Why are iframes considered dangerous and a security risk?

Why are iframes considered dangerous and a security risk? Can someone describe an example of a case where it can be used maliciously?

The IFRAME element may be a security risk if your site is embedded inside an IFRAME on hostile site. Google "clickjacking" for more details. Note that it does not matter if you use <iframe> or not. The only real protection from this attack is to add HTTP header X-Frame-Options: DENY and hope that the browser knows its job.

If anybody claims that using an <iframe> element on your site is dangerous and causes a security risk, they do not understand what <iframe> element does, or they are speaking about possibility of <iframe> related vulnerabilities in browsers. Security of <iframe src="..."> tag is equal to <img src="..." or <a href="..."> as long there are no vulnerabilities in the browser. And if there's a suitable vulnerability, it might be possible to trigger it even without using <iframe>, <img> or <a> element, so it's not worth considering for this issue.

In addition, IFRAME element may be a security risk if any page on your site contains an XSS vulnerability which can be exploited. In that case the attacker can expand the XSS attack to any page within the same domain that can be persuaded to load within an <iframe> on the page with XSS vulnerability. This is because vulnerable content from the same origin (same domain) inside <iframe> is allowed to access the parent content DOM (practically execute JavaScript in the "host" document). The only real protection methods from this attack is to add HTTP header X-Frame-Options: DENY and/or always correctly encode all user submitted data (that is, never have an XSS vulnerability on your site - easier said than done).

However, be warned that content from <iframe> can initiate top level navigation by default. That is, content within the <iframe> is allowed to automatically open a link over current page location (the new location will be visible in the address bar). The only way to avoid that is to add sandbox attribute without value allow-top-navigation. For example, <iframe sandbox="allow-forms allow-scripts" ...>. Unfortunately, sandbox also disables all plugins, always. For example, historically Youtube couldn't be sandboxed because Flash player was still required to view all Youtube content. No browser supports using plugins and disallowing top level navigation at the same time. However, unless you have some very special reasons, you cannot trust any plugins to work at all for majority of your users in 2021, so you can just use sandbox always and guard your site against forced redirects from user generated content, too. Note that this will break poorly implemented content that tries to modify document.top.location. The content in sandboxed <iframe> can still open links in new tabs so well implemented content will work just fine. Also notice that if you use <iframe sandbox="... allow-scripts allow-same-origin ..." src="blog:..."> any XSS attack within the blob: content can be extended to host document because blob: URLs always inherit the origin of their parent document. You cannot wrap unfiltered user content in blob: and render it as an <iframe> any more than you can put that content directly on your own page.

Example attack goes like this: assume that users can insert user generated content with an iframe; an <iframe> without an attribute sandbox can be used to run JS code saying document.top.location.href = ... and force a redirect to another page. If that redirect goes to a well executed phishing site and your users do not pay attention to address bar, the attacker has a good change to get your users to leak their credentials. They cannot fake the address bar but they can force the redirect and control all content that users can see after that. Leaving allow-top-navigation out of sandbox attribute value avoids this problem. However, due historical reasons, <iframe> elements do not have this limitation by default, so you'll be more vulnerable to phishing if your users can add <iframe> element without attribute sandbox.

Note that X-Frame-Options: DENY also protects from rendering performance side-channel attack that can read content cross-origin (also known as "Pixel perfect Timing Attacks").

That's the technical side of the issue. In addition, there's the issue of user interface. If you teach your users to trust that URL bar is supposed to not change when they click links (e.g. your site uses a big iframe with all the actual content), then the users will not notice anything in the future either in case of actual security vulnerability. For example, you could have an XSS vulnerability within your site that allows the attacker to load content from hostile source within your iframe. Nobody could tell the difference because the URL bar still looks identical to previous behavior (never changes) and the content "looks" valid even though it's from hostile domain requesting user credentials.

As soon as you're displaying content from another domain, you're basically trusting that domain not to serve-up malware.

There's nothing wrong with iframes per se. If you control the content of the iframe, they're perfectly safe.

I'm assuming cross-domain iFrame since presumably the risk would be lower if you controlled it yourself.

• Clickjacking is a problem if your site is included as an iframe
• A compromised iFrame could display malicious content (imagine the iFrame displaying a login box instead of an ad)
• An included iframe can make certain JS calls like alert and prompt which could annoy your user
• An included iframe can redirect via location.href (yikes, imagine a 3p frame redirecting the customer from bankofamerica.com to bankofamerica.fake.com)
• Malware inside the 3p frame (java/flash/activeX) could infect your user

IFRAMEs are okay; urban legends are not.

When you "use iframes", it doesn't just mean one thing. It's a lexical ambiguity. Depending on the use case, "using iframes" may mean one of the following situations:

>1. Someone else displays your content in an iframe >2. You display domeone else's content in an iframe >3. You display your own content in an iframe

So which of these cases can put you in risk?

1. Someone else displays your content

This case is almost always referred to as clickjacking - mimicking your site's behaviour, trying to lure your users into using a fake UI instead of the real site. The misunderstanding here is that you using or not using iframes is irrelevant, it's simply not your call - it's someone else using iframes, which you can do nothing about. Btw, even they don't need them specifically: they can copy your site any other way, stealing your html, implementing a fake site from scratch, etc.

So, ditching iframes in attempt to prevent clickjacking - it makes exactly zero sense.

2. You display someone else's content

Of the three above, this is the only one that's somewhat risky, but most of the scary articles you read all the time come from a world before same-origin policy was introduced. Right now, it's still not recommended to include just any site into your own (who knows what it will contain tomorrow?), but if it's a trusted source (accuweather, yahoo stock info etc), you can safely do it. The big no-no here is letting users (therefore, malicious users) control the src of the iframe, telling it what to display. Don't let users load arbitrary content into your page, that's the root of all evil. But it's true with or without iframes. It has nothing to do with them; it could happen using a script or a style tag (good luck living without them) - the problem is you let them out. Any output on your site containing any user-given content is RISKY. Without sanitizing (de-HTMLifying) it, you're basically opening your site up for XSS attacks, anyone can insert a <script> tag into your content, and that is bad news. Like, baaaad news.

Never output any user input without making dead sure it's harmless.

So, while iframes are innocent again, the takeaway is: don't make them display 3rd-party content unless you trust the source. In other words, don't include untrusted content in your site. (Also, don't jump in front of fast-approaching freight trains. Duuh.)

3. You display your own content in an iframe

This one is obviously harmless. Your page is trusted, the inner content of the iframe is trusted, nothing can go wrong. Iframe is no magic trick; it's just an encapsulation technique, you absolutely have the right to show a piece of your content in a sandbox. It's much like putting it inside a div or anything else, only it will have its own document environment.

TL;DR

• Case 1: doesn't matter if you use iframes or not,
• Case 2: not an iframe problem,
• Case 3: absolutely harmless case.

Please stop believing urban legends. The truth is, iframe-s are totally safe. You could as well blame script tags for being dangerous; anything can cause trouble when maliciously inserted in a site. But how did they insert it in the first place? There must be an existing backend vulnerability if someone was able to inject html content into a site. Blaming one piece of technology for a common attack (instead of finding the real cause) is just a synonym for keeping security holes open. Find the dragon behind the fire.

Unsanitized output is bad; iframes are not.
Stop the witch-hunt.

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UPDATE:
There is an attribute called sandbox, worth checking out: https://www.w3schools.com/tags/att_sandbox.asp

UPDATE 2:
Before you comment against iframes - please think about hammers. Hammers are dangerous. They also don't look very nice, they're difficult to swim with, bad for teeth, and some guy in a movie once misused a hammer causing serious injuries. Also, just googled it and tons of literature says mortals can't even move them. If this looks like a good reason to never ever use a hammer again, iframes may not be your real enemy. Sorry for going offroad.

"Dangerous" and "Security risk" are not the first things that spring to mind when people mention iframes … but they can be used in clickjacking attacks.

iframe is also vulnerable to Cross Frame Scripting:

• https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Cross_Frame_Scripting