Defining global constant in C++

I want to define a constant in C++ to be visible in several source files. I can imagine the following ways to define it in a header file:

1. #define GLOBAL_CONST_VAR 0xFF
2. int GLOBAL_CONST_VAR = 0xFF;
3. Some function returing the value (e.g. int get_GLOBAL_CONST_VAR())
4. enum { GLOBAL_CONST_VAR = 0xFF; }
5. const int GLOBAL_CONST_VAR = 0xFF;
6. extern const int GLOBAL_CONST_VAR; and in one source file const int GLOBAL_CONST_VAR = 0xFF;

Option (1) - is definitely not the option you would like to use

Option (2) - defining instance of the variable in each object file using the header file

Option (3) - IMO is over killing in most cases

Option (4) - in many cases maybe not good since enum has no concrete type (C++0X will add possibility to define the type)

So in most cases I need to choose between (5) and (6). My questions:

1. What do you prefer (5) or (6)?
2. Why (5) is ok, while (2) is not?

Definitely go with option 5 - it's type safe and allows compiler to optimize (don't take address of that variable :) Also if it's in a header - stick it into a namespace to avoid polluting the global scope:

// header.hpp
namespace constants
{
const int GLOBAL_CONST_VAR = 0xFF;
// ... other related constants




} // namespace constants




// source.cpp - use it
#include <header.hpp>
int value = constants::GLOBAL_CONST_VAR;
// source.cpp - use it
#include <header.hpp>
int value = constants::GLOBAL_CONST_VAR;

(5) says exactly what you want to say. Plus it lets the compiler optimize it away most of the time. (6) on the other hand won't let the compiler ever optimize it away because the compiler doesn't know if you'll change it eventually or not.

(5) is "better" than (6) because it defines GLOBAL_CONST_VAR as an Integral Constant Expression (ICE) in all translation units. For example, you will be able to use it as array size and as case label in all translation units. In case of (6) GLOBAL_CONST_VAR will be an ICE only in that translation unit where it is defined and only after the point of definition. In other translation units it won't work as ICE.

However, keep in mind that (5) gives GLOBAL_CONST_VAR internal linkage, meaning that the "address identity" of GLOBAL_CONST_VAR will be different in each translation unit, i.e. the &GLOBAL_CONST_VAR will give you a different pointer value in each translation unit. In most usage cases this doesn't matter, but if you'll need a constant object that has consistent global "address identity", then you'd have to go with (6), sacrificing the ICE-ness of the constant in the process.

Also, when the ICE-ness of the constant is not an issue (not an integral type) and the size of the type grows larger (not a scalar type), then (6) usually becomes a better approach than (5).

(2) is not OK because the GLOBAL_CONST_VAR in (2) has external linkage by default. If you put it in header file, you'll usually end up with multiple definitions of GLOBAL_CONST_VAR, which is an error. const objects in C++ have internal linkage by default, which is why (5) works (and which is why, as I said above, you get a separate, independent GLOBAL_CONST_VAR in each translation unit).

---

Starting from C++17 you have an option of declaring

inline extern const int GLOBAL_CONST_VAR = 0xFF;

in a header file. This gives you an ICE in all translation units (just like method (5)) at the same time maintaining global address identity of GLOBAL_CONST_VAR - in all translation units it will have the same address.

If you use C++11 or later, try using compile-time constants:

constexpr int GLOBAL_CONST_VAR{ 0xff };

If it's going to be a constant then you should mark it as a constant - that's why 2 is bad in my opinion.

The compiler can use the const nature of the value to expand some of the maths, and indeed other operations that use the value.

The choice between 5 and 6 - hmm; 5 just feels better to me.

In 6) the value is unnecessarily detached from it's declaration.

I typically would have one or more of these headers that only defines constants etc within them, and then no other 'clever' stuff - nice lightweight headers that can easily be included anywhere.

To answer your second question:

(2) is illegal because it violates the One Definition Rule. It defines GLOBAL_CONST_VAR in every file where it's included, i.e. more than once. (5) is legal because it's not subject to the One Definition Rule. Each GLOBAL_CONST_VAR is a separate definition, local to that file where it's included. All those definitions share the same name and value of course, but their addresses could differ.

C++17 inline variables

This awesome C++17 feature allow us to:

• conveniently use just a single memory address for each constant
• store it as a constexpr: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/30208685/how-to-declare-constexpr-extern
• do it in a single line from one header

main.cpp

#include <cassert>

#include "notmain.hpp"

int main() {
    // Both files see the same memory address.
    assert(&notmain_i == notmain_func());
    assert(notmain_i == 42);
}

notmain.hpp

#ifndef NOTMAIN_HPP
#define NOTMAIN_HPP

inline constexpr int notmain_i = 42;

const int* notmain_func();

#endif

notmain.cpp

#include "notmain.hpp"

const int* notmain_func() {
    return &notmain_i;
}

Compile and run:

g++ -c -o notmain.o -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic notmain.cpp
g++ -c -o main.o -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic main.cpp
g++ -o main -std=c++17 -Wall -Wextra -pedantic main.o notmain.o
./main

GitHub upstream.

See also: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/38043442/how-do-inline-variables-work

C++ standard on inline variables

The C++ standard guarantees that the addresses will be the same. C++17 N4659 standard draft 10.1.6 "The inline specifier":

> 6 An inline function or variable with external linkage shall have the same address in all translation units.

cppreference https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/inline explains that if static is not given, then it has external linkage.

Inline variable implementation

We can observe how it is implemented with:

nm main.o notmain.o

which contains:

main.o:
                 U _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
                 U _Z12notmain_funcv
0000000000000028 r _ZZ4mainE19__PRETTY_FUNCTION__
                 U __assert_fail
0000000000000000 T main
0000000000000000 u notmain_i

notmain.o:
0000000000000000 T _Z12notmain_funcv
0000000000000000 u notmain_i

and man nm says about u:

> "u" The symbol is a unique global symbol. This is a GNU extension to the standard set of ELF symbol bindings. For such a symbol the dynamic linker will make sure that in the entire process there is just one symbol with this name and type in use.

so we see that there is a dedicated ELF extension for this.

Tested on GCC 7.4.0, Ubuntu 18.04.

const int GLOBAL_CONST_VAR = 0xFF;

because it is a constant!

#define GLOBAL_CONST_VAR 0xFF // this is C code not C++
int GLOBAL_CONST_VAR = 0xFF; // it is not constant and maybe not compilled
Some function returing the value (e.g. int get_LOBAL_CONST_VAR()) // maybe but exists better desision
enum { LOBAL_CONST_VAR = 0xFF; } // not needed, endeed, for only one constant (enum elms is a simple int, but with secial enumeration)
const int GLOBAL_CONST_VAR = 0xFF; // it is the best
extern const int GLOBAL_CONST_VAR; //some compiller doesn't understand this

It depends on your requirements. (5) is the best for most normal usage, but often results in the constant taking up storage space in every object file. (6) can get around this in situations where it's important.

(4) is also a decent choice if your priority is guaranteeing that storage space is never allocated, but it only works for integral constants of course.