[Directly from this SO post:][1]

&gt; Your comment to Hans answer indicates this is a COM assembly and that
&gt; you are using Visual Studio 2010. 
&gt; 
&gt; This means the assembly reference was likely added with the &quot;Embed
&gt; Interop Types&quot; setting set to true. This has the effect of linking the
&gt; COM assembly into your binary removing the need to deploy it
&gt; altogether. The following link has a more detailed explanation 
&gt; •http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd409610.aspx   If you do
&gt; want to deploy it though then will need to do the following  •Click on
&gt; the reference in the references tab  •Hit F4 to bring up the
&gt; properties grid  •Set &quot;Embed Interop Types&quot; to False (this will ungray
&gt; Copy Local)  •Set &quot;Copy Local&quot; to true

If you want to copy local, you must set `Embed Interop Types` to `False` for the assembly, in your case, `Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel`. Embed Interop Types makes deployment easier for COM assemblies in that it embeds the assemblies within your assembly, taking away the need to deploy interop assemblies with the application.
  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3635716/visual-studio-copy-dll-refrences-to-output-folder

I have a simple route defined with `express.js`:

    exports.save = function (request, response)
    {
        var file = request.body.file;
        var content = request.body.content;
    
        var saved = false;
    
        if (fs.existsSync( file ))
        {
            saved = fs.writeFileSync(file, content, &#39;utf8&#39;);
        }

        console.log( saved ); // undefined or false, never true
    
        response.send(saved ? 200 : 500, saved ? &#39;saved&#39; : &#39;error&#39;); // 500, error
    };

Is `if (typeof saved === &#39;undefined&#39;) saved = true;` the only option? Feels hacky.

Checking if writeFileSync successfully wrote the file

Suppose you&#39;re building a fairly large simulation in Haskell. There are many different types of entities whose attributes update as the simulation progresses. Let&#39;s say, for the sake of example, that your entities are called Monkeys, Elephants, Bears, etc..

What is your preferred method for maintaining these entities&#39; states?

The first and most obvious approach I thought of was this:

    mainLoop :: [Monkey] -&gt; [Elephant] -&gt; [Bear] -&gt; String
    mainLoop monkeys elephants bears =
      let monkeys&#39;   = updateMonkeys   monkeys
          elephants&#39; = updateElephants elephants
          bears&#39;     = updateBears     bears
      in
        if shouldExit monkeys elephants bears then &quot;Done&quot; else
          mainLoop monkeys&#39; elephants&#39; bears&#39;

It&#39;s already ugly having each type of entity explicitly mentioned in the `mainLoop` function signature. You can imagine how it would get absolutely awful if you had, say, 20 types of entities. (20 is not unreasonable for complex simulations.) So I think this is an unacceptable approach. But its saving grace is that functions like `updateMonkeys` are very explicit in what they do: They take a list of Monkeys and return a new one.

So then the next thought would be to roll everything into one big data structure that holds all state, thus cleaning up the signature of `mainLoop`:

    mainLoop :: GameState -&gt; String
    mainLoop gs0 =
      let gs1 = updateMonkeys   gs0
          gs2 = updateElephants gs1
          gs3 = updateBears     gs2
      in
        if shouldExit gs0 then &quot;Done&quot; else
          mainLoop gs3

Some would suggest that we wrap `GameState` up in a State Monad and call `updateMonkeys` etc. in a `do`. That&#39;s fine. Some would rather suggest we clean it up with function composition. Also fine, I think. (BTW, I&#39;m a novice with Haskell, so maybe I&#39;m wrong about some of this.)

But then the problem is, functions like `updateMonkeys` don&#39;t give you useful information from their type signature. You can&#39;t really be sure what they do. Sure, `updateMonkeys` is a descriptive name, but that&#39;s little consolation. When I pass in a [god object](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_object) and say &quot;please update my global state,&quot; I feel like we&#39;re back in the imperative world. It feels like global variables by another name: You have a function that does *something* to the global state, you call it, and you hope for the best. (I suppose you still avoid some concurrency problems that would be present with global variables in an imperative program. But meh, concurrency isn&#39;t nearly the only thing wrong with global variables.)

A further problem is this: Suppose the objects need to interact. For example, we have a function like this:

    stomp :: Elephant -&gt; Monkey -&gt; (Elephant, Monkey)
    stomp elephant monkey =
      (elongateEvilGrin elephant, decrementHealth monkey)

Say this gets called in `updateElephants`, because that&#39;s where we check to see if any of the elephants are in stomping range of any monkeys. How do you elegantly propagate the changes to both the monkeys and elephants in this scenario? In our second example, `updateElephants` takes and returns a god object, so it could effect both changes. But this just muddies the waters further and reinforces my point: With the god object, you&#39;re effectively just mutating global variables. And if you&#39;re not using the god object, I&#39;m not sure how you&#39;d propagate those types of changes.

What to do? Surely many programs need to manage complex state, so I&#39;m guessing there are some well-known approaches to this problem.

Just for the sake of comparison, here&#39;s how I might solve the problem in the OOP world. There would be `Monkey`, `Elephant`, etc. objects. I&#39;d probably have class methods to do lookups in the set of all live animals. Maybe you could lookup by location, by ID, whatever. Thanks to the data structures underlying the lookup functions, they&#39;d stay allocated on the heap. (I&#39;m assuming GC or reference counting.) Their member variables would get mutated all the time. Any method of any class would be able to mutate any live animal of any other class. E.g. an `Elephant` could have a `stomp` method that would decrement the health of a passed-in `Monkey` object, and there would be no need to pass that

Likewise, in an Erlang or other actor-oriented design, you could solve these problems fairly elegantly: Each actor maintains its own loop and thus its own state, so you never need a god object. And message passing allows one object&#39;s activities to trigger changes in other objects without passing a bunch of stuff all the way back up the call stack. Yet I have heard it said that actors in Haskell are frowned upon.

Maintaining complex state in Haskell

I am trying to set a referenced DLL to be explicitly copied to my local folder however when I go to the properties for this reference, the `Copy Local` property is grayed out / disabled. 

![Disabled Copy Local property][1]

Usually my VB.NET projects have a `My Project` item directly below the project name which I can double-click &gt;&gt; references and set the `Copy Local` property, however my C# console application does not seem to have this. 

![My Project References][2]

Have I perhaps configured my project incorrectly? Any help on this will be greatly appreciated.

  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/kRQl8.jpg
  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/vsQlm.jpg

Why is the Copy Local property for my reference disabled?

I am trying to set a referenced DLL to be explicitly copied to my local folder however when I go to the properties for this reference, the <code>Copy Local</code> property is grayed out / disabled.
<img src="http://i.stack.imgur.com/kRQl8.jpg" alt="Disabled Copy Local property">
Usually my VB.NET projects have a <code>My Project</code> item directly below the project name which I can double-click >> references and set the <code>Copy Local</code> property, however my C# console application does not seem to have this.
<img src="http://i.stack.imgur.com/vsQlm.jpg" alt="My Project References">
Have I perhaps configured my project incorrectly? Any help on this will be greatly appreciated.

This may seem silly, but all the examples I&#39;ve found for using `Except` in linq use two lists or arrays of only strings or integers and filters them based on the matches, for example:

    var excludes = users.Except(matches);

I want to use exclude to keep my code short and simple, but can&#39;t seem to find out how to do the following:

    class AppMeta
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
    }
    
    var excludedAppIds = new List&lt;int&gt; {2, 3, 5, 6};
    var unfilteredApps = new List&lt;AppMeta&gt;
                             {
                               new AppMeta {Id = 1},
                               new AppMeta {Id = 2},
                               new AppMeta {Id = 3},
                               new AppMeta {Id = 4},
                               new AppMeta {Id = 5}
                             }

How do I get a list of `AppMeta` back that filters on `excludedAppIds`?


Filter Linq EXCEPT on properties

I want to remove last three characters from a string:

    string myString = &quot;abcdxxx&quot;; 

Note that the string is dynamic data.


Remove the last three characters from a string

Suppose I have a string like:

    MyString = &quot;OU=Level3,OU=Level2,OU=Level1,DC=domain,DC=com&quot;;

then I want to know how many time of occurrences of sub-string &quot;OU=&quot; in this string. With single char, maybe there is something like:

    int count = MyString.Split(&quot;OU=&quot;).Length - 1;

but `Split` only works for `char`, not `string`.

Also how to find the position of n occurrences? For example, the position of 2nd `&quot;OU=&quot;` in the string?

How to resolve this issue?

How to count of sub-string occurrences?

I am trying to select stores using a lambda function and converting the result to a SelectListItem so I can render it.  However it is throwing a &quot;**Type of Expression in Select Clause is Incorrect**&quot; error:

    IEnumerable&lt;SelectListItem&gt; stores =
        from store in database.Stores
        where store.CompanyID == curCompany.ID
        select (s =&gt; new SelectListItem { Value = s.ID, Text = s.Name} );
    ViewBag.storeSelector = stores;
What am I doing wrong?

EDIT:

Also, how do I convert Int to String in this situation?  The following does not work:

    select (s =&gt; new SelectListItem { Value = s.ID.ToString(), Text = s.Name} );
    select (s =&gt; new SelectListItem { Value = s.ID + &quot;&quot;, Text = s.Name} );

EDIT 2:

Figure out the Int to String conversion.  It is so typical of Microsoft to forget to include an int2string conversion function.  Here is the actual workaround everyone is using, with fully working syntax:

    select new SelectListItem { Value = SqlFunctions.StringConvert((double)store.ID), Text = store.Name };

To call this situation absurd is an understatement.

How to use Lambda in LINQ select statement

I need to have one column in my database calculated by database as (sum of rows) - (sum of rowsb). I&#39;m using code-first model to create my database.

Here is what I mean:

    public class Income {
          [Key]
          public int UserID { get; set; }
          public double inSum { get; set; }
    }

    public class Outcome {
          [Key]
          public int UserID { get; set; }
          public double outSum { get; set; }
    }

    public class FirstTable {
          [Key]
          public int UserID { get; set; }
          public double Sum { get; set; } 
          // This needs to be calculated by DB as 
          // ( Select sum(inSum) FROM Income WHERE UserID = this.UserID) 
          // - (Select sum(outSum) FROM Outcome WHERE UserID = this.UserID)
    }

How can I achieve this in EF CodeFirst?

Calculated column in EF Code First

I&#39;m currently editing a .css file inside of Visual Studio 2012 (in debug mode). I&#39;m using Chrome as my browser. When I make changes to my application&#39;s .css file inside of Visual Studio and save, refreshing the page will not load with the updated change in my .css file. I think the .css file is still cached.

I have tried:

1. CTRL / F5
2. 
    In Visual Studio 2012,
    Go to project properties, Web tab
    Choose Start External Program in the Start Action section
    Paste or browse to the path for Google Chrome (Mine is C:\Users\xxx\AppData\Local\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe)
    In the Command line arguments box put -incognito
3. Used the Chrome developer tools, click on the &quot;gear&quot; icon, checked &quot;Disable Cache.&quot; 

Nothing seems to work unless I manually stop debugging, (close out of Chrome), restart the application (in debug).

Is there any way to force Chrome to always reload all css changes and reload the .css file?


Update:&lt;br&gt;
1. In-line style changes in my .aspx file are picked up when I refresh. But changes in a .css file does not. 
2. It is an ASP.NET MVC4 app so I click on a hyperlink, which does a GET. Doing that, I don&#39;t see a new request for the stylesheet. But clicking F5, the .css file is reloaded and the Status code (on the network tab) is 200.

How to force Chrome browser to reload .css file while debugging in Visual Studio?

The visual studio 2012 on my PC get the following error message when preview in the &quot;Public Web&quot;. I need to restart VS to get rid of the error message.

&gt; Invoke build failed due to exception &#39;Specified condition &quot;$(PackageAsSingleFile)&quot; evaluates to &quot;&quot; instead of a boolean.  C:\Program Files (x86)\MSBuild\Microsoft\VisualStudio\v11.0\Web\Microsoft.Web.Publishing.targets&#39;

What caused the error?

&#39;Specified condition &quot;$(PackageAsSingleFile)&quot; evaluates to &quot;&quot; instead of a boolean?

I have an asp.net MVC 4 solution. When I try to open it using Visual studio 2012, I get following error:


&gt; **Microsoft Visual Studio**
&gt; 
&gt; Configuring Web `https://localhost:` for ASP.NET 4.5 failed. You must
&gt; manually configure this site for ASP.NET 4.5 in order for the site to
&gt; run correctly. Could not find the server `https://localhost:44300/` on
&gt; the local machine. Make sure the local IIS server has been configured
&gt; to support secure communications.
&gt; 
&gt; **OK   Help**

 


Although the solution opens. Also, When I try to run it from debug menu, I get following error:

     Unable to launch the IIS Express Web server.
    
    The start URL specified is not valid. https://localhost:44300/

and I can not debug the code. how to get rid of these errors and debug/run the web site from VS 2012 ?

Please suggest.

---------------------------

Unable to launch the IIS Express Web server

I want to see  exception detail in visual studio debugger without assigning variable to exception. Currently I have to write something like this:

    try 
    {
        //some code
    }
    catch (SecurityException ex)
    {
       //some code or ever no any code 
    }

Visual studio throws an error indicating that ex variable is never used, but i need this variable to see exception detail while debugging. 

UPDATE: I know how to suppress VS error &#39;variable is never used&#39;, problem is in seeing exception inside watch without this variable. 

---

$exception variable by @VladimirFrolov or exception helper by @MarcGravell is an answer. 

How to see exception detail in debugger without assigning variable to exception?

I want to [run a local/internal NuGet repository][1].  I think I&#39;ve figured out how to &quot;reuse&quot; existing NuGet packages by including them in a dummy project using NuGet and scanning the package file to [grab my locally-cached `.nupkg` files][2], but...

## How do you create a nuget package (`.nupkg`) from a project, automatically including **all** `dll` dependencies and not just those grabbed via NuGet?

Specifically:

1. Create a solution
2. Add a new Project
3. Add references to various `.dll` files/other projects _&lt;-- this is the missing part_
4. Add NuGet packages via package manager / cmdline / whatever
5. _something_ automatically creates the `.nupkg`

From what I&#39;ve found, you&#39;re supposed to do things like

* manually edit your `.csproj` file to add `&lt;BuildPackage&gt;true&lt;/BuildPackage&gt;` to include dependencies
* manually create a `.nuspec` file and manually [list your dependencies][3] ([similar ?][4])
* manually run `nuget pack` on your `.nuspec` file

But everything is manual, which is stupid.  Even the semi-automatic solutions are still awkward or half-manual:

* [Create `.nuspec` templates][5] - doesn&#39;t seem to include dependencies, just metadata
* [nuget pack via build-event][6] (step #5), which you need to add manually to every project, and it has [its own quirks][7]:

        &quot;$(SolutionDir).nuget\NuGet.exe&quot; pack &quot;$(ProjectPath)&quot; -Properties Configuration=Release
        move /Y *.nupkg &quot;$(TargetDir)&quot;

I&#39;ll settle for something that automatically creates a `.nuspec` manifest from project references.  Then theoretically that + the nuget build-event can be rolled up into a build-project/nuget package, which is what I really want to see.

  [1]: http://haacked.com/archive/2011/03/31/hosting-simple-nuget-package-feed.aspx
  [2]: http://www.hanselman.com/blog/HowToAccessNuGetWhenNuGetorgIsDownOrYoureOnAPlane.aspx
  [3]: http://docs.nuget.org/docs/reference/nuspec-reference#Specifying_Dependencies_in_version_2.0_and_above
  [4]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/12819868/nuget-packaging-and-referencing-dlls
  [5]: http://www.xavierdecoster.com/post/2012/04/27/install-package-nuspec-aspx
  [6]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9180904/automating-creating-nuget-package-as-part-of-build-process
  [7]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14982266/the-replacement-token-description-has-no-value

Build NuGet Package automatically including referenced dependencies

I have a visual studio solution.
I have many projects in the solution.
There is one main project which acts as the start up and uses other projects.
There is one project say &quot;ProjectX&quot;. Its reference is added to main project.
The ProjectX references another .NET dll (say abc.dll) that isn&#39;t part of the solution. 

Now this abc.dll should be copied to bin/debug folder of main project, but it isn&#39;t getting copied there. Why is it not getting copied, any known reasons ?



Dependent DLL is not getting copied to the build output folder in Visual Studio

I have a problem with our executable. I&#39;m running this C++ 32-bit executable on my Windows&amp;nbsp;7 64-bit development box that also has all those Microsoft applications (Visual Studio 2008 + 2010, TFS, SDK, Microsoft Office)...
And it&#39;s still running just fine.

Now I got the client installation of the very same program and was asked to test it with a clean Windows&amp;nbsp;7 installation. Thus I got one Windows&amp;nbsp;7 64-bit VMware and updated it to Windows&amp;nbsp;7 SP 1 (the very same version my developer box is tuning).
But while on my developer box everything is fine the program does not work with the VMware (30 days trial) box.

The x86 [Dependency Walker][1] is telling me that the following DLL files are missing:

   * API-MS-WIN-CORE-COM-L1-1-0.DLL
   * API-MS-WIN-CORE-WINRT-ERROR-L1-1-0.DLL
   * API-MS-WIN-CORE-WINRT-L1-1-0.DLL
   * API-MS-WIN-CORE-WINRT-ROBUFFER-L1-1-0.DLL
   * API-MS-WIN-CORE-WINRT-STRING-L1-1-0.DLL
   * API-MS-WIN-SHCORE-SCALING-L1-1-0.DLL
   * DCOMP.DLL
   * GPSVC.DLL
   * IESHIMS.DLL

I googled for those API-MS-WIN-... DLL files and found they should actually already be part of Windows&amp;nbsp;7 (some sites claiming the belong to Windows&amp;nbsp;8 and Windows Server 2012 though).

I already tried the suggested fixes I found, which are:

* running &#39;sfc /scannow&#39;
* installing Visual Studio 2008 SP1 runtime executables

But that didn&#39;t solve anything. :-(

Side note: My development box does not have them either, and does not seem to need them. For example, the user32.dll on my box does not link against one of those, while the installation on the VMware does.

Any idea on how to fix this issue?
I tried to find a suitable download / fix on the Microsoft pages, but I failed.

---

After solving my issue I wanted to report what I found out, and I can&#39;t post this as an answer because the question has been closed.

Actually all the DLL files reported missing by the Dependency Walker tool, namely those

    * API-MS-WIN-CORE-...

type DLL files were not part of the actual problem.

In my case the registration of three OCX files was missing and after that everything was just fine, BUT Dependency Walker tool still listed all the very same DLL files as before even when the program was just running fine now.

The gist of it: As someone elsewhere stated, the tool is a bit dated by now and does not always work properly with a newer OS. Thus keep an eye open and don&#39;t get mislead by missing &#39;API-MS-WIN-CORE-COM-L1-1-0.DLL&#39;, ... the problem probably lies entirely elsewhere.

  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependency_Walker


Windows 7, 64 bit, DLL problems

When compiling with MinGW, I have to copy over certain dll files from the MinGW bin directory before the exe will run (Even when using &quot;-static&quot; and/or &quot;-static-libstdc++&quot;.)
How do I change that? Is there a special build of MinGW that I have to use? Ultimately I want to be able to run the program with nothing but the exe in the directory (and no windows environment variables set.) These File&#39;s are:

 - libstdc++-6.dll
 - libgcc_s_seh-1.dll
 - libwinpthread-1.dll

And here is the complete list of step&#39;s I fallow:

 1.  Open Up Code::Blocks
 2.  Select &quot;File-&gt;New-&gt;Project-&gt;Console&quot;
 3.  Fill out the project settings for project &quot;Hello World&quot;
 4.  Right click Project-&gt;Build Options...-&gt;Hello World (Root target)-&gt;Other Options
 5.  Enter &quot;-static&quot; (or &quot;-static-libstdc++&quot;) under the already set &quot;-fexceptions&quot;
 6.  CTRL-F9 : Build Project (Without executing)
 7.  Navigate to, in Windows Explorer, and run the built &quot;Hello World.exe&quot; file.
 8.  Click &quot;OK&quot; when a message pop&#39;s up saying &quot;Error: libstdc++-6.dll is missing from your computer.&quot;
 9.  Copy &quot;libstdc++-6.dll&quot; from the /MinGW/bin/ directory, into the &quot;Hello World.exe&quot; directory.
 10. Run &quot;Hello World.exe&quot;
 11. Click &quot;OK&quot; for the message saying &quot;Error: libgcc_s_seh-1.dll is missing from your computer.&quot;
 12. Copy &quot;libgcc_s_seh-1.dll&quot; into the &quot;Hello World.exe&quot; directory.
 13. Repeat and end up copying &quot;libwinpthread-1.dll&quot; over aswell.
 14. View the message

        Hello World!

**Edit:**
My command line is:

    g++.exe -Wall -fexceptions -static -static-libgcc -static-libstdc++ -g -static-libgcc -static-libstdc++ -L. -c &quot;C:\Users\______\Desktop\Hello World\main.cpp&quot; -o obj\Debug\main.o
    g++.exe -o &quot;bin\Debug\Hello World.exe&quot; obj\Debug\main.o

With all the dll files mentioned above required. And, just to be safe, the code is:

    // main.cpp
    #include &lt;iostream&gt;

    using namespace std;

    int main()
    {
        cout &lt;&lt; &quot;Hello world!&quot; &lt;&lt; endl;
        return 0;
    }


MinGW .exe requires a few gcc dll&#39;s regardless of the code?


I am trying to figure out how you could go about importing and using a .dll at runtime inside a C# application. Using Assembly.LoadFile() I have managed to get my program to load the dll (this part is definitely working as I am able to get the name of the class with ToString()), however I am unable to use the &#39;Output&#39; method from inside my console application. I am compiling the .dll then moving it into my console&#39;s project. Is there an extra step between CreateInstance and then being able to use the methods?

This is the class in my DLL:

	namespace DLL
	{
		using System;

	    public class Class1
	    {
			public void Output(string s)
			{
				Console.WriteLine(s);
			}
	    }
	}

and here is the application I want to load the DLL

	namespace ConsoleApplication1
	{
		using System;
		using System.Reflection;

		class Program
		{
			static void Main(string[] args)
			{
				var DLL = Assembly.LoadFile(@&quot;C:\visual studio 2012\Projects\ConsoleApplication1\ConsoleApplication1\DLL.dll&quot;);
				
				foreach(Type type in DLL.GetExportedTypes())
				{
					var c = Activator.CreateInstance(type);
					c.Output(@&quot;Hello&quot;);
				}
				
				Console.ReadLine();
			}
		}
	}

Loading DLLs at runtime in C#

I have made a NuGet package that works well when I use it from a C# project. It contains a DLL in the `lib/net40` directory, and the DLL gets added as a reference.

Now that NuGet supports C++, how do I actually modify my package so that the DLL can be added as a managed reference in a C++/CLI project? I can&#39;t find any tutorials explaining this. If I try to just add the package as is, I get the following error:

&gt; You are trying to install this package into a project that targets &#39;Native,Version=v0.0&#39;, but the package does not contain any assembly references or content files that are compatible with that framework.

One would think that the solution is to put the files under lib/native, but according to http://docs.nuget.org/docs/reference/support-for-native-projects, that is not supported. Also, simply putting the DLL directly under lib doesn&#39;t seem to do anything.

Apparently, I am supposed to do this with a `.props` or `.targets` file under build/native, but what do I need to put into those files to make this work ?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Clarice Bouwer	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - C#	StoriKnow	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Why is the Copy Local property for my reference disabled?

C# Problem Overview

C# Solutions

Solution 1 - C#

Maintaining complex state in Haskell

Checking if writeFileSync successfully wrote the file

Attributions