I believe `+%s` is seconds since epoch. It&#39;s timezone invariant. 

I bet this is what was intended as a result.

&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;

    $ date -u --date=@1404372514
    Thu Jul  3 07:28:34 UTC 2014


You say you&#39;re using:

    time.asctime(time.localtime(date_in_seconds_from_bash))

where `date_in_seconds_from_bash` is presumably the output of `date +%s`.

The `time.localtime` function, as the name implies, gives you *local time*.

If you want UTC, use `time.gmtime()` rather than `time.localtime()`.

As [JamesNoonan33&#39;s answer][1] says, the output of `date +%s` is timezone invariant, so `date +%s` is exactly equivalent to `date -u +%s`. It prints the number of seconds since the &quot;epoch&quot;, which is `1970-01-01 00:00:00 UTC`. The output you show in your question is entirely consistent with that:

    date -u
    Thu Jul 3 07:28:20 UTC 2014

    date +%s
    1404372514   # 14 seconds after &quot;date -u&quot; command

    date -u +%s
    1404372515   # 15 seconds after &quot;date -u&quot; command



  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/a/24547736/827263

One might consider adding this line to `~/.bash_profile` (or [similar][1]) in order to can quickly get the current UTC both as current time and as seconds since the epoch.  

`alias utc=&#39;date -u &amp;&amp; date -u +%s&#39;`


  [1]: https://www.gnu.org/software/bash/manual/bashref.html#Bash-Startup-Files

I&#39;ve been learning github markdown, I had a question about variables and macros.

is it possible to define a variable or macro to prevent repeated printing of a block of text? 

The use case is that I have a table producing a big grid of hyperlinks - the links look like the below. 


    http://www.a-big-long-big-big-long-hyperlink/more-long-stuff?id=1234

it would be nice if I could do something like the below once:

    $link=http://www.a-big-long-big-big-long-hyperlink/more-long-stuff?id

and then in each cell in the table, I can say something like

    $link=1234

Some other cell

    $link=2345

the idea being that:

 - The table (which has ~10 columns and ~10 rows) is a bit easier to see on a normal screen, at the moment with the prefix to the links being so long, it looks really ugly as the links wrap to the next line
 - If I want to change the root link, I can change it in one place (yes, I know I could do search and replace in an editor!)

Cheers. 

GitHub MarkDown: Are Macros and Variables possible?

I created a new Scala/sbt project in IntelliJ IDEA 13.  Since other team members will be working on this project (presumably with other IDEs), what should I put in the `.gitignore`?  It seems some of the project dependencies are defined in the `.idea` folder, so I wasn&#39;t sure if I can put the whole directory in `.gitignore` or not.

What&#39;s recommended .gitignore for Scala/sbt project in IntelliJ IDEA?

It looks like I can&#39;t manage to get the bash UTC date in second. I&#39;m in Sydney so + 10hours UTC time

     date
     Thu Jul 3 17:28:19 WST 2014

     date -u
     Thu Jul 3 07:28:20 UTC 2014

But when I tried to convert it, I&#39;m getting the same result which is not UTC time

     date +%s
     1404372514

     date -u +%s
     1404372515

What am I missing here?

---

After getting an answer saying `date +%s` was returning UTC time, here are more details about the problem I&#39;m facing now.

I&#39;m trying to compare a date written in a file with python. This date is written in seconds in UTC time. And the bash `date +%s` doesn&#39;t give me the same one. Actually if I&#39;m doing in python `time.asctime(time.localtime(date_in_seconds_from_bash))`, I get the current time of Sydney, not UTC. I don&#39;t understand.
      


Get UTC time in seconds

It looks like I can't manage to get the bash UTC date in second. I'm in Sydney so + 10hours UTC time
<pre><code class="hljs language-bash"> date
 Thu Jul 3 17:28:19 WST 2014

 date -u
 Thu Jul 3 07:28:20 UTC 2014
</code></pre>
But when I tried to convert it, I'm getting the same result which is not UTC time
<pre><code class="hljs language-bash"> date +%s
 1404372514

 date -u +%s
 1404372515
</code></pre>
What am I missing here?
<hr>
After getting an answer saying <code>date +%s</code> was returning UTC time, here are more details about the problem I'm facing now.
I'm trying to compare a date written in a file with python. This date is written in seconds in UTC time. And the bash <code>date +%s</code> doesn't give me the same one. Actually if I'm doing in python <code>time.asctime(time.localtime(date_in_seconds_from_bash))</code>, I get the current time of Sydney, not UTC. I don't understand.

I&#39;m trying to switch user to the tomcat7 user in order to setup SSH certificates.

When I do `su tomcat7`, nothing happens.

`whoami` still ruturns root after doing `su tomcat7`

Doing a `more /etc/passwd`, I get the following result which clearly shows that a tomcat7 user exists:

    root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
    daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh
    bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh
    sys:x:3:3:sys:/dev:/bin/sh
    sync:x:4:65534:sync:/bin:/bin/sync
    games:x:5:60:games:/usr/games:/bin/sh
    man:x:6:12:man:/var/cache/man:/bin/sh
    lp:x:7:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/bin/sh
    mail:x:8:8:mail:/var/mail:/bin/sh
    news:x:9:9:news:/var/spool/news:/bin/sh
    uucp:x:10:10:uucp:/var/spool/uucp:/bin/sh
    proxy:x:13:13:proxy:/bin:/bin/sh
    www-data:x:33:33:www-data:/var/www:/bin/sh
    backup:x:34:34:backup:/var/backups:/bin/sh
    list:x:38:38:Mailing List Manager:/var/list:/bin/sh
    irc:x:39:39:ircd:/var/run/ircd:/bin/sh
    gnats:x:41:41:Gnats Bug-Reporting System (admin):/var/lib/gnats:/bin/sh
    nobody:x:65534:65534:nobody:/nonexistent:/bin/sh
    libuuid:x:100:101::/var/lib/libuuid:/bin/sh
    messagebus:x:101:104::/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
    colord:x:102:105:colord colour management daemon,,,:/var/lib/colord:/bin/false
    saned:x:103:106::/home/saned:/bin/false
    tomcat7:x:104:107::/usr/share/tomcat7:/bin/false

What I&#39;m trying to work around is this error in Hudson: 

    Command &quot;git fetch -t git@________.co.za:_______/_____________.git +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*&quot; returned status code 128: Host key verification failed.

This is my Dockerfile, it takes an existing hudson war file and config that is tarred and builds an image, hudson runs fine, it just can&#39;t access git due to certificates not existing for user tomcat7.


    FROM debian:wheezy
    
    # install java on image
    RUN apt-get update
    RUN apt-get install -y openjdk-7-jdk tomcat7
    
    # install hudson on image
    RUN rm -rf /var/lib/tomcat7/webapps/*
    ADD ./ROOT.tar.gz /var/lib/tomcat7/webapps/
    
    # copy hudson config over to image
    RUN mkdir /usr/share/tomcat7/.hudson
    ADD ./dothudson.tar.gz /usr/share/tomcat7/
    RUN chown -R tomcat7:tomcat7 /usr/share/tomcat7/
    
    # add ssh certificates
    RUN mkdir /root/.ssh
    ADD ssh.tar.gz /root/
    
    # install some dependencies
    RUN apt-get update
    RUN apt-get install --y maven
    RUN apt-get install --y git
    RUN apt-get install --y subversion
    
    # background script
    ADD run.sh /root/run.sh
    RUN chmod +x /root/run.sh
    
    # expose port 8080
    EXPOSE 8080
    
    
    CMD [&quot;/root/run.sh&quot;]


I&#39;m using the latest version of Docker (Docker version 1.0.0, build 63fe64c/1.0.0), is this a bug in Docker or am I missing something in my Dockerfile?

Switching users inside Docker image to a non-root user

Is it possible to exit on error, with a message, **without** using **if** statements?

    [[ $TRESHOLD =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || exit ERRCODE &quot;Threshold must be an integer value!&quot;

Of course the right side of `||` won&#39;t work, just to give you better idea of what I am trying to accomplish.

Actually, I don&#39;t even mind with which ERR code it&#39;s gonna exit, just to show the message.


**EDIT**

I know this will work, but how to suppress `numeric arg required` showing
after my custom message?


	[[ $TRESHOLD =~ ^[0-9]+$ ]] || exit &quot;Threshold must be an integer value!&quot;



exit with error message in bash (oneline)

Ideally, I would be able to use a program like 

    find [file or directory name]

to report the paths with matching filenames/directories. Unfortunately this seems to only check the current directory, not the entire folder.

I&#39;ve also tried locate and which, but none find the file, even though I know its on the computer somewhere.

How can I find a file/directory that could be anywhere on linux command line?

Here my problem is to find the difference of using single bracket [ ] and double brackets [[ ]] in if statement.

    #!/bin/bash
    vara=08;
    varb=10;
    
    ## single bracket in if statment is working.
    if [ $vara -lt $varb ]; then
    echo &quot;yes&quot;;
    else
    echo &quot;no&quot;;
    fi
    
    
    ## double brackets in if statment is not working; throwing an error like below.
    ## [[: 08: value too great for base (error token is &quot;08&quot;)
    if [[ $vara -lt $varb ]]; then
    echo &quot;yes&quot;;
    else
    echo &quot;no&quot;;
    fi



Value too great for base (error token is &quot;08&quot;)

I was looking at pre-commit hook and discovered the following line because I was wondering why I always got an empy file called `1` in my directory after doing a commit.

    git status 2&amp;&gt;1 &gt; /dev/null

I believe the intent was to write the following, and I corrected it.

    git status 2&gt;&amp;1 &gt; /dev/null

However, I was curious about what the following syntax does exactly, so I looked up the man page.

    git status 2&amp;&gt;1


Here is the man page.

      Redirecting Standard Output and Standard Error
          This  construct allows both the standard output (file descriptor 1) and
          the standard error output (file descriptor 2) to be redirected  to  the
          file whose name is the expansion of word.
    
          There  are  two  formats  for  redirecting standard output and standard
          error:
    
                 &amp;&gt;word
          and
                 &gt;&amp;word
    
          Of the two forms, the first is preferred.  This is semantically equiva‐
          lent to
    
                 &gt;word 2&gt;&amp;1

However, this man page implies that the two are equivalent, which does not seem to be the case.

Can someone clarify the man page and explain exactly what is happening with this syntax?

What does &amp;&gt; do in bash?

I&#39;m wondering if there is some new and awesome possibility to get the amount of days between two NSDates in Swift / the &quot;new&quot; Cocoa?

E.g. like in Ruby I would do:

    (end_date - start_date).to_i

Swift days between two NSDates

I&#39;m able to get the difference between two dates using MomentJs as follows:

    moment(end.diff(startTime)).format(&quot;m[m] s[s]&quot;)


However, I also want to display the hour when applicable (only when &gt;= 60 minutes have passed).

However, when I try to retrieve the duration hours using the following:

    var duration = moment.duration(end.diff(startTime));
    var hours = duration.hours();

it is returning the current hour and not the number of hours between the two dates. 

How do I get the difference in hours between two Moments? 




Get hours difference between two dates in Moment Js

How can I get a date having the format yyyy-mm-dd from an [ISO&amp;nbsp;8601][1] date?

My &amp;nbsp;8601 date is 

    2013-03-10T02:00:00Z

How can I get the following?

    2013-03-10

  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_8601




How to convert an ISO date to the date format yyyy-mm-dd?

I need to change a date/time from **2014-08-20 15:30:00** to look like **08/20/2014 3:30 pm**

Can this be done using javascript&#39;s Date object?

Javascript format date / time

How do I check if a string can be parsed to a date?

 - Jan 19, 1990
 - January 19, 1990
 - Jan 19,1990
 - 01/19/1990
 - 01/19/90
 - 1990
 - Jan 1990
 - January1990

These are all valid dates. If there&#39;s any concern regarding the lack of space in between stuff in item #3 and the last item above, that can be easily remedied via automatically inserting a space in between letters/characters and numbers, if so needed.

But first, the basics:

I tried putting it in an `if statement`:

    if datetime.strptime(item, &#39;%Y&#39;) or datetime.strptime(item, &#39;%b %d %y&#39;) or datetime.strptime(item, &#39;%b %d %Y&#39;)  or datetime.strptime(item, &#39;%B %d %y&#39;) or datetime.strptime(item, &#39;%B %d %Y&#39;):

But that&#39;s in a try-except block, and keeps returning something like this:

    16343 time data &#39;JUNE1890&#39; does not match format &#39;%Y&#39;

Unless, it met the first condition in the `if` statement.

To clarify, I don&#39;t actually need the value of the date - I just want to know if it is. Ideally, it would&#39;ve been something like this:

    if item is date:
        print date
    else:
        print &quot;Not a date&quot;

Is there any way to do this?

Check if string has date, any format

I know there are questions relating to [java.util.Date][1] and Joda-Time. But after some digging, I couldn&#39;t find a thread about the differences between the [java.time API][2] (new in [Java 8][3], defined by [JSR 310][4]) and [Joda-Time][5].

I have heard that Java 8’s java.time API is much cleaner and can do much more than Joda-Time. But I cannot find examples comparing the two. 

 - What can java.time do that Joda-Time cannot? 
 - What can java.time do better than Joda-Time? 
 - Is the performance better with java.time?


  [1]: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Date.html
  [2]: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/time/package-summary.html
  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_version_history#Java_SE_8_.28March_18.2C_2014.29
  [4]: https://jcp.org/en/jsr/detail?id=310
  [5]: http://www.joda.org/joda-time/

Differences between Java 8 Date Time API (java.time) and Joda-Time

I want to print the whole dataframe, but I don&#39;t want to print the index

Besides, one column is datetime type, I just want to print time, not date.

The dataframe looks like:

       User ID           Enter Time   Activity Number
    0      123  2014-07-08 00:09:00              1411
    1      123  2014-07-08 00:18:00               893
    2      123  2014-07-08 00:49:00              1041

I want it print as

    User ID   Enter Time   Activity Number
    123         00:09:00              1411
    123         00:18:00               893
    123         00:49:00              1041

How to print pandas DataFrame without index

I&#39;m trying to understand why I&#39;m getting these results when converting time zones to UTC:

    In [74]: d1 = datetime(2007, 12, 5, 6, 30,tzinfo=pytz.timezone(&#39;US/Pacific&#39;))
    In [75]: d1
    Out[75]: datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 5, 6, 30, tzinfo=&lt;DstTzInfo &#39;US/Pacific&#39; LMT-1 day, **16:07:00 STD**&gt;)
    In [76]: d1.astimezone(pytz.utc)
    Out[76]: datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 5, 14, 23, tzinfo=&lt;UTC&gt;)

Why did 6:30am become 2:23pm?  

On the other hand, if I use the following approach, I get the expected result:

    In [90]: d2 = datetime(2007, 12, 5, 6, 30)
    In [91]: uspac = pytz.timezone(&#39;US/Pacific&#39;)
    In [92]: d2_aware = uspac.localize(d2)
    In [94]: d2_aware.astimezone(pytz.utc)
    Out[94]: datetime.datetime(2007, 12, 5, 14, 30, tzinfo=&lt;UTC&gt;)

unexpected results converting timezones in python


I get the following error:

    time data &#39;07/28/2014 18:54:55.099000&#39; does not match format &#39;%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f&#39;

But I cannot see what parameter is wrong in `%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f` ?

This is the code I use.

    from datetime import datetime
    time_value = datetime.strptime(csv_line[0] + &#39;000&#39;, &#39;%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S.%f&#39;)

I have added and removed the `000` but I get the same error.

time data does not match format

Assume I have a DataFrame `sales` of timestamp values:

    timestamp               sales_office
    2014-01-01 09:01:00     Cincinnati
    2014-01-01 09:11:00     San Francisco
    2014-01-01 15:22:00     Chicago
    2014-01-01 19:01:00     Chicago

I would like to create a new column `time_hour`. I can create it by writing a short function as so and using `apply()` to apply it iteratively:

    def hr_func(ts):
        return ts.hour
    
    sales[&#39;time_hour&#39;] = sales[&#39;timestamp&#39;].apply(hr_func)

I would then see this result:

    timestamp               sales_office         time_hour
    2014-01-01 09:01:00     Cincinnati           9
    2014-01-01 09:11:00     San Francisco        9
    2014-01-01 15:22:00     Chicago              15
    2014-01-01 19:01:00     Chicago              19

What I&#39;d _like_ to achieve is some shorter transformation like this (which I know is erroneous but gets at the spirit):

    sales[&#39;time_hour&#39;] = sales[&#39;timestamp&#39;].hour

Obviously the column is of type `Series` and as such doesn&#39;t have those attributes, but it seems there&#39;s a simpler way to make use of matrix operations.

Is there a more-direct approach?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Romanzo Criminale	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Bash	JamesNoonan33	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Bash	Derek Boonstra	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Bash	Keith Thompson	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Bash	Adam	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Get UTC time in seconds

Bash Problem Overview

Bash Solutions

Solution 1 - Bash

Solution 2 - Bash

Solution 3 - Bash

Solution 4 - Bash

What's recommended .gitignore for Scala/sbt project in IntelliJ IDEA?

GitHub MarkDown: Are Macros and Variables possible?

Attributions