I figured it out. I had to make sure I set `LANGUAGE=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;` in `/etc/rc.conf` and `LANG=&quot;en_US.UTF-8&quot;` in `/etc/locale.conf`, then logged out and logged back in and it worked.  My terminal displays unicode properly now.

I updated my locale with the following command:


    sudo update-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8 LANGUAGE=en.UTF-8


then rebooted:


    sudo reboot


In case you cannot change `/etc/*` files, you can manually set the `gnome-terminal` menu `Terminal`|`Set Character Encoding` to `Unicode(Utf-8)`


I was trying to solve this after switching to a new PC. I&#39;m using `Windows Terminal` with `Ubuntu` instilled in `WSL2` on `Win 10`.

I tried the suggestions provided here and rebooted; no change.

**Solution** 

The fix for me was installing a [patched nerd font][1] and setting the font as the default font for each profile in Windows Terminal settings.

[![enter image description here][2]][2]


  [1]: https://github.com/ryanoasis/nerd-fonts/tree/master/patched-fonts
  [2]: https://i.stack.imgur.com/BF6x8.png

I would like to update notification data, but the only way I found is to launch a new one with the same Id.

The problem is that I don&#39;t want to raise a new one if the original has beed canceled.
Is there a way to tell if a notification is visible or canceled? Or a way to update a notification only if it exists?


Is it possible to check if a notification is visible or canceled?

I have a select query running very long. How will I get a status of that query, like how long will it be running? Whether it is accessing a data from the tables or not.

Note : As per `pg_stat_activity` the query state is shown as active and not in a waiting state.
Like in Oracle, we can see the source/target and processing status of a query - is there something like this in postgresql?

How to get a status of a running query in postgresql database

For example, my terminal does this:

    $ echo -e &quot;\xE2\x98\xA0&quot;
    ���

I expect it to do this:

    $ echo -e &quot;\xE2\x98\xA0&quot;
    ☠

Why? How do I make my terminal output the proper unicode symbols?

I&#39;m using Gnome 3&#39;s Terminal on Arch Linux.

The output of `locale` shows:

    LANG=C
    LC_CTYPE=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_NUMERIC=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_TIME=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_COLLATE=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_MONETARY=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_MESSAGES=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_PAPER=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_NAME=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_ADDRESS=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_TELEPHONE=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_MEASUREMENT=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_IDENTIFICATION=&quot;C&quot;
    LC_ALL=


Why doesn&#39;t my terminal output unicode characters properly?

For example, my terminal does this:
<pre><code class="hljs language-shell">$ echo -e "\xE2\x98\xA0"
���
</code></pre>
I expect it to do this:
<pre><code class="hljs language-shell">$ echo -e "\xE2\x98\xA0"
☠
</code></pre>
Why? How do I make my terminal output the proper unicode symbols?
I'm using Gnome 3's Terminal on Arch Linux.
The output of <code>locale</code> shows:
<pre><code class="hljs language-ini">LANG=C
LC_CTYPE="C"
LC_NUMERIC="C"
LC_TIME="C"
LC_COLLATE="C"
LC_MONETARY="C"
LC_MESSAGES="C"
LC_PAPER="C"
LC_NAME="C"
LC_ADDRESS="C"
LC_TELEPHONE="C"
LC_MEASUREMENT="C"
LC_IDENTIFICATION="C"
LC_ALL=
</code></pre>

How to give a pattern for new line in grep?
New line at beginning, new line at end. Not the regular expression way. Something like \n.


How to give a pattern for new line in grep?

How do I convert command-line arguments into a bash script array?

I want to take this:

    ./something.sh arg1 arg2 arg3

and convert it to 

    myArray=( arg1 arg2 arg3 )

so that I can use myArray for further use in the script.

This previous SO post comes close, but doesn&#39;t go into how to create an array: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/192249/how-do-i-parse-command-line-arguments-in-bash

I need to convert the arguments into a regular bash script array; I realize I could use other languages (Python, for instance) but need to do this in bash. I guess I&#39;m looking for an &quot;append&quot; function or something similar?

UPDATE: I also wanted to ask how to check for zero arguments and assign a default array value, and thanks to the answer below, was able to get this working:

    if [ &quot;$#&quot; -eq 0 ]; then
      myArray=( defaultarg1 defaultarg2 )
    else
      myArray=( &quot;$@&quot; )
    fi

Convert command line arguments into an array in Bash

I am trying to divide two image widths in a Bash script, but bash gives me `0` as the result:

    RESULT=$(($IMG_WIDTH/$IMG2_WIDTH))

I did study the Bash guide and I know I should use `bc`, in all examples in internet they use `bc`. In `echo` I tried to put the same thing in my `SCALE` but it didn&#39;t work.

Here is the example I found in the tutorials:

    echo &quot;scale=2; ${userinput}&quot; | bc 

How can I get Bash to give me a float like `0.5`?

How do I use floating-point arithmetic in bash?


    array=(a b c d)
I would like to add a character before each element of the array in order to have this

    array=(^a ^b ^c ^d)
An easy way to do that is to loop on array elements and change values one by one

    for i in &quot;${#array[@]}&quot;
    do
        array[i]=&quot;^&quot;array[i]
    done
But I would like to know if there is any way to do the same thing without looping on the array as I have to do the same instruction on all elements.

Thanks in advance.


How to change values of bash array elements without loop

While learning a bit about [tag:bash], I come to see four types of ways of working with `if` statements:

* Single Parenthesis - ( ... )
* Double Parenthesis - (( ... ))
* Single Square Bracket - [ ... ]
* Double Square Brackets - [[ ... ]]

What is the difference between Parenthesis and Square Brackets in bash.

Difference between parentheses and brackets in Bash conditionals

I have several JS files so instead of copy and paste every one in the console window (Firefox and Chromium), I would want to call them from the shell if it is possible.

Every JS file has test functions that show if they are correct using console.log.

Is it possible to run JavaScript files from the command line?

I would like to use cURL to not only send data parameters in HTTP POST but to also upload files with specific form name. How should I go about doing that ?

HTTP Post parameters:

userid = 12345
filecomment = This is an image file

HTTP File upload:
File location = /home/user1/Desktop/test.jpg
Form name for file = image (correspond to the $_FILES[&#39;image&#39;] at the PHP side)

I figured part of the cURL command as follows:

    curl -d &quot;userid=1&amp;filecomment=This is an image file&quot; --data-binary @&quot;/home/user1/Desktop/test.jpg&quot; localhost/uploader.php

The problem I am getting is as follows:

    Notice: Undefined index: image in /var/www/uploader.php

The problem is I am using $_FILES[&#39;image&#39;] to pick up files in the PHP script.

How do I adjust my cURL commands accordingly ?


Using cURL to upload POST data with files

I have a shell script that I would like to test with shUnit. The script (and all the functions) are in a single file since it makes installation much easier.

Example for `script.sh`

    #!/bin/sh

    foo () { ... }
    bar () { ... }

    code

I wanted to write a second file (that does not need to be distributed and installed) to test the functions defined in `script.sh`

Something like `run_tests.sh`

    #!/bin/sh

    . script.sh

    # Unit tests

Now the problem lies in the `.` (or `source` in Bash). It does not only parse function definitions but also executes the code in the script.

Since the script with no arguments does nothing bad I could

    . script.sh &gt; /dev/null 2&gt;&amp;1

but I was wandering if there is a better way to achieve my goal.

**Edit**

My proposed workaround does not work in the case the sourced script calls `exit` so I have to trap the exit

    #!/bin/sh

    trap run_tests ERR EXIT

    run_tests() {
       ...
    }

    . script.sh

The `run_tests` function is called but as soon as I redirect the output of the source command the functions in the script are not parsed and are not available in the trap handler

This works but I get the output of `script.sh`:

    #!/bin/sh
    trap run_tests ERR EXIT
    run_tests() {
       function_defined_in_script_sh
    }
    . script.sh

This does not print the output but I get an error that the function is not defined:

    #!/bin/sh
    trap run_tests ERR EXIT
    run_tests() {
       function_defined_in_script_sh
    }
    . script.sh | grep OUTPUT_THAT_DOES_NOT_EXISTS

This does not print the output and the `run_tests` trap handler is not called at all:

    #!/bin/sh
    trap run_tests ERR EXIT
    run_tests() {
       function_defined_in_script_sh
    }
    . script.sh &gt; /dev/null


Importing functions from a shell script

Is there any grep option that let&#39;s me control total number of matches but stops at first match on each file?

Example:


If I do this `grep -ri --include &#39;*.coffee&#39; &#39;re&#39; .` I get this:

    ./app.coffee:express = require &#39;express&#39;
    ./app.coffee:passport = require &#39;passport&#39;
    ./app.coffee:BrowserIDStrategy = require(&#39;passport-browserid&#39;).Strategy
    ./app.coffee:app = express()
    ./config.coffee:    session_secret: &#39;nyan cat&#39;

And if I do `grep -ri -m2 --include &#39;*.coffee&#39; &#39;re&#39; .`, I get this:

    ./app.coffee:config = require &#39;./config&#39;
    ./app.coffee:passport = require &#39;passport&#39;

But, what I really want is this output:

    ./app.coffee:express = require &#39;express&#39;
    ./config.coffee:    session_secret: &#39;nyan cat&#39;

Doing `-m1` does not work as I get this for `grep -ri -m1 --include &#39;*.coffee&#39; &#39;re&#39; .`

    ./app.coffee:express = require &#39;express&#39;

Tried not using grep e.g. this `find . -name &#39;*.coffee&#39; -exec awk &#39;/re/ {print;exit}&#39; {} \;` produced:
   
    config = require &#39;./config&#39;
        session_secret: &#39;nyan cat&#39;

**UPDATE: As noted below the GNU grep `-m` option treats counts per file whereas `-m` for BSD grep treats it as global match count**

How to match once per file in grep?

Is it possible in Windows to get a folder&#39;s size from the command line without using any 3rd party tool?

I want the same result as you would get when right clicking the folder in the windows explorer → properties.

Get Folder Size from Windows Command Line

Python&#39;s [http.server](https://docs.python.org/3/library/http.server.html) (or SimpleHTTPServer for Python 2) is a great way of serve the contents of the current directory from the command line:

    python -m http.server

However, as far as web servers go, it&#39;s very slooooow...

It behaves as though it&#39;s single threaded, and occasionally causes timeout errors when loading JavaScript AMD modules using RequireJS. It can take five to ten seconds to load a simple page with no images.

What&#39;s a faster alternative that is just as convenient?

What is a faster alternative to Python&#39;s http.server (or SimpleHTTPServer)?

I am trying to merge multiple linux commands in one line to perform deployment operation.
For example

    cd /my_folder
    rm *.jar
    svn co path to repo
    mvn compile package install



Execute combine multiple Linux commands in one line

I&#39;m running Firefox on a Xvfb in a VPS. What I want to do is to take a full page screenshot of the page.

I can redirect Firefox to particular page using

    firefox http://google.com

and take a screenshot (inside X) using ImageMagick

    import root -window output.jpg

The problem is, most of the page need scrolling and I can&#39;t know the height beforehand.

The other way is to pick a very big height (like 4000px) and then process the image and remove the useless part. But that&#39;s unnecessary processing.

I found many Firefox add-ons, but I&#39;m looking for a solution that can be programmed using the Shell Command line.

Edit: I ended up writing my own [FireFox extension][1] for doing this.


  [1]: https://github.com/omarabid/CmdShots

Take a full page screenshot with Firefox on the command-line

I&#39;m new to git and learning from a PDF.
I just executed a command `$ git commit` and it opens a new editor. But I&#39;m trying to close that new commit editor. How to do this? I&#39;m using git on windows.

Git - How to close commit editor?

I use &#39;forever&#39; to run my application. I want to attach to the running environment to inspect my application. So what can I do?  

Node.js: How to attach to a running process and to debug the server with a console?

If I, say, loop through all the instances of a given model and output something from each, at the end, irb will still print the entire object. 

If the object ends up taking hundreds of lines, it&#39;ll be a long way up before I see what I was actually looking for. Is there a way to disable this in the rails console?

Stop rails console from printing out the object at the end of a loop

I don&#39;t know why this code prints to the screen, but not to the file? File &quot;example1.log&quot; is created, but nothing is written there.

    #!/usr/bin/env python3
    import logging
    
    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
                        format=&#39;%(asctime)s %(message)s&#39;,
                        handlers=[logging.FileHandler(&quot;example1.log&quot;),
                                  logging.StreamHandler()])
    logging.debug(&#39;This message should go to the log file and to the console&#39;)
    logging.info(&#39;So should this&#39;)
    logging.warning(&#39;And this, too&#39;)

I have &quot;bypassed&quot; this problem by creating a logging object, but it keeps bugging me why `basicConfig()` approach failed?

PS. If I change basicConfig call to:

    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.DEBUG,
                        filename=&quot;example2.log&quot;,
                        format=&#39;%(asctime)s %(message)s&#39;,
                        handlers=[logging.StreamHandler()])

then all logs are in the file and nothing is displayed in the console.

Python using basicConfig method to log to console and file

I have a logging configuration file for logging to console and a file with different formats and levels. In my python script I can load this configuration and basically console and file output are ok.

I set the file name in the config file as shown below.

Is it possible to set that file name in the python script itself?

**python code:**

    # set up logging
    logging.config.fileConfig(loginipath)
    logger = logging.getLogger(&#39;sLogger&#39;)

    # log something
    logger.debug(&#39;debug message&#39;)
    logger.info(&#39;info message&#39;)
    logger.warn(&#39;warn message&#39;)
    logger.error(&#39;error message&#39;)
    logger.critical(&#39;critical message&#39;)




**logging config file:**

    [loggers]
    keys=root,sLogger

	[handlers]
	keys=consoleHandler,fileHandler

	[formatters]
	keys=fileFormatter,consoleFormatter

	[logger_root]
	level=DEBUG
	handlers=consoleHandler

	[logger_sLogger]
	level=DEBUG
	handlers=consoleHandler,fileHandler
	qualname=sLogger
	propagate=0

	[handler_consoleHandler]
	class=StreamHandler
	level=WARNING
	formatter=consoleFormatter
	args=(sys.stdout,)

	[handler_fileHandler]
	class=FileHandler
	level=DEBUG
	formatter=fileFormatter
	args=(&#39;logfile.log&#39;,)

	[formatter_fileFormatter]
	format=%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s
	datefmt=

	[formatter_consoleFormatter]
	format=%(levelname)s - %(message)s
	datefmt=

How to use logging with python&#39;s fileConfig and configure the logfile filename

I have JUST created a new github repo on the website. Keep in mind that I am a noob but can do basic things in terminal. Anyway, so I just created the repo on my account on github.com and didn&#39;t do a single thing to it yet.

So all I want to do is take my Xcode project **folder** and upload it to my new github repo. How do I do this via terminal?

Add Xcode project to github repo?

I&#39;m trying to change my command promt in terminal. I keep getting the error:

`-bash: __git_ps1: command not found`

I&#39;ve tried it just by typing it into the terminal as is: `__git_ps1`. I&#39;ve also tried it out in the `.bash_profile`

    if [ -f ~/.git-completion.bash ]; then
      source ~/.git-completion.bash
      export PS1=&#39;[\W]$(__git_ps1 &quot;(%s)&quot;): &#39;
    fi

As you might be able to see/tell, yes, I do have the auto-completion installed and it does work great!

I came across this question: &quot; https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10435117/ps1-env-variable-does-not-work-on-mac &quot; which gives the code

`alias __git_ps1=&quot;git branch 2&gt;/dev/null | grep &#39;*&#39; | sed &#39;s/* $.*$/(\1)/&#39;&quot;`

So I add it to my `.bash_profile` hoping that it will change something. Well, it did. It just changed the error output.

Here&#39;s the `.bash_profile` with the addition:

    alias __git_ps1=&quot;git branch 2&gt;/dev/null | grep &#39;*&#39; | sed &#39;s/* $.*$/(\1)/&#39;&quot;

    if [ -f ~/.git-completion.bash ]; then
      source ~/.git-completion.bash
      export PS1=&#39;[\W]$(__git_ps1 &quot;(%s)&quot;): &#39;
    fi

And now here&#39;s the changed error output:

`sed: (%s): No such file or directory`

***Note:*** I&#39;ve also moved the alias below the source with no difference. I have *git version 1.7.12.1*

This should be a simple change. Can someone please help me?

**Edit 10/13/12**

No, I definitely do not want to define __git_ps1 myself but was just trying to see if it would be recognized by doing so. Yes, I have the `.git-completion.bash` file installed. Here&#39;s how I got auto completion on my machine.

    cd ~
    curl -OL https://github.com/git/git/raw/master/contrib/completion/git-completion.bash
    mv ~/git.completion.bash ~/.git-completion.bash
    
A `ls -la` then lists the `.git-completion.bash` file.


**Edit 10/13/12 - Solved by *Mark Longair* (below)**

The following code worked for me in the `.bash_profile` while others did not...

    if [ -f ~/.git-prompt.sh ]; then
      source ~/.git-prompt.sh
      export PS1=&#39;Geoff[\W]$(__git_ps1 &quot;(%s)&quot;): &#39;
    fi

(Mac) -bash: __git_ps1: command not found

I have a simple python script, that has some functions that run in a loop (I&#39;m taking sensor readings).

    while True:
        print &quot;Doing a function&quot;

If the keyboard is pressed I&#39;d like to print &quot;key pressed&quot;.

What&#39;s the simplest way of doing this in Python? I&#39;ve searched high and low. I&#39;ve found out how to do it with pygame, but I&#39;d rather do it without. If I do have to use pygame is it possible to not have a separate window for the application?:

    import pygame, time
    from pygame.locals import *
  
    pygame.init()
    screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))
    pygame.display.set_caption(&#39;Pygame Keyboard Test&#39;)
    pygame.mouse.set_visible(0)
  

    while True:

       print &quot;doing a function&quot;

        for event in pygame.event.get():
          if (event.type == KEYUP) or (event.type == KEYDOWN):
             print &quot;key pressed&quot;
             time.sleep(0.1)
  


What&#39;s the simplest way of detecting keyboard input in a script from the terminal?

Trying to learn GitHub at the moment and doing this [Git essentials tutorial][1] over at nettuts. I&#39;m on the lesson about making commits.

The teacher types `git commit` and it opens VIM as his editor (I&#39;d also like to know how to make it open up in [Sublime Text][2] 2 instead) anyways it opens in VIM and I add in 1 line saying this is my first commit and hit save.

Next it then prompts me to save the output to the desktop, something I did not see in his screencast. Now I&#39;m still in VIM and not sure how to get back to &#39;normal&#39; terminal :(

I couldn&#39;t figure it out so I just exited the terminal and relaunched it, did git commit again and had some warning messages about duplicates! Not sure if I need to `(E)edit` anyways or `(A)abort`.

**git status**

![enter image description here][3]

**vim**

![enter image description here][4]

**message** when I reopen terminal and do git commit again

![enter image description here][5]


  [1]: https://tutsplus.com/course/git-essentials/
  [2]: http://www.sublimetext.com/
  [3]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/OoMYb.png
  [4]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/d4bbf.png
  [5]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/wIZ30.png

Git commit in terminal opens VIM, but can&#39;t get back to terminal

I&#39;ve installed Octave and gnuplot via Homebrew, and downloaded AquaTerm.dmg. 
When I try to plot, I get the following message:

`octave:4&gt; plot(x,y)`

`gnuplot&gt; set terminal aqua enhanced title &quot;Figure 1&quot;  font &quot;*,6&quot;`

                      ^
         `line 0: unknown or ambiguous terminal type; type just &#39;set terminal&#39; for a list`

In a bash terminal `set terminal`, `set Terminal`, `set term`, (and the same, followed by &quot;aqua&quot; too) etc gives nothing.
I&#39;ve tried plotting again from octave having the &quot;AquaTerm&quot; already open, but nothing. I&#39;ve tried plotting directly from gnuplot but same problem.. How can I do this &quot;set terminal aqua&quot;?

Gnuplot starting message says &quot;`Terminal type set to &#39;x11&#39;`&quot; but no idea how to change it, the previous commands didn&#39;t work neither.

Since AquaTerm wasn&#39;t installed from Homebrew maybe octave/gnupot can&#39;t find it... but no idea. 
Any guess? Thanks!

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	trusktr	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Bash	trusktr	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Bash	Ben	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Bash	Nimlar	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Bash	OldBuildingAndLoan	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Why doesn't my terminal output unicode characters properly?

Bash Problem Overview

Bash Solutions

Solution 1 - Bash

Solution 2 - Bash

Solution 3 - Bash

Solution 4 - Bash

How to get a status of a running query in postgresql database

Is it possible to check if a notification is visible or canceled?

Attributions