Why can't I overload constructors in PHP?
PhpOopOverloadingConstructorPhp Problem Overview
I have abandoned all hope of ever being able to overload my constructors in PHP, so what I'd really like to know is why.
Is there even a reason for it? Does it create inherently bad code? Is it widely accepted language design to not allow it, or are other languages nicer than PHP?
Php Solutions
Solution 1 - Php
You can't overload ANY method in PHP. If you want to be able to instantiate a PHP object while passing several different combinations of parameters, use the factory pattern with a private constructor.
For example:
public MyClass {
private function __construct() {
...
}
public static function makeNewWithParameterA($paramA) {
$obj = new MyClass();
// other initialization
return $obj;
}
public static function makeNewWithParametersBandC($paramB, $paramC) {
$obj = new MyClass();
// other initialization
return $obj;
}
}
$myObject = MyClass::makeNewWithParameterA("foo");
$anotherObject = MyClass::makeNewWithParametersBandC("bar", 3);
Solution 2 - Php
You can use variable arguments to produce the same effect. Without strong typing, it doesn't make much sense to add, given default arguments and all of the other "work arounds."
Solution 3 - Php
For completeness, I'll suggest Fluent Interfaces. The idea is that by adding return $this; to the end of your methods you can chain calls together. So instead of
$car1 = new Car('blue', 'RWD');
$car2 = new Car('Ford', '300hp');
(which simply wouldn't work), you can do:
$car = (new Car)
->setColor('blue')
->setMake('Ford')
->setDrive('FWD');
That way you can pick exactly which properties you want to set. In a lot of ways it's similar to passing in an array of options to your initial call:
$car = new Car(['make' => 'Ford', 'seats' => 5]);
Solution 4 - Php
True overloading is indeed unsupported in PHP. As @Pestilence mentioned, you can use variable arguments. Some people just use an Associative Array of various options to overcome this.
Solution 5 - Php
PHP Manual: Function Arguments, Default Values
I have overcome this simply by using default values for function parameters. In __constuct, list the required parameters first. List the optional parameters after that in the general form $param = null.
class User
{
private $db;
private $userInput;
public function __construct(Database $db, array $userInput = null)
{
$this->db = $db;
$this->userInput = $userInput;
}
}
This can be instantiated as:
$user = new User($db)
or
$user = new User($db, $inputArray);
This is not a perfect solution, but I have made this work by separating parameters into absolutely mandatory parameters no matter when the object is constructed, and, as a group, optional parameters listed in order of importance.
It works.
Solution 6 - Php
they say this work:
<?php
class A
{
function __construct()
{
$a = func_get_args();
$i = func_num_args();
if (method_exists($this,$f='__construct'.$i)) {
call_user_func_array(array($this,$f),$a);
}
}
function __construct1($a1)
{
echo('__construct with 1 param called: '.$a1.PHP_EOL);
}
function __construct2($a1,$a2)
{
echo('__construct with 2 params called: '.$a1.','.$a2.PHP_EOL);
}
function __construct3($a1,$a2,$a3)
{
echo('__construct with 3 params called: '.$a1.','.$a2.','.$a3.PHP_EOL);
}
}
$o = new A('sheep');
$o = new A('sheep','cat');
$o = new A('sheep','cat','dog');
// results:
// __construct with 1 param called: sheep
// __construct with 2 params called: sheep,cat
// __construct with 3 params called: sheep,cat,dog
?>
and, it seem every one are happy with it, but for me it didn't work... if you get it to work, its one kind of overloading too...
it take all argoments and pass them to the secondary function constructor...
Solution 7 - Php
<?php
//php do not automatically call parent class constructor at all if child class has constructor so you have to call parent class constructor explicitly, however parent class constructor is called automatically if child class has no constructor
class MyClass
{
function construct1($value1)
{
echo "<br/> dummy constructor is called with 1 arguments and it is $value1";
}
function construct2($value1,$value2)
{
echo "<br/> dummy constructor is called with 2 arguments and it is $value1, $value2";
}
function construct3($value1,$value2,$value3)
{
echo "<br/> dummy constructor is called with 3 arguments and it is $value1, $value2 , $value3";
}
public function __construct()
{
$NoOfArguments = func_num_args(); //return no of arguments passed in function
$arguments = func_get_args();
echo "<br/> child constructor is called $NoOfArguments";
switch ($NoOfArguments) {
case 1:
self::construct1($arguments[0]);
break;
case 2:
self::construct2($arguments[0],$arguments[1]);
break;
case 3:
self::construct3($arguments[0],$arguments[1],$arguments[2]);
break;
default:
echo "Invalid No of arguments passed";
break;
}
}
}
$c = new MyClass();
$c2 = new MyClass("ankit");
$c2 = new MyClass("ankit","Jiya");
$c2 = new MyClass("ankit","Jiya","Kasish");
?>
Solution 8 - Php
You can use conditional statements in your constructor and then perform your task. Eg.
class Example
{
function __construct($no_of_args)
{// lets assume 2
switch($no_of_args)
{
case 1:
// write your code
break;
case 2:
//write your 2nd set of code
break;
default:
//write your default statement
}
}
}
$object1 = new Example(1); // this will run your 1st case
$object2 = new Example(2); // this will run your 2nd case
and so on...
Solution 9 - Php
You can of course overload any function in PHP using __call() and __callStatic() magic methods. It is a little bit tricky, but the implementation can do exactly what your are looking for. Here is the resource on the official PHP.net website:
https://www.php.net/manual/en/language.oop5.overloading.php#object.call
And here is the example which works for both static and non-static methods:
class MethodTest
{
public function __call($name, $arguments)
{
// Note: value of $name is case sensitive.
echo "Calling object method '$name' "
. implode(', ', $arguments). "\n";
}
/** As of PHP 5.3.0 */
public static function __callStatic($name, $arguments)
{
// Note: value of $name is case sensitive.
echo "Calling static method '$name' "
. implode(', ', $arguments). "\n";
}
}
$obj = new MethodTest;
$obj->runTest('in object context');
MethodTest::runTest('in static context'); // As of PHP 5.3.0
And you can apply this to constructors by using the following code in the __construct():
$clsName = get_class($this);
$clsName->methodName($args);
Pretty easy. And you may want to implement __clone() to make a clone copy of the class with the method that you called without having the function that you called in every instance...
Solution 10 - Php
Adding this answer for completeness with respect to current PHP , since later versions of PHP , you can in fact overload constructors in a way . Following code will help to understand ,
<?php
class A
{
function __construct()
{
$a = func_get_args();
$i = func_num_args();
if (method_exists($this,$f='__construct'.$i)) {
call_user_func_array(array($this,$f),$a);
}
}
function __construct1($a1)
{
echo('__construct with 1 param called: '.$a1.PHP_EOL);
}
function __construct2($a1,$a2)
{
echo('__construct with 2 params called: '.$a1.','.$a2.PHP_EOL);
}
function __construct3($a1,$a2,$a3)
{
echo('__construct with 3 params called: '.$a1.','.$a2.','.$a3.PHP_EOL);
}
}
$o = new A('sheep');
$o = new A('sheep','cat');
$o = new A('sheep','cat','dog');
?>
Output :
__construct with 1 param called: sheep
__construct with 2 params called: sheep,cat
__construct with 3 params called: sheep,cat,dog
Solution 11 - Php
In this case I recommend using Interfaces:
interface IExample {
public function someMethod();
}
class oneParamConstructor implements IExample {
public function __construct(private int $someNumber) {
}
public function someMethod(){
}
}
class twoParamConstructor implements IExample {
public function __construct(private int $someNumber, string $someString) {
}
public function someMethod(){
}
}
than in your code:
function doSomething(IExample $example) {
$example->someMethod();
}
$a = new oneParamConstructor(12);
$b = new twoParamConstructor(45, "foo");
doSomething($a)
doSomething($b)
Solution 12 - Php
As far as I know, constructor overloading in PHP is not allowed, simply because the developers of PHP did not include that functionality - this is one of the many complaints about PHP.
I've heard of tricks and workarounds, but true overloading in the OOP sense is missing. Maybe in future versions, it will be included.
Solution 13 - Php
I think we can also use constructor with default arguments as a potential substitute to constructor overloading in PHP.
Still, it is really sad that true constructor overloading is not supported in PHP.
Solution 14 - Php
<?php
class myClass {
public $param1 = 'a';
public $param2 = 'b';
public function __construct($param1 = NULL, $param2 = NULL) {
if ($param1 == NULL && $param2 == NULL) {
// $this->param1 = $param1;
// $this->param2 = $param2;
} elseif ($param1 == NULL && $param2 !== NULL) {
// $this->param1 = $param1;
$this->param2 = $param2;
} elseif ($param1 !== NULL && $param2 == NULL) {
$this->param1 = $param1;
// $this->param2 = $param2;
} else {
$this->param1 = $param1;
$this->param2 = $param2;
}
}
}
// $myObject = new myClass();
// $myObject = new myClass(NULL, 2);
$myObject = new myClass(1, '');
// $myObject = new myClass(1, 2);
echo $myObject->param1;
echo "<br />";
echo $myObject->param2;
?>
Solution 15 - Php
public function construct1($user , $company)
{
dd("constructor 1");
$this->user = $user;
$this->company = $company;
}
public function construct2($cc_mail , $bcc_mail , $mail_data,$user,$company)
{
dd('constructor 2');
$this->mail_data=$mail_data;
$this->user=$user;
$this->company=$company;
$this->cc_mail=$cc_mail;
$this->bcc_mail=$bcc_mail;
}
public function __construct()
{
$NoOfArguments = func_num_args(); //return no of arguments passed in function
$arguments = func_get_args();
switch ($NoOfArguments) {
case 1:
self::construct1($arguments[0]);
break;
case 5:
self::construct2($arguments[0],$arguments[1],$arguments[2],$arguments[3],$arguments[4]);
break;
default:
echo "Invalid No of arguments passed";
break;
}
Solution 16 - Php
I'm really no OOP expert, but as I understand it overloading means the ability of a method to act differently depending in the parameters it receives as input. This is very much possible with PHP, you just don't declare the input types since PHP does not have strong typing, and all the overloading is done at runtime instead of compile time.