Use the `collapse` argument to `paste`:

    paste(a,collapse=&quot; &quot;)
    [1] &quot;aa bb cc&quot;



I a using the the HTML encode special characters in Sublime text to convert all the special character into their HTML code. I have a lot of accented characters in different parts of the file. So, it would be great if I could select all the special character and then use the plugin to convert all at once!

Is there a regex that helps select all special characters only?

is there a way to highlight all the special accent characters in sublime text or any other text editor?

I deploy a web-services component to **JBoss Application Server 7** using the **RESTEasy JAX-RS** implementation.

Is there an annotation available to declare required, mandatory **@QueryParam** parameters in **JAX-RS** ? And, if not, what is the &#39;standard&#39; way to deal with situations where such parameters are missing?

My web service (resource) methods return JSON-stringified results when properly invoked with all the mandatory arguments, but I&#39;m not sure what is the best way to indicate to the caller that a required parameter was missing.

Required @QueryParam in JAX-RS (and what to do in their absence)

Im working with the programming language R now.
I have a vector:

    a &lt;- c(&quot;aa&quot;, &quot;bb&quot;, &quot;cc&quot;)
And I want to paste these to a system command, I&#39;m trying it this way now:

    args &lt;- paste(a, sep=&quot; &quot;)
    system(paste(&quot;command&quot;,args, sep=&quot; &quot;))

But now I&#39;m only getting the arguments aa, and I want the arguments aa, bb and cc...

Anyone knows what I&#39;m doing wrong?

Convert R vector to string vector of 1 element

Im working with the programming language R now.
I have a vector:
<pre><code class="hljs language-less">a &#x3C;- c("aa", "bb", "cc")
</code></pre>
And I want to paste these to a system command, I'm trying it this way now:
<pre><code class="hljs language-ini">args &#x3C;- paste(a, sep=" ")
system(paste("command",args, sep=" "))
</code></pre>
But now I'm only getting the arguments aa, and I want the arguments aa, bb and cc...
Anyone knows what I'm doing wrong?

For logging purpose we are converting the logs to byte array and then to hex string. I want to get it back in a Java String, but I am not able to do so.

The hex string in log file looks something like 

    fd00000aa8660b5b010006acdc0100000101000100010000

How can I decode this?

How to convert hex string to Java string?

This is a Python 101 type question, but it had me baffled for a while when I tried to use a package that seemed to convert my string input into bytes. 

As you will see below I found the answer for myself, but I felt it was worth recording here because of the time it took me to unearth what was going on. It seems to be generic to Python 3, so I have not referred to the original package I was playing with; it does not seem to be an error (just that the particular package had a `.tostring()` method that was clearly _not_ producing what I understood as a string...)

My test program goes like this:

    import mangler                                 # spoof package
    
    stringThing = &quot;&quot;&quot;
    &lt;Doc&gt;
        &lt;Greeting&gt;Hello World&lt;/Greeting&gt;
        &lt;Greeting&gt;你好&lt;/Greeting&gt;
    &lt;/Doc&gt;
    &quot;&quot;&quot;

    # print out the input
    print(&#39;This is the string input:&#39;)
    print(stringThing)

    # now make the string into bytes
    bytesThing = mangler.tostring(stringThing)    # pseudo-code again

    # now print it out
    print(&#39;\nThis is the bytes output:&#39;)
    print(bytesThing)

The output from this code gives this:

    This is the string input:
    
    &lt;Doc&gt;
        &lt;Greeting&gt;Hello World&lt;/Greeting&gt;
        &lt;Greeting&gt;你好&lt;/Greeting&gt;
    &lt;/Doc&gt;
    
    
    This is the bytes output:
    b&#39;\n&lt;Doc&gt;\n    &lt;Greeting&gt;Hello World&lt;/Greeting&gt;\n    &lt;Greeting&gt;\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd&lt;/Greeting&gt;\n&lt;/Doc&gt;\n&#39;
    

So, there is a need to be able to convert between bytes and strings, to avoid ending up with non-ascii characters being turned into gobbledegook.

How to convert between bytes and strings in Python 3?

Is it possible to determine if a String `str1=&quot;ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOP&quot;` contains a string pattern `strptrn=&quot;gHi&quot;`? I wanted to know if that&#39;s possible when the characters are case insensitive. If so, how?

String contains - ignore case

I am (a complete Perl newbie) doing string compare in an `if` statement:

If I do following:

    if ($str1 == &quot;taste&quot; &amp;&amp; $str2 == &quot;waste&quot;) { }

I see the correct result (i.e. if the condition matches, it evaluates the &quot;then&quot; block). But I see these warnings:

&gt; Argument &quot;taste&quot; isn&#39;t numeric in numeric eq (==) at line number x. &lt;br/&gt;
&gt; Argument &quot;waste&quot; isn&#39;t numeric in numeric eq (==) at line number x.

But if I do:

    if ($str1 eq &quot;taste&quot; &amp;&amp; $str2 eq &quot;waste&quot;) { }

Even if the if condition is satisfied, it doesn&#39;t evaluate the &quot;then&quot; block.

Here, `$str1` is `taste` and `$str2` is `waste`.

How should I fix this?


String compare in Perl with &quot;eq&quot; vs &quot;==&quot;

I have a string that I receive from a third party app and I would like to display it correctly in any language using C# on my Windows Surface. 

Due to incorrect encoding, a piece of my string looks like this in Spanish: 
&gt;Acci&#195;&#179;n

whereas it should look like this: 
&gt;Acci&#243;n

According to the answer on this question:
   https://stackoverflow.com/questions/13993135/how-to-know-string-encoding-in-c-sharp/13994368#13994368, the encoding I am receiving should be coming on UTF-8 already, but it is read on Encoding.Default (probably ANSI?).

I am trying to transform this string into real UTF-8, but one of the problems is that I can only see a subset of the Encoding class (UTF8 and Unicode properties only), probably because I&#39;m limited to the windows surface API.

I have tried some snippets I&#39;ve found on the internet, but none of them have proved successful so far for eastern languages (i.e. korean). One example is as follows:

    var utf8 = Encoding.UTF8;
    byte[] utfBytes = utf8.GetBytes(myString);
    myString= utf8.GetString(utfBytes, 0, utfBytes.Length);     

I also tried extracting the string into a byte array and then using UTF8.GetString:

    byte[] myByteArray = new byte[myString.Length];
    for (int ix = 0; ix &lt; myString.Length; ++ix)
    {
        char ch = myString[ix];
        myByteArray[ix] = (byte) ch;
    }

    myString = Encoding.UTF8.GetString(myByteArray, 0, myString.Length);

Do you guys have any other ideas that I could try?



How can I transform string to UTF-8 in C#?

I would like to create a confidence band for a model fitted with gls like this:

    require(ggplot2)
    require(nlme)

    mp &lt;-data.frame(year=c(1990:2010))

    mp$wav &lt;- rnorm(nrow(mp))*cos(2*pi*mp$year)+2*sin(rnorm(nrow(mp)*pi*mp$wav))+5
    mp$wow &lt;- rnorm(nrow(mp))*mp$wav+rnorm(nrow(mp))*mp$wav^3

    m01 &lt;- gls(wow~poly(wav,3), data=mp, correlation = corARMA(p=1))

    mp$fit &lt;- as.numeric(fitted(m01))

    p &lt;- ggplot(mp, aes(year, wow))+ geom_point()+ geom_line(aes(year,fit))
    p

This only plots the fitted values and the data, and I would like something in the style of


    p &lt;- ggplot(mp, aes(year, wow))+ geom_point()+ geom_smooth()
    p

but with the bands generated by the gls model.

Thanks!



R Plotting confidence bands with ggplot

Neither of these show the source code of `pnorm` function,

    stats:::pnorm
    getAnywhere(pnorm)  
    

How can i see the source code of `pnorm`?

    sum
     (..., na.rm = FALSE)  .Primitive(&quot;sum&quot;)
    .Primitive(&quot;sum&quot;)
    function (..., na.rm = FALSE)  .Primitive(&quot;sum&quot;)
    methods(sum)
    no methods were found

and, how can I see source code of the `sum` function?  

How to see the source code of R .Internal or .Primitive function?

Is there an easy way to compile my `R` script into standalone `.exe` file just like what matlab does?


Compile R script into standalone .exe file?

&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  
&gt; [Merge multiple data frames in a list simultaneously](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8091303/merge-multiple-data-frames-in-a-list-simultaneously)  

&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;

example `data.frames`:

     df1 = data.frame(id=c(&#39;1&#39;,&#39;73&#39;,&#39;2&#39;,&#39;10&#39;,&#39;43&#39;),v1=c(1,2,3,4,5)) &lt;br&gt;
     df2 = data.frame(id=c(&#39;7&#39;,&#39;23&#39;,&#39;57&#39;,&#39;2&#39;,&#39;62&#39;,&#39;96&#39;),v2=c(1,2,3,4,5,6)) &lt;br&gt;
     df3 = data.frame(id=c(&#39;23&#39;,&#39;62&#39;),v3=c(1,2)) &lt;br&gt;

Note: `id` is unique for each data.frame. I want the resulting matrix to look like

    1      1 NA NA 
    2      3  4 NA 
    7      NA 1 NA 
    10     4 NA NA 
    23     NA 2  1 
    43     5 NA NA 
    57     NA 3 NA 
    62     NA 5  2 
    73     2 NA NA 
    96     NA 6 NA
 
In this case, I only show 3 datasets, I actually have at least 22 of them so at the end I want a matrix of nx(22+1) where n is the number of ids for all 22 datasets. &lt;br&gt;

Given 2 datasets, I need to get their `ids` in the first column and 2nd and 3rd columns are filled with the values, if there is no value exists, then input `NA` instead.

Merging a lot of data.frames

I would like to generate a figure that has a combination of base and ggplot graphics. The following code shows my figure using the base plotting functions of R:

    t &lt;- c(1:(24*14)) 
    P &lt;- 24 
    A &lt;- 10 
    y &lt;- A*sin(2*pi*t/P)+20
    
    par(mfrow=c(2,2))
    plot(y,type = &quot;l&quot;,xlab = &quot;Time (hours)&quot;,ylab = &quot;Amplitude&quot;,main = &quot;Time series&quot;)
    acf(y,main = &quot;Autocorrelation&quot;,xlab = &quot;Lag (hours)&quot;, ylab = &quot;ACF&quot;)
    spectrum(y,method = &quot;ar&quot;,main = &quot;Spectral density function&quot;, 
             xlab = &quot;Frequency (cycles per hour)&quot;,ylab = &quot;Spectrum&quot;)
    require(biwavelet)
    t1 &lt;- cbind(t, y)
    wt.t1=wt(t1)
    plot(wt.t1, plot.cb=FALSE, plot.phase=FALSE,main = &quot;Continuous wavelet transform&quot;,
         ylab = &quot;Period (hours)&quot;,xlab = &quot;Time (hours)&quot;)

Which generates
![enter image description here][1]


Most of these panels look sufficient for me to include in my report. However, the plot showing the autocorrelation needs to be improved. This looks much better by using ggplot:

    require(ggplot2)
    acz &lt;- acf(y, plot=F)
    acd &lt;- data.frame(lag=acz$lag, acf=acz$acf)
    ggplot(acd, aes(lag, acf)) + geom_area(fill=&quot;grey&quot;) +
      geom_hline(yintercept=c(0.05, -0.05), linetype=&quot;dashed&quot;) +
      theme_bw()

![enter image description here][2]

However, seeing as ggplot is not a base graphic, we cannot combine ggplot with layout or par(mfrow). How could I replace the autocorrelation plot generated from the base graphics with the one generated by ggplot? I know I can use grid.arrange if all of my figures were made with ggplot but how do I do this if only one of the plots are generated in ggplot?


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/l9HXq.png
  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/IEuQH.png

Combine base and ggplot graphics in R figure window

I have a vector **vec** of structures. Such a structure has elements `int a, int b, int c`. I would like to assign to some `int var` the element c, from the last structure in a vector. Please can you provide me with this simple solution? I&#39;m going circle in line like this:

    var = vec.end().c;



How can I get a field from the last element of a vector in C++?

I want to create a vector out of a row of a data frame. But I don&#39;t want to have to row and column names. I tried several things... but had no luck.

This is my data frame:

    &gt; df &lt;- data.frame(a=c(1,2,4,2),b=c(2,6,2,1),c=c(2.6,8.2,7.5,3))
    &gt; df
      a b   c
    1 1 2 2.6
    2 2 6 8.2
    3 4 2 7.5
    4 2 1 3.0

I tried:

    &gt; newV &lt;- as.vector(df[1,])
    &gt; newV
      a b   c
    1 1 2 2.6

But I really want something looking like this:


    &gt; newV &lt;- c( 1,2,2.6)
    &gt; newV
    [1] 1.0 2.0 2.6



Convert a row of a data frame to vector

Currently when I have to use `vector.push_back()` multiple times.  
  
 The code I&#39;m currently using is

      std::vector&lt;int&gt; TestVector;
      TestVector.push_back(2);
      TestVector.push_back(5);
      TestVector.push_back(8);
      TestVector.push_back(11);
      TestVector.push_back(14);

Is there a way to only use `vector.push_back()` once and just pass multiple values into the vector?

How do I pass multiple ints into a vector at once?

I am making an android project in opengl es that uses accelerometer to calculate change in specific axes and my aim is to rotate my spacecraft-like object&#39;s movement vector. The problem is that i can&#39;t understand the math behind rotation matrices. Default movement vector is 0,1,0 , means +y, so the object looks upward in the beginning. and i am trying to rotate its movement vector so i can move the object where it points. I can gather rotation changes in phone. x-axis : rotate[0], y-axis : rotate[1], z-axis : rotate[2]. How can i rotate my movement vector using rotation matrix ?

Rotating a Vector in 3D Space

I have a vector with 49 numeric values. I want to have a 7x7 numeric matrix instead. 

Is there some sort of convenient automatic conversion statement I can use, or do I have to do 7 separate column assignments of the correct vector subsets to a new matrix? I hope that there is something like the oposite of `c(myMatrix)`, with the option of giving the number of rows and/or columns I want to have, of course. 

How to turn a vector into a matrix in R?

In Windows, how do you access arguments passed when a batch file is run?  

For example, let&#39;s say I have a program named `hello.bat`.  When I enter `hello -a` at a Windows command line, how do I let my program know that `-a` was passed in as an argument?

Using parameters in batch files at Windows command line

In Python I have a **module** myModule.py where I define a few functions and a **main()**, which takes a few command line arguments. 

I usually call this main() from a bash script. Now, I would like to put everything into a small **package**, so I thought that maybe I could turn my simple bash script into a Python script and put it in the package.

So, how do I actually **call the main()** function of myModule.py **from the main() function** of MyFormerBashScript.py? Can I even do that? How do I pass any **arguments** to it?



In Python, can I call the main() of an imported module?

Say I have an array. I wish to pass the array to a function. The function, however, expects two arguments. Is there a way to on the fly convert the array into 2 arguments?
For example:

    a = [0,1,2,3,4]
    b = [2,3]
    a.slice(b)
Would yield an error in Ruby. I need to input `a.slice(b[0],b[1])` I am looking for something more elegant, as in `a.slice(foo.bar(b))`
Thanks.





ruby convert array into function arguments

This is just a snippet of my code:

    print(&quot;Total score for %s is %s  &quot;, name, score)

But I want it to print out:

&gt; &quot;Total score for (name) is (score)&quot;

where `name` is a variable in a list and `score` is an integer. This is Python 3.3 if that helps at all.


Print multiple arguments in Python

I&#39;ve spent the past few hours reading around in here and elsewhere, as well as experimenting, but I&#39;m not really understanding what I am sure is a very basic concept: passing values (as variables) between different functions. 

For example, I assign a whole bunch of values to a list in one function, then want to use that list in another function later:

    list = []

    def defineAList():
        list = [&#39;1&#39;,&#39;2&#39;,&#39;3&#39;]
        print &quot;For checking purposes: in defineAList, list is&quot;,list
        return list

    def useTheList(list):
        print &quot;For checking purposes: in useTheList, list is&quot;,list

    def main():
        defineAList()
        useTheList(list)

    main()

Based on my understanding of what function arguments do, I would expect this to do as follows:

1. Initialize &#39;list&#39; as an empty list; call main (this, at least, I know I&#39;ve got right...)
2. Within defineAList(), assign certain values into the list; then pass the new list back into main() 
3. Within main(), call useTheList(list)
4. Since &#39;list&#39; is included in the parameters of the useTheList function, I would expect that useTheList would now use the list as defined by defineAList(), NOT the empty list defined before calling main.

However, this is obviously a faulty understanding. My output is:
    
    For checking purposes: in defineAList, list is [&#39;1&#39;, &#39;2&#39;, &#39;3&#39;]
    For checking purposes: in useTheList, list is []

So, since &quot;return&quot; obviously does not do what I think it does, or at least it does not do it the way I think it should... what does it actually do? Could you please show me, using this example, what I would have to do to take the list from defineAList() and use it within useTheList()? I tend to understand things better when I see them happening, but a lot of the examples of proper argument-passing I&#39;ve seen also use code I&#39;m not familiar with yet, and in the process of figuring out what&#39;s going on, I&#39;m not really getting a handle on this concept. I&#39;m using 2.7.

ETA- in the past, asking a similar question, it was suggested that I use a global variable instead of just locals. If it will be relevant here also- for the purposes of the class I&#39;m taking, we&#39;re not permitted to use globals. 

Thank you! 

Python: Passing variables between functions

I am taking a System Architecture course and I have trouble understanding how a direct mapped cache works.

I have looked in several places and they explain it in a different manner which gets me even more confused.

What I cannot understand is what is the Tag and Index, and how are they selected?

The explanation from my lecture is:
&quot;Address divided is into two parts
index (e.g 15 bits) used to address (32k) RAMs directly
Rest of address, tag is stored and compared with incoming tag. &quot;

Where does that tag come from? It cannot be the full address of the memory location in RAM since it renders direct mapped cache useless (when compared with the fully associative cache).

Thank you very much.

How does direct mapped cache work?

I am calling `os.mkdir` to create a folder with a certain set of generated data. However, even though the path I specified has not been created, the `os.mkdir(path)` raises an OSError that the path already exists.

For example, I call:

    os.mkdir(test)

This call results in `OSError: [Errno 17] File exists: &#39;test&#39;` even though I don&#39;t have a test directory or a file named test anywhere.

NOTE: the actual path name I use is not &quot;test&quot; but something more obscure that I&#39;m sure is not named anywhere.

Help, please?

os.mkdir(path) returns OSError when directory does not exist

Until now I believed that 1024 bytes equals 1 KB (kilobyte) but I was reading on the internet about decimal and binary system.

![enter image description here][1]


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/sR9WU.png

So, actually 1024 bytes = 1 KB would be the correct way to define or simply there is a general confusion?

Really 1 KB (KiloByte) equals 1024 bytes?

I am in the process of writing a `bash` clone in Rust.  I need to have my program exit when the user types `exit`.  In previous iterations of my program, before I added more complicated features, I used `return` to get out of the loop that was prompting the user for input. This logic is now in a function, because of the way I am implementing built in shell functions, so when I `return` it just jumps out of the function back into the control loop, instead of short-circuiting the control loop and ending the program.

I realize that I could probably return a boolean when the user types `exit` and exit the loop, but I would like to at least know if Rust has a way to terminate programs early, similar to Java&#39;s `System.exit()`, as this is useful for certain types of programs.

How do I exit a Rust program early from outside the main function?

I have a main class that expects certain properties that I pass using the -D option. I can access this in my IDE by sending them as VM options.

I package this application into a jar file using Maven and when I try the following:

`java -jar myjar.jar -Denviroment=dev`

or

`java -jar myjar.jar &quot;-Denvironment=dev&quot;`

The enviroment system property is not getting picked up.

Any pointers on what is going on?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Jetse	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - String	James	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Convert R vector to string vector of 1 element

String Problem Overview

String Solutions

Solution 1 - String

Required @QueryParam in JAX-RS (and what to do in their absence)

is there a way to highlight all the special accent characters in sublime text or any other text editor?

Attributions