I would like to understand why you might want to use the `global::` prefix. In the following code, ReSharper is identifying it as redundant, and able to be removed:

![alt text][1]


  [1]: https://farm5.static.flickr.com/4141/4922038418_f6906070c3_o.png

Why use the global keyword in C#?

&gt; **Possible Duplicate:** &lt;br/&gt;
&gt; [Why are global and static variables initialized to their default values?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2091499/why-global-and-static-variables-are-initialized-to-their-default-values)

&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;

See the code,

    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;

    int a;
    int main(void)
    {
        int i;
        printf(&quot;%d %d\n&quot;, a, i);
    }

**Output**

    0 8683508

Here &#39;a&#39; is initialized with &#39;0&#39;, but &#39;i&#39; is initialized with a &#39;junk value&#39;. Why?



Why are global variables always initialized to &#39;0&#39;, but not local variables?

I&#39;m looking for simple but recommended way in Django to store a variable in memory only.  When Apache restarts or the Django development server restarts, the variable is reset back to 0.  More specifically, I want to count how many times a particular action takes place on each model instance (database record), but for performance reasons, I don&#39;t want to store these counts in the database.  I don&#39;t care if the counts disappear after a server restart.  But as long as the server is up, I want these counts to be consistent between the Django shell and the web interface, and I want to be able to return how many times the action has taken place on each model instance.  

I don&#39;t want the variables to be associated with a user or session because I might want to return these counts without being logged in (and I want the counts to be consistent no matter what user is logged in).  Am I describing a global variable?  If so, how do I use one in Django?   I&#39;ve noticed the files like the urls.py, settings.py and models.py seems to be parsed only once per server startup (by contrast to the views.py which seems to be parsed eache time a request is made).  Does this mean I should declare my variables in one of those files?  Or should I store it in a model attribute somehow (as long as it sticks around for as long as the server is running)?  This is probably an easy question, but I&#39;m just not sure how it&#39;s done in Django.

Any comments or advice is much appreciated.
Thanks,
Joe

Python Django Global Variables

I&#39;m bit confused about how the global variables work. I have a large project, with around 50 files, and I need to define global variables for all those files.

What I did was define them in my projects `main.py` file, as following:

    # ../myproject/main.py

    # Define global myList
    global myList
    myList = []

    # Imports
    import subfile

    # Do something
    subfile.stuff()
    print(myList[0])

I&#39;m trying to use `myList` in `subfile.py`, as following

    # ../myproject/subfile.py
    
    # Save &quot;hey&quot; into myList
    def stuff():
        globals()[&quot;myList&quot;].append(&quot;hey&quot;)


**An other way I tried, but didn&#39;t work either**

    # ../myproject/main.py

    # Import globfile    
    import globfile

    # Save myList into globfile
    globfile.myList = []

    # Import subfile
    import subfile
    
    # Do something
    subfile.stuff()
    print(globfile.myList[0])

And inside `subfile.py` I had this:

    # ../myproject/subfile.py

    # Import globfile
    import globfile
    
    # Save &quot;hey&quot; into myList
    def stuff():
        globfile.myList.append(&quot;hey&quot;)

But again, it didn&#39;t work. How should I implement this? I understand that it cannot work like that, when the two files don&#39;t really know each other (well subfile doesn&#39;t know main), but I can&#39;t think of how to do it, without using io writing or pickle, which I don&#39;t want to do.

Using global variables between files?

I starting getting this error on my Angular app:

&gt; The Angular Compiler requires TypeScript &gt;=2.7.2 and &lt;2.8.0 but 2.8.3
&gt; was found instead

 and when I try to downgrade typescript to the right version doing:

```npm install -g typescript@2.7.2``` it says updated 1 package.

when I verify typescript version using 
```npm view typescript version```
I still get 2.8.3

I even tried removing typescript entirely using ``` npm uninstall -g typescript```

but when I verify typescript version again
```npm view typescript version``` I still get 2.8.3

What are the commands to properly purge and restore typescript to a previous version such as 2.7.2?

I&#39;m running node v10.0.0 and npm v6.0.1

When I run ```npm list -g typescript``` I see the correct version coming 2.7.2 but still version 2.8.3 is installed somehow globally


The Angular Compiler requires TypeScript &gt;=2.7.2 and &lt;2.8.0 but 2.8.3 was found instead

Is there a best practice / recommendation when I want to use a variable declared outside of a function when it comes to using:

1. `global $myVar`
2. `$GLOBALS[&#39;myVar&#39;]`

Thank you.

PHP global or $GLOBALS

I have a python 2.6 script (yes I know I should upgrade to at least 2.7) that looks like this:

    ret_code = 0
    
    def some_func()
      global ret_code
      ...

    if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
      global ret_code
      ...

Now I get a warning if I run the code:
*SyntaxWarning: name &#39;ret_code&#39; is assigned to before global declaration global ret_code*

Why do I get this warning?

I can solve the problem by doing so:


    def some_func()
          global ret_code
          ...

    if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
      global ret_code
      ret_code = 0 #assign 0 here instead of above
      ...

Still that doesn&#39;t answer my question. What is wrong with the original code?


global variable warning in python

&gt; What’s the best naming prefix for a global variable?
&gt;
&gt; `//`

I saw this joke on the wall in my CS lab and, being fairly inexperienced in C++, didn&#39;t get it.

Could someone explain it to me?

Global variables joke

I want to set up Git to globally ignore certain files.

I have added a `.gitignore` file to my home directory (`/Users/me/`) and I have added the following line to it:

    *.tmproj

But it is not ignoring this type of files, any idea what I am doing wrong?

Global Git ignore

I&#39;m just getting started with my first Ruby on Rails webapp. I&#39;ve got a bunch of different models, views, controllers, and so on. 

I&#39;m wanting to find a good place to stick definitions of truly global constants, that apply across my whole app. In particular, they apply both in the logic of my models, and in the decisions taken in my views. I cannot find any DRY place to put these definitions where they&#39;re available both to *all* my models and also in all my views.

To take a specific example, I want a constant `COLOURS = [&#39;white&#39;, &#39;blue&#39;, &#39;black&#39;, &#39;red&#39;, &#39;green&#39;]`. This is used all over the place, in both models and views. Where can I define it in just one place so that it&#39;s accessible?

What I&#39;ve tried:

* Constant class variables in the model.rb file that they&#39;re most associated with, such as `@@COLOURS = [...]`. But I couldn&#39;t find a sane way to define it so that I can write in my views `Card.COLOURS` rather than something kludgy like `Card.first.COLOURS`.
* A method on the model, something like `def colours [&#39;white&#39;,...] end` - same problem.
* A method in application_helper.rb - this is what I&#39;m doing so far, but the helpers are only accessible in views, not in models
* I think I might have tried something in application.rb or environment.rb, but those don&#39;t really seem right (and they don&#39;t seem to work either)

Is there just no way to define anything to be accessible both from models and from views? I mean, I know models and views should be separate, but surely in some domains there&#39;ll be times they need to refer to the same domain-specific knowledge?

Ruby on Rails: Where to define global constants?

If I have a utility function `foo` that I want to be able to call from anywhere inside of my `ng-app` declaration. Is there someway I can make it globally accessible in my module setup or do I need to add it to the scope in every controller? 

Can I make a function available in every controller in angular?

I have code something like this:

    &lt;?
        $a=&quot;localhost&quot;;
        function body(){
            global $a;
            echo $a;
        }
    
        function head(){
            global $a;
            echo $a;
        }
    
        function footer(){
            global $a;
            echo $a;
        }
    ?&gt;

is there any way to define the global variable in one place and make the variable `$a` accessible in all the functions at once? without making use of `global $a;` more?

How to declare a global variable in php?

I&#39;m trying to understand what happens when modules with globals and static variables are dynamically linked to an application. 
By modules, I mean each project in a solution (I work a lot with visual studio!). These modules are either built into *.lib or *.dll or the *.exe itself.

I understand that the binary of an application contains global and static data of all the individual translation units (object files) in the data segment (and read only data segment if const).

- What happens when this application uses a module A with load-time dynamic linking? I assume the DLL has a section for its globals and statics. Does the operating system load them? If so, where do they get loaded to?

- And what happens when the application uses a module B with run-time dynamic linking?

- If I have two modules in my application that both use A and B, are copies of A and B&#39;s globals created as mentioned below (if they are different processes)?

- Do DLLs A and B get access to the applications globals?

(Please state your reasons as well)

Quoting from [MSDN]:

&gt; Variables that are declared as global in a DLL source code file are treated as global variables by the compiler and linker, but each process that loads a given DLL gets its own copy of that DLL&#39;s global variables. The scope of static variables is limited to the block in which the static variables are declared. As a result, each process has its own instance of the DLL global and static variables by default.


and from [here][1]:

&gt; When dynamically linking modules, it can be unclear whether different libraries have their own instances of globals or whether the globals are shared.


  [MSDN]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/ms682594%28v=vs.85%29.aspx


  [1]: http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?GlobalVariablesAreBad

Thanks.

What happens to global and static variables in a shared library when it is dynamically linked?

A bunch of my JavaScript code is in an external file called helpers.js. Inside the HTML that calls this JavaScript code I find myself in need of knowing if a certain function from helpers.js has been called.

I have attempted to create a global variable by defining:

    var myFunctionTag = true;

In global scope both in my HTML code and in helpers.js.

Heres what my html code looks like:

    &lt;html&gt;
    ...
    &lt;script type=&#39;text/javascript&#39; src=&#39;js/helpers.js&#39;&gt;&lt;/script&gt;	
    ...
    &lt;script&gt;
      var myFunctionTag = false;
      ...
      //I try to use myFunctionTag here but it is always false, even though it has been se t to &#39;true&#39; in helpers.js
    &lt;/script&gt;

Is what I am trying to do even feasible? 

Global variables in Javascript across multiple files

I have got multiple javascript files and I have defined some global variable in a file which loads before the others.
As a consequence all of the files loaded after the first have access to the global variable.
However ESLint shows the global variable as &quot;not defined&quot;. I don&#39;t want to change the rules of ESLint and I would like to find an elegant way to get rid of these error messages.
Any clue?
Thanks

Global variables in Javascript and ESLint

The `__debug__` variable is handy in part because it affects every module. If I want to create another variable that works the same way, how would I do it?

The variable (let&#39;s be original and call it &#39;foo&#39;) doesn&#39;t have to be truly global, in the sense that if I change foo in one module, it is updated in others. I&#39;d be fine if I could set foo before importing other modules and then they would see the same value for it.

How to make a cross-module variable?

Is there any way to `find and replace text string automatically in all folder&#39;s files`?


Sublime text 2 - find and replace globally ( all files and in all directories )

Most of the models in my iOS app query a web server. I would like to have a configuration file storing the base URL of the server. It will look something like this:

    // production
    // static NSString* const baseUrl = &quot;http://website.com/&quot;
    
    // testing
    static NSString* const baseUrl = &quot;http://192.168.0.123/&quot;

By commenting out one line or the other, I can instantly change which server my models point to. My question is, what&#39;s the best practice for storing global constants in iOS? In Android programming, we have this built-in [strings resource file][1]. In any [Activity][2] (the equivalent of a [UIViewController][3]), we can retrieve those string constants with:

    String string = this.getString(R.string.someConstant);

I was wondering if the iOS SDK has an analogous place to store constants. If not, what is the best practice in Objective-C to do so?  

  [1]: https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/resources/string-resource.html
  [2]: https://developer.android.com/reference/android/app/Activity.html
  [3]: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/uikit/uiviewcontroller

Where to store global constants in an iOS application?

I&#39;ve just seen a weird behaviour of the `this` keyword in NodeJS environment. I&#39;m listing them with code. I&#39;ve run this codes with `NodeJS v6.x`, with a single `JavaScript` file.

While testing with one line of code as follows, whether with or without the `&#39;use strict&#39;` statement, this points to an empty object `{}`.

    console.log(this)

But, when I&#39;m running the statement within a self executing function like,

    (function(){
      console.log(this);
    }());

It&#39;s printing a really big object. Seems to me the Global execution context object created by `NodeJS` environment.

And while executing the above function with a `&#39;use strict&#39;` statement, expectedly it&#39;s printing `undefined`

    (function(){
      &#39;use strict&#39;;
    
      console.log(this);
    }());

But, while working with browser (I&#39;ve tested only with `Chrome`), the first three examples yield the `window` object and the last one gave `undefined` as expected.

The behaviour of the browser is quite understandable. But, in case of `NodeJS`, does it not create the execution context, until I&#39;m wrapping inside a function? 

So, most of the code in `NodeJS` runs with an empty **global** `object`?

What is the &#39;global&#39; object in NodeJS

    function foo () {
        global $var;
        // rest of code
    }

In my small PHP projects I usually go the procedural way. I generally have a variable that contains the system configuration, and when I nead to access this variable in a function, I do `global $var;`.

Is this bad practice?

Are global variables in PHP considered bad practice? If so, why?

I&#39;m trying to pass a variable into an *include* file. My host changed PHP version and now whatever solution I try doesn&#39;t work.

I think I&#39;ve tried every option I could find. I&#39;m sure it&#39;s the simplest thing!

The variable needs to be set and evaluated from the calling first file (it&#39;s actually `$_SERVER[&#39;PHP_SELF&#39;]`, and needs to return the path of that file, not the included `second.php`).


**OPTION ONE**

In the first file:

    global $variable;
    $variable = &quot;apple&quot;;
    include(&#39;second.php&#39;);

In the second file:

    echo $variable;


**OPTION TWO**

In the first file:

    function passvariable(){
        $variable = &quot;apple&quot;;
        return $variable;
    }
    passvariable();


**OPTION THREE**

    $variable = &quot;apple&quot;;
    include &quot;myfile.php?var=$variable&quot;; // and I tried with http: and full site address too.
 

    $variable = $_GET[&quot;var&quot;]
    echo $variable

None of these work for me. PHP version is 5.2.16.

What am I missing?

Thanks!

PHP pass variable to include

I have a node.js app that attaches some config information to the `global` object:

    global.myConfig = {
        a: 1,
        b: 2
    }

The TypeScript compiler doesn&#39;t like this because the `Global` type has no object named `myConfig`:

&gt; TS2339: Property &#39;myConfig&#39; does not exist on type &#39;Global&#39;.

I don&#39;t want to do this:

    global[&#39;myConfig&#39;] = { ... }

How do I either extend the `Global` type to contain `myConfig` or just tell TypeScript to shut up and trust me? I&#39;d prefer the first one.

I don&#39;t want to change the declarations inside `node.d.ts`. I saw this [SO post](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25280052/extending-angular-global-object-in-typescript) and tried this:


    declare module NodeJS  {
        interface Global {
            myConfig: any
        }
    }

as a way to extend the existing `Global` interface, but it doesn&#39;t seem to have any effect.


Extending TypeScript Global object in node.js

If I have a C file like below, what is the difference between `i` and `j`?

    #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
    #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;

    static int i;
    int j;

    int main ()
    {
        //Some implementation
    }


Static vs global

I have this:

    g_c = 0
    
    class TestClass():
    	global g_c
    	def run(self):
    		for i in range(10):
    			g_c = 1
    			print(g_c)
    
    t = TestClass()
    t.run()
    
    print(g_c)

how can I actually modify my global variable g_c?

How can I access global variable inside class in Python

I am trying to save a cache dictionary in my `flask` application.

As far as I understand it, the [Application Context](http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/appcontext/), in particular the [flask.g object](http://flask.pocoo.org/docs/api/#application-globals) should be used for this.

&lt;!-- language-all: python --&gt;

Setup:

    import flask as f
    
    app = f.Flask(__name__)

Now if I do:

    with app.app_context():
        f.g.foo = &quot;bar&quot;
        print f.g.foo

It prints `bar`.

Continuing with the following:

    with app.app_context():
        print f.g.foo

    AttributeError: &#39;_AppCtxGlobals&#39; object has no attribute &#39;foo&#39;

I don’t understand it and the docs are not helping at all. If I read them correctly the state should have been preserved.

**Another idea** I had was to simply use module-wide variables:

    cache = {}

    def some_function():
        cache[&#39;foo&#39;] = &quot;bar&quot;

But it seems like these get reset with every request.

How to do this correctly?

**Edit:** Flask 10.1

Preserving global state in a flask application

What does the Python `nonlocal` statement do (in Python 3.0 and later)? 

There&#39;s no documentation on the official Python website and `help(&quot;nonlocal&quot;)` does not work, either.



Python nonlocal statement

I&#39;m trying to pass a variable from one include file to another. This is NOT working unless I declare the variable as global in the second include file. However, I do NOT need to declare it as global in the file that is calling the first include. For example:
______
front.inc:

    $name = &#39;james&#39;;
____
index.php:

    include(&#39;front.inc&#39;);
    echo $name;
    include(&#39;end.inc&#39;);
output: james
_________
end.inc:

    echo $name;
output: nothing
______

IF I declare global $name prior to echoing $name in end.inc, then it works properly. The accepted answer to this post explains that this depends on your server configuration: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4572062/passing-variables-in-php-from-one-file-to-another

I&#39;m using an Apache server. How would I configure it so that declaring $name to be global is not necessary? Are there advantages/disadvantages to one vs. the other?

Passing a variable from one php include file to another: global vs. not

I&#39;m building a Go library for an API that offers JSON or XML formatted data.

This API requires me to request a `session_id` every 15 minutes or so, and use that in calls. For example:

    foo.com/api/[my-application-id]/getuserprofilejson/[username]/[session-id]
    foo.com/api/[my-application-id]/getuserprofilexml/[username]/[session-id]

In my Go library, I&#39;m trying to create a variable outside of the `main()` func and intend to ping it for a value for every API call. If that value is nil or empty, request a new session id and so on.

    package apitest
    
    import (
        &quot;fmt&quot;
    )
    
    test := &quot;This is a test.&quot;
    
    func main() {
        fmt.Println(test)
        test = &quot;Another value&quot;
        fmt.Println(test)
    
    }

What is the idiomatic Go way to declare a globally-accessible variable, but not necesarilly a constant? 

My `test` variable needs to:

* Be accessible from anywhere within it&#39;s own package.
* Be changeable


Non-declaration statement outside function body in Go

I want to check in a script if a certain other module is already loaded.

    if (ModuleName) {
        // extend this module
    }

But if `ModuleName` doesn&#39;t exist, that `throw`s.

If I knew what the `Global Object` was I could use that. 

    if (window.ModuleName) {
        // extend this module
    }

But since I want my module to work with both browsers and `node`, `rhino`, etc., I can&#39;t assume `window`.

As I understand it, this doesn&#39;t work in ES 5 with `&quot;use strict&quot;`;

    var MyGLOBAL = (function () {return this;}()); // MyGlobal becomes null

This will also fail with a thrown exception

    var MyGLOBAL = window || GLOBAL

So it seems like I&#39;m left with 

    try {
        // Extend ModuleName
    } 
    catch(ignore) {
    }

None of these cases will pass JSLint.

Am I missing anything?

  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript#Versions
  [2]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECMAScript#Versions
  [3]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSLint


How to get the global object in JavaScript?

I am very confused by the behaviour below. Cases 1, 3, and 4 perform as I would expect, but case 2 does not. Why does case 2 allow the function to change the value of the dictionary entry globally, even though the dictionary is never returned by the function? A main reason I am using functions is to isolate everything in the function from the rest of the code, but this does not seem to be possible if I choose to use the same variable names inside of the function. I was under the understanding that anything explicitly defined in a function is local to that function, but this does not seem to be the case if the dictionary is **defined and passed as an input to the function**.



    Python 2.7.2+ (default, Oct  4 2011, 20:06:09) 
    [GCC 4.6.1] on linux2
    Type &quot;help&quot;, &quot;copyright&quot;, &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;license&quot; for more information.

=============Case 1===============

    &gt;&gt;&gt; def testfun1(a):
    ...     a=2
    ... 
    &gt;&gt;&gt; a=0
    &gt;&gt;&gt; testfun1(a)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; a
    0

=============Case 2===============

    &gt;&gt;&gt; def testfun2(b):
    ...     b[&#39;test&#39;]=2
    ... 
    &gt;&gt;&gt; b={}
    &gt;&gt;&gt; testfun2(b)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; b
    {&#39;test&#39;: 2}


=============Case 3===============

    &gt;&gt;&gt; def testfun3():
    ...     c=2
    ... 
    &gt;&gt;&gt; c=0
    &gt;&gt;&gt; testfun3()
    &gt;&gt;&gt; c
    0


=============Case 4===============
(explained by this question: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14323817/global-dictionaries-dont-need-keyword-global-to-modify-them)

    &gt;&gt;&gt; def testfun4():
    ...     d[&#39;test&#39;]=10
    ... 
    &gt;&gt;&gt; d={}
    &gt;&gt;&gt; testfun4()
    &gt;&gt;&gt; d
    {&#39;test&#39;: 10}


python dictionary passed as an input to a function acts like a global in that function rather than a local

How do I access a variable that was declared/init in my main.go in a different .go package/file? Keeps telling me that the variable is undefined (I know that global variables are bad but this is just to be used as a timestamp)

in main.go

    var StartTime = time.Now()
    func main(){...}

trying to access StartTime in a different .go file
but keep getting StartTime undefined

How to access global variables

In Swift, it seems that global constants should be camelCase.

For example:

    let maximumNumberOfLoginAttempts = 10

Is that correct?

I&#39;m used to all caps, e.g., `MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_LOGIN_ATTEMPTS`, from C, but I want to acquiesce to Swift conventions.

Swift: Global constant naming convention?

What is the reason of having globals() function in Python? It only returns dictionary of global variables, which are already global, so they can be used anywhere... I&#39;m asking only out of curiosity, trying to learn python.

    def F():
        global x
        x = 1

    def G():
        print(globals()[&quot;x&quot;]) #will return value of global &#39;x&#39;, which is 1

    def H():
        print(x) #will also return value of global &#39;x&#39;, which, also, is 1

    F()
    G()
    H()

I can&#39;t really see the point here? Only time I would need it, was if I had local and global variables, with same name for both of them

    def F():
        global x
        x = 1

    def G():
        x = 5
        print(x) #5
        print(globals()[&quot;x&quot;]) #1
    
    F()
    G()

But you should never run into a problem of having two variables with same name, and needing to use them both within same scope.

Reason for globals() in Python?

I was reading a question about the Python *global* statement ( [&quot;Python scope&quot;][1] ) and I was remembering about how often I used this statement when I was a Python beginner (I used *global* a lot) and how, nowadays, years later, I don&#39;t use it at all, ever. I even consider it a bit &quot;un-pythonic&quot;.&lt;br&gt;

Do you use this statement in Python ? Has your usage of it changed with time ?

  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/146359/python-scope

Do you use the &quot;global&quot; statement in Python?

the question is fairly simple and technical:

    var it_works = false;
    
    $.post(&quot;some_file.php&quot;, &#39;&#39;, function(data) {
    										
         it_works = true;
    
    });

    alert(it_works); # false (yes, that &#39;alert&#39; has to be here and not inside $.post itself)

What I want to achieve is:

    alert(it_works); # true

Is there a way to do that? If not can `$.post()` return a value to be applied to `it_works`?

JavaScript: Global variables after Ajax requests

I wonder where constant variables are stored.  Is it in the same memory area as global variables? Or is it on the stack?

Where are constant variables stored in C?

I have two controller file homecontroller and backendcontroller. What is the best way to create global function and access it from both files? 

I found [here][1] Arian Acosta&#39;s answer helpful but I wonder if there is an easiest way. I would appreciate any suggestions.


  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/32419619/how-do-i-make-global-helper-functions-in-laravel-5

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