The code in `__init__.py` is run whenever you import *anything* from the package. That includes importing other modules in that package.

The style of import (`import packagename` or `from packagename import some_name`) doesn&#39;t matter here.

Like all modules, the code is run just once, and entered into `sys.modules` under the package name.

I am try to create a swagger file with the following path:
    paths:
       /v1/customers/{id}/summary :

However I get the following error right off bat:

API requires path parameter but it is not defined: id
at paths ▹ /v1/customers/{id}/summary

It does not seem to like the &#39;id&#39; parameter. Could anybody tell me how I could rectify this?

If I drill down on this I see the following:

    Details
     Object
     swaggerError: Object
     errors: Array [1]
     0: Object
    code:  &quot;MISSING_API_PATH_PARAMETER&quot;
    message:  &quot;API requires path parameter but it is not defined: id&quot;
    data:  &quot;/v1/customers/{id}/summary&quot;
     path: Array [2]
     warnings: Array [0]

Swagger:Issue with Path parameter

Because objects are reference types, not value types, if you set a `UIView` equal to another `UIView`, the views are the same object. If you modify one you&#39;ll modifying the other as well.

I have an interesting situation where I would like to add a `UIView` as a subview in another view, then I make some modifications, and those modifications should not affect the original `UIView`. How can I make a copy of the `UIView` so I can ensure I add that copy as a subview instead of a reference to the original `UIView`? 

Note that I can&#39;t recreate the view in the same way the original was created, I need some way to create a copy given any `UIView` object.

Create a copy of a UIView in Swift

I have read the documentation and there is something I&#39;m still not sure about. Does all the initialisation code for the whole module in `__init__.py` get run if I do:

    from mymodule import mything

or only if I do 

    import mymodule

What gets run from `__init__.py` and when does it get run?

I&#39;m sure I could also test this fairly easy, but for posterity and helpfulness for others, I thought I&#39;d ask here.

When does code in __init__.py get run?

I have read the documentation and there is something I'm still not sure about. Does all the initialisation code for the whole module in <code>__init__.py</code> get run if I do:
<pre><code class="hljs language-javascript">from mymodule import mything
</code></pre>
or only if I do
<pre><code class="hljs language-arduino">import mymodule
</code></pre>
What gets run from <code>__init__.py</code> and when does it get run?
I'm sure I could also test this fairly easy, but for posterity and helpfulness for others, I thought I'd ask here.

Is there a way to configure PyCharm to be able to surround selected code with parenthesis by just typing on the parenthesis key, like when we use SublimText 2?



How to surround selected text in PyCharm like with Sublime Text

I have `users` table in my MySql database. This table has `id`, `name` and `age` fields.

How can I delete some record by `id`?

Now I use the following code:

    user = User.query.get(id)
    db.session.delete(user)
    db.session.commit()

But I don&#39;t want to make any query before delete operation. Is there any way to do this? I know, I can use `db.engine.execute(&quot;delete from users where id=...&quot;)`, but I would like to use `delete()` method.

How to delete a record by id in Flask-SQLAlchemy

I have such script:

    import argparse
    
    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
                    description=&#39;Text file conversion.&#39;
                    )
    parser.add_argument(&quot;inputfile&quot;,   help=&quot;file to process&quot;, type=str)
    parser.add_argument(&quot;-o&quot;, &quot;--out&quot;, default=&quot;output.txt&quot;,
                        help=&quot;output name&quot;)
    parser.add_argument(&quot;-t&quot;, &quot;--type&quot;, default=&quot;detailed&quot;,
                        help=&quot;Type of processing&quot;)
    
    args = parser.parse_args()
    
    for arg in args:
        print(arg)

But it doesnt work. I get error:

    TypeError: &#39;Namespace&#39; object is not iterable

How to iterate over arguments and their value?

How to iterate over arguments

&gt; **TL;DR**: I need a way to decode a QR-code from an image file using (preferable pure) Python.

I&#39;ve got a jpg file with a QR-code which I want to decode using Python. I&#39;ve found a couple libraries which claim to do this:

**PyQRCode** ([website here][1]) which supposedly can decode qr codes from images by simply providing a path like this:

    import sys, qrcode
    d = qrcode.Decoder()
    if d.decode(&#39;out.png&#39;):
        print &#39;result: &#39; + d.result
    else:
        print &#39;error: &#39; + d.error

So I simply installed it using `sudo pip install pyqrcode`. The thing I find strange about the example code above however, is that it only imports `qrcode` (and not `pyqrcode` though) Since I think `qrcode` refers to [this library][2] which can only *generate* qr-code images it kind of confused me. So I tried the code above with both `pyqrcode` and `qrcode`, but both fail at the second line saying `AttributeError: &#39;module&#39; object has no attribute &#39;Decoder&#39;`. Furthermore, [the website][1] refers to Ubuntu 8.10 (which came out more than 6 years ago) and I can&#39;t find a public (git or other) repository of it to check the latest commit. So I moved on to the next library:


**ZBar** ([website here][3]) claims to be `&quot;an open source software suite for reading bar codes from various sources, such as image files.&quot;` So I tried installing it on Mac OSX running `sudo pip install zbar`. This fails with `error: command &#39;cc&#39; failed with exit status 1`. I tried to suggestions in the answers to [this SO question][4], but I can&#39;t seem to solve it. So I decided to move on again:

**QRTools**, which according to [this blogpost][5] can decode images easily by using the following code:

    from qrtools import QR
    myCode = QR(filename=u&quot;/home/psutton/Documents/Python/qrcodes/qrcode.png&quot;)
    if myCode.decode():
      print myCode.data
      print myCode.data_type
      print myCode.data_to_string()

So I tried installing it using `sudo pip install qrtools`, which can&#39;t find anything. I also tried it with `python-qrtools`, `qr-tools`, `python-qrtools` and a couple more combinations, but unfortunately to no avail. I suppose it refers to [this repo][6] which says it is based on ZBar (see above). Although I want to run my code on Heroku (and thus prefer a pure Python solution) I successfully installed it on a Linux box (with `sudo apt-get install python-qrtools`) and tried running it:

    from qrtools import QR
    c = QR(filename=&#39;/home/kramer65/qrcode.jpg&#39;)
    c.data  # prints u&#39;NULL&#39;
    c.data_type  # prints u&#39;text&#39;
    c.data_to_string()  # prints &#39;\xef\xbb\xbfNULL&#39; where I expect an int (being `1234567890`)


Although this seems to decode it, It doesn&#39;t seem to do it correctly. It furthermore needs ZBar and is thus not pure Python. So I decided to find yet another library.

**PyXing** ([website here][7]) is supposedly a Python port of the popular Java [ZXing library][8], but the initial and only commit is 6 years old and the project has no readme or documentation whatsoever.

For the rest I found a couple qr-**en**coders (not **de**coders) and some API endpoints which can decode for you. Since I don&#39;t like this service to be dependent on other API endpoints I would want to keep the decoding local though.

So to conclude; would anybody know how I can decode QR-codes from images in (preferable pure) Python? All tips are welcome!


  [1]: http://pyqrcode.sourceforge.net/
  [2]: https://github.com/lincolnloop/python-qrcode
  [3]: http://zbar.sourceforge.net/
  [4]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/22697440/cc-failed-with-exit-status-1-error-when-install-python-library
  [5]: http://zleap.net/python-qr-code-reader/
  [6]: https://launchpad.net/qr-tools
  [7]: https://github.com/holizz/pyxing
  [8]: https://github.com/zxing/zxing/

How to decode a QR-code image in (preferably pure) Python?

I am getting a `ValueError: cannot reindex from a duplicate axis` when I am trying to set an index to a certain value. I tried to reproduce this with a simple example, but I could not do it.

Here is my session inside of `ipdb` trace. I have a DataFrame with string index, and integer columns, float values. However when I try to create `sum` index for sum of all columns I am getting `ValueError: cannot reindex from a duplicate axis` error. I created a small DataFrame with the same characteristics, but was not able to reproduce the problem, what could I be missing?

I don&#39;t really understand what `ValueError: cannot reindex from a duplicate axis`means, what does this error message mean? Maybe this will help me diagnose the problem, and this is most answerable part of my question.

    ipdb&gt; type(affinity_matrix)
    &lt;class &#39;pandas.core.frame.DataFrame&#39;&gt;
    ipdb&gt; affinity_matrix.shape
    (333, 10)
    ipdb&gt; affinity_matrix.columns
    Int64Index([9315684, 9315597, 9316591, 9320520, 9321163, 9320615, 9321187, 9319487, 9319467, 9320484], dtype=&#39;int64&#39;)
    ipdb&gt; affinity_matrix.index
    Index([u&#39;001&#39;, u&#39;002&#39;, u&#39;003&#39;, u&#39;004&#39;, u&#39;005&#39;, u&#39;008&#39;, u&#39;009&#39;, u&#39;010&#39;, u&#39;011&#39;, u&#39;014&#39;, u&#39;015&#39;, u&#39;016&#39;, u&#39;018&#39;, u&#39;020&#39;, u&#39;021&#39;, u&#39;022&#39;, u&#39;024&#39;, u&#39;025&#39;, u&#39;026&#39;, u&#39;027&#39;, u&#39;028&#39;, u&#39;029&#39;, u&#39;030&#39;, u&#39;032&#39;, u&#39;033&#39;, u&#39;034&#39;, u&#39;035&#39;, u&#39;036&#39;, u&#39;039&#39;, u&#39;040&#39;, u&#39;041&#39;, u&#39;042&#39;, u&#39;043&#39;, u&#39;044&#39;, u&#39;045&#39;, u&#39;047&#39;, u&#39;047&#39;, u&#39;048&#39;, u&#39;050&#39;, u&#39;053&#39;, u&#39;054&#39;, u&#39;055&#39;, u&#39;056&#39;, u&#39;057&#39;, u&#39;058&#39;, u&#39;059&#39;, u&#39;060&#39;, u&#39;061&#39;, u&#39;062&#39;, u&#39;063&#39;, u&#39;065&#39;, u&#39;067&#39;, u&#39;068&#39;, u&#39;069&#39;, u&#39;070&#39;, u&#39;071&#39;, u&#39;072&#39;, u&#39;073&#39;, u&#39;074&#39;, u&#39;075&#39;, u&#39;076&#39;, u&#39;077&#39;, u&#39;078&#39;, u&#39;080&#39;, u&#39;082&#39;, u&#39;083&#39;, u&#39;084&#39;, u&#39;085&#39;, u&#39;086&#39;, u&#39;089&#39;, u&#39;090&#39;, u&#39;091&#39;, u&#39;092&#39;, u&#39;093&#39;, u&#39;094&#39;, u&#39;095&#39;, u&#39;096&#39;, u&#39;097&#39;, u&#39;098&#39;, u&#39;100&#39;, u&#39;101&#39;, u&#39;103&#39;, u&#39;104&#39;, u&#39;105&#39;, u&#39;106&#39;, u&#39;107&#39;, u&#39;108&#39;, u&#39;109&#39;, u&#39;110&#39;, u&#39;111&#39;, u&#39;112&#39;, u&#39;113&#39;, u&#39;114&#39;, u&#39;115&#39;, u&#39;116&#39;, u&#39;117&#39;, u&#39;118&#39;, u&#39;119&#39;, u&#39;121&#39;, u&#39;122&#39;, ...], dtype=&#39;object&#39;)

    ipdb&gt; affinity_matrix.values.dtype
    dtype(&#39;float64&#39;)
    ipdb&gt; &#39;sums&#39; in affinity_matrix.index
    False

Here is the error:

    ipdb&gt; affinity_matrix.loc[&#39;sums&#39;] = affinity_matrix.sum(axis=0)
    *** ValueError: cannot reindex from a duplicate axis

I tried to reproduce this with a simple example, but I failed

    In [32]: import pandas as pd
    
    In [33]: import numpy as np
    
    In [34]: a = np.arange(35).reshape(5,7)
    
    In [35]: df = pd.DataFrame(a, [&#39;x&#39;, &#39;y&#39;, &#39;u&#39;, &#39;z&#39;, &#39;w&#39;], range(10, 17))
    
    In [36]: df.values.dtype
    Out[36]: dtype(&#39;int64&#39;)
    
    In [37]: df.loc[&#39;sums&#39;] = df.sum(axis=0)
    
    In [38]: df
    Out[38]: 
          10  11  12  13  14  15   16
    x      0   1   2   3   4   5    6
    y      7   8   9  10  11  12   13
    u     14  15  16  17  18  19   20
    z     21  22  23  24  25  26   27
    w     28  29  30  31  32  33   34
    sums  70  75  80  85  90  95  100




Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	crobar	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Martijn Pieters	View Answer on Stackoverflow

When does code in init.py get run?

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Create a copy of a UIView in Swift

Swagger:Issue with Path parameter

Attributions