GraphViz - How to connect subgraphs?

GraphicsGraphvizDotDirected GraphSubgraph

Graphics Problem Overview


In the DOT language for GraphViz, I'm trying to represent a dependency diagram. I need to be able to have nodes inside a container and to be able to make nodes and/or containers dependent on other nodes and/or containers.

I'm using subgraph to represent my containers. Node linking works just fine, but I can't figure out how to connect subgraphs.

Given the program below, I need to be able to connect cluster_1 and cluster_2 with an arrow, but anything I've tried creates new nodes instead of connecting the clusters:

digraph G {

	graph [fontsize=10 fontname="Verdana"];
	node [shape=record fontsize=10 fontname="Verdana"];

	subgraph cluster_0 {
		node [style=filled];
		"Item 1" "Item 2";
		label = "Container A";
		color=blue;
	}

	subgraph cluster_1 {
		node [style=filled];
		"Item 3" "Item 4";
		label = "Container B";
		color=blue;
	}

	subgraph cluster_2 {
		node [style=filled];
		"Item 5" "Item 6";
		label = "Container C";
		color=blue;
	}

    // Renders fine
	"Item 1" -> "Item 2";
	"Item 2" -> "Item 3";
	
    // Both of these create new nodes
	cluster_1 -> cluster_2;
	"Container A" -> "Container C";
}

enter image description here

Graphics Solutions


Solution 1 - Graphics

The DOT user manual gives the following example of a graph with clusters with edges between clusters:

> IMPORTANT: The initial compound=true statement is required.

digraph G {
  compound=true;
  subgraph cluster0 {
    a -> b;
    a -> c;
    b -> d;
    c -> d;
  }
  subgraph cluster1 {
    e -> g;
    e -> f;
  }
  b -> f [lhead=cluster1];
  d -> e;
  c -> g [ltail=cluster0,lhead=cluster1];
  c -> e [ltail=cluster0];
  d -> h;
}

... and edges between nodes and clusters:

enter image description here

Solution 2 - Graphics

For ease of reference the solution described in HighPerformanceMark's answer, applied directly to the original question, looks like this:

digraph G {

    graph [fontsize=10 fontname="Verdana" compound=true];
    node [shape=record fontsize=10 fontname="Verdana"];

    subgraph cluster_0 {
        node [style=filled];
        "Item 1" "Item 2";
        label = "Container A";
        color=blue;
    }

    subgraph cluster_1 {
        node [style=filled];
        "Item 3" "Item 4";
        label = "Container B";
        color=blue;
    }

    subgraph cluster_2 {
        node [style=filled];
        "Item 5" "Item 6";
        label = "Container C";
        color=blue;
    }

    // Edges between nodes render fine
    "Item 1" -> "Item 2";
    "Item 2" -> "Item 3";

    // Edges that directly connect one cluster to another
    "Item 1" -> "Item 3" [ltail=cluster_0 lhead=cluster_1];
    "Item 1" -> "Item 5" [ltail=cluster_0 lhead=cluster_2];
}

The compound=true in the graph declaration is vital. That produces output:

graph with connected clusters

Note that I changed the edges to reference nodes within the cluster, added the ltail and lhead attributes to each edge, specifying the cluster name, and added the graph-level attribute 'compound=true'.

Regarding the worry that one might want to connect a cluster with no nodes inside it, my solution has been to always add a node to every cluster, rendered with style=plaintext. Use this node to label the cluster (instead of the cluster's built-in "label" attribute, which should be set to the empty string (in Python, label='""'). This means I'm no longer adding edges that connect clusters directly, but it works in my particular situation.

Solution 3 - Graphics

Make sure you are using fdp layout for the file. I don't think neato supports clusters.

Attributions

All content for this solution is sourced from the original question on Stackoverflow.

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Content TypeOriginal AuthorOriginal Content on Stackoverflow
QuestionWinston SmithView Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - GraphicsHigh Performance MarkView Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - GraphicsJonathan HartleyView Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - GraphicsmihajlvView Answer on Stackoverflow