This way of specifying the encoding of a Python file comes from [PEP 0263 - Defining Python Source Code Encodings][1].

It is also recognized by GNU Emacs (see [Python Language Reference, 2.1.4 Encoding declarations][2]), though I don&#39;t know if it was the first program to use that syntax.


  [1]: http://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0263/
  [2]: http://www.network-theory.co.uk/docs/pylang/Encodingdeclarations.html

`# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-` is a Python 2 thing.

In Python 3.0+ the default encoding of source files [is already UTF-8][1] so you can safely delete that line because unless it says something other than [some variation][2] of &quot;`uft-8`&quot;, it has no effect. See https://stackoverflow.com/q/14083111/3064538

---

[`pyupgrade`][3] is a tool you can run on your code to remove those comments and other no-longer-useful leftovers from Python 2, like having all your classes inherit from `object`.


  [1]: https://docs.python.org/3/howto/unicode.html#the-string-type
  [2]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/codecs.html#standard-encodings
  [3]: https://pypi.org/project/pyupgrade/

This is so called file local variables, that are understood by Emacs and set correspondingly.  See corresponding [section in Emacs manual][1] - you can define them either in header or in footer of file


  [1]: https://www.gnu.org/software/libtool/manual/emacs/Specifying-File-Variables.html#Specifying-File-Variables

In PyCharm, I&#39;d leave it out. It turns off the UTF-8 indicator at the bottom with a warning that the encoding is hard-coded. Don&#39;t think you need the PyCharm comment mentioned above.

I&#39;m making a simple, very lightweight front-controller. I need to match request paths to different handlers (actions) in order to choose the correct one.

On my local machine [`HttpServletRequest.getPathInfo()`][1] and [`HttpServletRequest.getRequestURI()`][2] return the same results. But I&#39;m not sure what will they return in the production environment.

So, what&#39;s the difference between these method and what should I choose?


  [1]: http://download.oracle.com/javaee/5/api/javax/servlet/http/HttpServletRequest.html#getPathInfo()
  [2]: http://download.oracle.com/javaee/5/api/javax/servlet/http/HttpServletRequest.html#getRequestURI()

What&#39;s the difference between getRequestURI and getPathInfo methods in HttpServletRequest?

You often see example hello world code for Node that creates an Http Server, starts listening on a port, then followed by something along the lines of:

    console.log(&#39;Server is listening on port 8000&#39;);

But ideally you&#39;d want this instead:

    console.log(&#39;Server is listening on port &#39; + server.port);

How do I retrieve the port the server is currently listening on without storing the number in a variable prior to calling `server.listen()`?

I&#39;ve seen this done before but I can&#39;t find it in the Node documentation. Maybe it&#39;s something specific to express?

    

NodeJS: How to get the server&#39;s port?

Python recognizes the following as instruction which defines file&#39;s encoding:

```none
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
```

I definitely saw this kind of instructions before (`-*- var: value -*-`). Where does it come from? What is the full specification, e.g. can the value include spaces, special symbols, newlines, even `-*-` itself?

My program will be writing plain text files and I&#39;d like to include some metadata in them using this format.

Where does this come from: -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

Python recognizes the following as instruction which defines file's encoding:
<pre><code class="hljs language-markdown"># -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
</code></pre>
I definitely saw this kind of instructions before (<code>-*- var: value -*-</code>). Where does it come from? What is the full specification, e.g. can the value include spaces, special symbols, newlines, even <code>-*-</code> itself?
My program will be writing plain text files and I'd like to include some metadata in them using this format.

    &gt;&gt;&gt; class A(object): pass
    ... 
    &gt;&gt;&gt; A.__dict__
    &lt;dictproxy object at 0x173ef30&gt;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; A.__dict__.__dict__
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;&lt;string&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;fragment&gt;
    AttributeError: &#39;dictproxy&#39; object has no attribute &#39;__dict__&#39;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; A.__dict__.copy()
    {&#39;__dict__&#39;: &lt;attribute &#39;__dict__&#39; of &#39;A&#39; objects&gt; ... }
    &gt;&gt;&gt; A.__dict__[&#39;__dict__&#39;]
    &lt;attribute &#39;__dict__&#39; of &#39;A&#39; objects&gt; # What is this object?

If I do `A.something = 10`, this goes into `A.__dict__`. What **_is_** this `&lt;attribute &#39;__dict__&#39; of &#39;A&#39; objects&gt;` found in `A.__dict__.__dict__`, and when does it contain something?

What is the __dict__.__dict__ attribute of a Python class?

Suppose I have quantities of fruits of different colors, e.g., 24 blue bananas, 12 green apples, 0 blue strawberries and so on.
I&#39;d like to organize them in a data structure in Python that allows for easy selection and sorting. My idea was to put them into a dictionary with tuples as keys, e.g.,
```python
{
    (&#39;banana&#39;,    &#39;blue&#39; ): 24,
    (&#39;apple&#39;,     &#39;green&#39;): 12,
    (&#39;strawberry&#39;,&#39;blue&#39; ): 0,
    # ...
}
```
or even dictionaries, e.g.,
```python
{
    {&#39;fruit&#39;: &#39;banana&#39;,    &#39;color&#39;: &#39;blue&#39; }: 24,
    {&#39;fruit&#39;: &#39;apple&#39;,     &#39;color&#39;: &#39;green&#39;}: 12,
    {&#39;fruit&#39;: &#39;strawberry&#39;,&#39;color&#39;: &#39;blue&#39; }: 0,
    # ...
}
```
I&#39;d like to retrieve a list of all blue fruit, or bananas of all colors, for example, or to sort this dictionary by the name of the fruit. Are there ways to do this in a clean way?

It might well be that dictionaries with tuples as keys are not the _proper_ way to handle this situation.

All suggestions welcome!

Python: Tuples/dictionaries as keys, select, sort

I have a fairly complex &quot;product&quot; I&#39;m getting ready to build using Django. I&#39;m going to avoid using the terms &quot;project&quot; and &quot;application&quot; in this context, because I&#39;m not clear on their specific meaning in Django.

Projects can have many apps. Apps can be shared among many projects. Fine.

I&#39;m not reinventing the blog or forum - I don&#39;t see any portion of my product being reusable in any context. Intuitively, I would call this one &quot;application.&quot; Do I then do all my work in a single &quot;app&quot; folder?

*If so*... in terms of Django&#39;s `project.app` namespace, my inclination is to use `myproduct.myproduct`, but of course this isn&#39;t allowed (but the application I&#39;m building is my project, and my project is an application!). I&#39;m therefore lead to believe that perhaps I&#39;m supposed to approach Django by building one app per &quot;significant&quot; model, but I don&#39;t know where to draw the boundaries in my schema to separate it into apps - I have a lot of models with relatively complex relationships.

I&#39;m hoping there&#39;s a common solution to this...

Django: &quot;projects&quot; vs &quot;apps&quot;

Let&#39;s say I have a dictionary in which the keys map to integers like:

    d = {&#39;key1&#39;: 1,&#39;key2&#39;: 14,&#39;key3&#39;: 47}

Is there a syntactically minimalistic way to return the sum of the values in `d`—i.e. `62` in this case?


How to sum all the values in a dictionary?

here is my decorator:

    def check_domain(func):

        def wrapper(domain_id, *args, **kwargs):
            domain = get_object_or_None(Domain, id=domain_id)
            if not domain:
                return None
            return func(domain_id, *args, **kwargs)

        return wrapper

Here is a wrapped up function:

    @check_domain
    def collect_data(domain_id, from_date, to_date):
        do_stuff(...)

____

If I do `collect_data.__name__` I get `wrapper` instead of `collect_data`

**Any ideas?**

Get the name of a decorated function?

What is an easy way to count the number of times a word appears in a file? 

Count the number of times a word appears in a file

Is there a single way of detecting if a directory/file/symlink/etc. entity (more generalized) exists? 

I need a single function because I need to check an array of paths that could be directories, files or symlinks. I know `File.exists?&quot;file_path&quot;` works for directories and files but not for symlinks (which is `File.symlink?&quot;symlink_path&quot;`). 


How to check if a directory/file/symlink exists with one command in Ruby

I&#39;m reading a file through a FileReader - the file is UTF-8 decoded (with BOM) now my problem is: I read the file and output a string, but sadly the BOM marker is outputted too. Why this occurs?

    fr = new FileReader(file);
    br = new BufferedReader(fr);
    	String tmp = null;
    	while ((tmp = br.readLine()) != null) {
    	String text;	
        text = new String(tmp.getBytes(), &quot;UTF-8&quot;);
    	content += text + System.getProperty(&quot;line.separator&quot;);
    }

output after first line

    ?&lt;style&gt;

Reading UTF-8 - BOM marker

&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  
&gt; [Best way to iterate through a directory in java?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3154488/best-way-to-iterate-through-a-directory-in-java)  

&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;

I want to process each file in a certain directory using Java. 

What is the easiest (and most common) way of doing this?

How to iterate over the files of a certain directory, in Java?

My OS is Windows Vista.  I need to have a &quot;.bat&quot; file where I need to check if user enters any command-line parameter or not.   If does then if the parameter equals to `-b` then I will do something otherwise I will flag &quot;Invalid input&quot;. If user does not enter any command-line parameter then I will do something. I have created following .bat file. It works for `-b` and not-equal to `-b` cases - but it fails when user does not pass any command-line parameter.

I always get error:

    GOTO was unexpected at this time.

Can anyone tell me what am I doing wrong here?

&lt;hr&gt;

    ECHO OFF
    CLS
    ECHO.
    
    IF [%1]==[/?] GOTO BLANK
    
    IF %1==&quot;-b&quot; GOTO SPECIFIC
    
    IF NOT %1==&quot;-b&quot; GOTO UNKNOWN
    
    :SPECIFIC
    
    ECHO SPECIFIC
    
    GOTO DONE
    
    :BLANK
    
    ECHO No Parameter
    
    GOTO DONE
    
    :UNKNOWN
    
    ECHO Unknown Option
    
    GOTO DONE
    
    :DONE
    
    ECHO Done!



How to check command line parameter in &quot;.bat&quot; file?

How do you change the text of the button and disable a button in iOS?


change text of button and disable button in iOS

I would like to display a `&lt;text&gt;` in SVG what would auto-line-wrap to the container `&lt;rect&gt;` the same way as HTML text fills `&lt;div&gt;` elements. Is there a way to do it? I don&#39;t want to position lines separately by using `&lt;tspan&gt;`s.

Auto line-wrapping in SVG text

I want to extract only the text from the top-most element of my soup; however soup.text gives the text of all the child elements as well:

I have

    import BeautifulSoup
    soup=BeautifulSoup.BeautifulSoup(&#39;&lt;html&gt;yes&lt;b&gt;no&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/html&gt;&#39;)
    print soup.text

The output to this is `yesno`. I want simply &#39;yes&#39;.

What&#39;s the best way of achieving this?

**Edit**: I also want `yes` to be output when parsing &#39;`&lt;html&gt;&lt;b&gt;no&lt;/b&gt;yes&lt;/html&gt;`&#39;.

Only extracting text from this element, not its children

I&#39;ve done this before, but its not working for me now. I&#39;m doing:

	NSString* path = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:@&quot;test&quot; 
													 ofType:@&quot;txt&quot;];
	NSString* content = [NSString stringWithContentsOfFile:path
												  encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding
													 error:NULL];
	NSLog(@&quot;%@&quot;,path);

and it returns `(null)` every time when I NSLog path and content. Can anyone see what I&#39;m doing wrong?

Objective C: Reading text files

Currently I&#39;m getting the selected text in the browser doing this:

    window.getSelection();

Now I need to show a tooltip above that text when pressing a custom key(note that the mouse could not be over the text anymore), so in order to do that I need the absolute position of that selected text.

Is there a way to do that, maybe wrapping that text inside a tag and then getting the offsets? It just has to work in Chrome, not all browsers.


Getting selected text position

The SO post below is comprehensive, but all three methods described fail to encode for periods.

Post: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/332872/how-to-encode-a-url-in-javascript

For instance, if I run the three methods (i.e., escape, encodeURI, encodeURIComponent), none of them encode periods.

So &quot;food.store&quot; comes out as &quot;food.store,&quot; which breaks the URL.  It breaks the URL because the Rails app cannot recognize the URL as valid and displays the 404 error page.  Perhaps it&#39;s a configuration mistake in the Rails routes file?

What&#39;s the best way to encode periods with Javascript for URLs?

How to encode periods for URLs in Javascript?

I&#39;m trying to open a webpage using `urllib.request.urlopen()` then search it with regular expressions, but that gives the following error:

&gt; TypeError: can&#39;t use a string pattern on a bytes-like object

I understand why, `urllib.request.urlopen()` returns a bytestream, so `re` doesn&#39;t know the encoding to use. What am I supposed to do in this situation? Is there a way to specify the encoding method in a urlrequest maybe or will I need to re-encode the string myself? If so what am I looking to do, I assume I should read the encoding from the header info or the encoding type if specified in the html and then re-encode it to that?

How to handle response encoding from urllib.request.urlopen() , to avoid TypeError: can&#39;t use a string pattern on a bytes-like object

What do I have to do in Python to figure out which encoding a string has?

How do I check if a string is unicode or ascii?

I&#39;m getting a compile error at the following method.

    public static boolean isValidPasswd(String passwd) {
        String reg = &quot;^(?=.*[0-9])(?=.*[a-z])(?=.*[A-Z])(?=.*[~#;:?/@&amp;!\&quot;&#39;%*=&#172;.,-])(?=[^\\s]+$).{8,24}$&quot;;
        return Pattern.matches(reg, passwd);
    }

&lt;pre&gt;
at Utility.java:[76,74] unmappable character for 
enoding UTF-8. 74th character is&#39; &quot; &#39;
&lt;/pre&gt;

How can I fix this? Thanks.


&quot;Unmappable character for encoding UTF-8&quot; error

Like, &lt;kbd&gt;Control&lt;/kbd&gt;-&lt;kbd&gt;A&lt;/kbd&gt; (select all) followed by delete?

Emacs: what is the shortcut key to clear buffer?

I know how to go to a variable definition in Emacs using `semantic-mode`. It works well in a single file (I think it doesn&#39;t work if the definition is in another file). Using `C-c , j`, I can go to the definition of the variable, but, how do I jump back to the previous line? Currently I use display Symref `C-c , g`, and select the displayed symref. 

Is there any straight method?

In Emacs, how to go back to previous line position after using semantic Jump to Symbol?

I have emacs split horizontally - on top I&#39;m editing Perl code, the bottom is the shell. By default emacs makes the two windows equal in size, but I&#39;d like the shell buffer smaller (maybe half the size?). I was wondering how I could do that.

How to change size of split screen emacs windows?

I reciently switched to emacs starter kit which includes the ido package.

ido has a nice feature that suggests paths when find-file which is usually very handy except when trying to create a new file.  When the new file name matches a suggestion in another path ido automatically switches to that path assuming that&#39;s what I wanted, but usually its not and I find it annoying.   

To workaround the issue I either touch newfile from shell, create a new buffer and save as, or M-x find-file to get the original behavior.  I could of course rebind C-x C-f to find-file again but must of the time I like ido-find-file, I just want it to stop automatically switching paths when I type the path explicitly.      

I figure there is probably some simple key I can press during ido-find-file to tell it that the file I&#39;m looking for does not exist and to stop making suggestions, or some var I can set to get more desirable behavior?


emacs create new file with ido enabled

How to remove all newlines from selected region in Emacs?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	hamstergene	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Andrea Spadaccini	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Boris Verkhovskiy	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Python	Alex Ott	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Python	cwp393	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Where does this come from: -- coding: utf-8 --

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

Solution 3 - Python

Solution 4 - Python

NodeJS: How to get the server's port?

What's the difference between getRequestURI and getPathInfo methods in HttpServletRequest?

Attributions