again, the colors crash: they appear as if there are only 8 colors.

The colors are fine outside ```screen``` (but still in ```putty```).


Edit:

Three years later after I asked this question, today I saw a similar problem.  The problem is that ```vim``` can display 256 colors outside ```screen```, and ```screen``` can display 256 colors with a test script, but ```vim``` can&#39;t display any color (can only display black and white) inside ```screen```.  Just as a note to myself, here is the ```.screenrc``` file I am using

    hardstatus alwayslastline &quot;%{.bW}%-w%{.rW}%n %t%{-}%+w %=%{..G} %H %{..Y} %Y-%m-%d %c&quot;
    shell &quot;bash&quot;
    startup_message off
    vbell off
    altscreen on
    attrcolor b &quot;.I&quot;
    defbce &quot;on&quot;
    termcapinfo xterm* &#39;is=\E[r\E[m\E[2J\E[H\E[?7h\E[?1;4;6l&#39;
    termcapinfo xterm &#39;Co#256:AB=\E[48;5;%dm:AF=\E[38;5;%dm&#39;
    term screen-256color

The solution to the problem is already mentioned in the accepted answer, namely, I need to include

    export TERM=xterm-256color

in ```.bashrc```.

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	meder omuraliev	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Linux	ephemient	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Linux	fandyushin	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Linux	gsbabil	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Linux	user674669	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 5 - Linux	Ng Ju Ping	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 6 - Linux	RKM	View Answer on Stackoverflow

How do I get out of 'screen' without typing 'exit'?

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An ASP.NET setting has been detected that does not apply in Integrated managed pipeline mode

PHPUnit assert that an exception was thrown?

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