Given for example:

    UriBuilder builder = new UriBuilder(&quot;http://somehost/somepath&quot;);
    builder.Query = &quot;somekey=&quot; + HttpUtility.UrlEncode(&quot;some+value&quot;);
    Uri someUri = builder.Uri;

In this case,
`Uri.ToString()` will return a human-readable URL: http://somehost/somepath?somekey=some+value

`Uri.AbsoluteUri` on the other hand will return the encoded form as HttpUtility.UrlEncode returned it: `http://somehost/somepath?somekey=some%2bvalue`

*Additionally:* If your `Uri` is a **relative** `Uri` `AbsoluteUri` will fail, `ToString()` not.

    Uri uri = new Uri(&quot;fuu/bar.xyz&quot;, UriKind.Relative);
    string str1 = uri.ToString(); // &quot;fuu/bar.xyz&quot;
    string str2 = uri.AbsoluteUri; // InvalidOperationException

Why not check and use the correct one? 

    string GetUrl(Uri uri) =&gt; uri?.IsAbsoluteUri == true ? uri?.AbsoluteUri : uri?.ToString();

Since everybody seems to think that `uri.AbsoluteUri` is better, but because it fails with relative paths, then probably the universal way would be:

    Uri uri = new Uri(&quot;fuu/bar.xyz&quot;, UriKind.Relative);
    string notCorruptUri = Uri.EscapeUriString(uri.ToString());



The following example writes the complete contents of the Uri instance to the console. In the example shown, 

http://www.cartechnewz.com/catalog/shownew.htm?date=today

 is written to the console.

    Uri baseUri = new Uri(&quot;http://www.cartechnewz.com&quot;);
    Uri myUri = new Uri(baseUri, &quot;catalog/shownew.htm?date=today&quot;);
    Console.WriteLine(myUri.AbsoluteUri);

  
The AbsoluteUri property includes the entire URI stored in the Uri instance, including all fragments and query strings.

I have a function with a decorator that I&#39;m trying test with the help of the Python [Mock][1] library. I&#39;d like to use `mock.patch` to replace the real decorator with a mock &#39;bypass&#39; decorator which just calls the function.

What I can&#39;t figure out is how to apply the patch before the real decorator wraps the function. I&#39;ve tried a few different variations on the patch target and reordering the patch and import statements, but without success. Any ideas?

  [1]: http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/

Can I patch a Python decorator before it wraps a function?

Wonder if there are any nontrivial ways of finding number&#39;s sign ([signum function](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signum_function))?  
May be shorter / faster / more elegant solutions than the obvious one

    var sign = number &gt; 0 ? 1 : number &lt; 0 ? -1 : 0;

------------

## Short answer!
Use this and you&#39;ll be safe and fast (source: [moz](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Math/sign))
```js
if (!Math.sign) Math.sign = function(x) { return ((x &gt; 0) - (x &lt; 0)) || +x; };
```

You may want to look at performance and type-coercing comparison [fiddle](http://jsfiddle.net/disfated/NJFSa/)


&gt; Long time has passed. Further is mainly for historical reasons.



-----

## Results
For now we have these solutions:

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

**1.** Obvious and fast

    function sign(x) { return x &gt; 0 ? 1 : x &lt; 0 ? -1 : 0; }

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

**1.1.** Modification from [kbec](/users/854291/kbec) - one type cast less, more performant, shorter **[fastest]**

    function sign(x) { return x ? x &lt; 0 ? -1 : 1 : 0; }

_caution:_ `sign(&quot;0&quot;) -&gt; 1`

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

**2.** Elegant, short, not so fast **[slowest]**

    function sign(x) { return x &amp;&amp; x / Math.abs(x); }

_caution:_ `sign(+-Infinity) -&gt; NaN`, `sign(&quot;0&quot;) -&gt; NaN`

As of `Infinity` is a legal number in JS this solution doesn&#39;t seem fully correct.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

**3.** The art... but very slow **[slowest]**

    function sign(x) { return (x &gt; 0) - (x &lt; 0); }

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

**4.** Using bit-shift  
    *fast, but `sign(-Infinity) -&gt; 0`*

    function sign(x) { return (x &gt;&gt; 31) + (x &gt; 0 ? 1 : 0); }

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

**5.** Type-safe **[megafast]**

**!** Seems like browsers (especially chrome&#39;s v8) make some magic optimizations and this solution turns out to be much more performant than others, even than (1.1) despite it contains 2 extra operations and logically never can&#39;t be faster.

    function sign(x) {
        return typeof x === &#39;number&#39; ? x ? x &lt; 0 ? -1 : 1 : x === x ? 0 : NaN : NaN;
    }

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

## Tools

 - [jsperf](http://jsperf.com/signs/3) preformance tests;
 - [fiddle](http://jsfiddle.net/disfated/NJFSa/) - type-cast tests;

Improvements are welcome!

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

### [Offtopic] Accepted answer

 - [Andrey Tarantsov](/a/14418335/489553) - +100 for the art, but sadly it is about 5 times slower than the obvious approach

 - [Fr&#233;d&#233;ric Hamidi](/a/7624945/489553) - somehow the most upvoted answer (for the time writing) and it&#39;s kinda cool, but it&#39;s definitely not how things should be done, imho. Also it doesn&#39;t correctly handle Infinity numbers, which are also numbers, you know.

 - [kbec](/a/9079549/489553) - is an improvement of the obvious solution. Not that revolutionary, but taking all together I consider this approach the best. Vote for him :)

Number.sign() in javascript

As a comment to an Azure question just now, @smarx noted

&gt; I think it&#39;s generally better to do blob.Uri.AbsoluteUri than
&gt; blob.Uri.ToString().

Is there a reason for this? The documentation for `Uri.AbsoluteUri` notes that it &quot;Gets the absolute URI&quot;, `Uri.ToString()` &quot;Gets a canonical string representation for the specified instance.&quot;



What&#39;s the difference between Uri.ToString() and Uri.AbsoluteUri?

As a comment to an Azure question just now, @smarx noted
> I think it's generally better to do blob.Uri.AbsoluteUri than
> blob.Uri.ToString().
Is there a reason for this? The documentation for <code>Uri.AbsoluteUri</code> notes that it "Gets the absolute URI", <code>Uri.ToString()</code> "Gets a canonical string representation for the specified instance."

I have a Windows forms app powered by C# and Visual Studio 2010.

How can I minimize my app to system tray (not taskbar), then bring it back when doubled click in the system tray? any idea? also, how can I make some menu in the icon in system tray and when I right click it, it shows a menu like Login, Disconnect, Connect, something like that.
Also, are there any methods to show like a baloon popping up from the system tray?

PS: I already added a notifyIcon, but I do not know how to use it.

minimize app to system tray

I&#39;ve set up a SignalR hub to communicate between the server and client. The hub server side code is stored in a class called Hooking.cs. What I want is to be able to call a method defined in Hooking.cs to allow me to broadcast messages to any connected clients from anywhere in my application. It seems that a new instance of Hooking.cs is created for every client/server call, so I had hoped that I would be able to use something like

    var hooking = new Hooking();
    hooking.Test();

with the method Test() defined in Hooking.cs such as

    public static void Test() {
        Clients.test()
    }

and with a the client side javascript

    var hooking = $.connection.hooking;
    hooking.test = function() { alert(&quot;test worked&quot;); };
    $.connection.hub.start()

----------

Unfortunately it isn&#39;t that simple, as Clients is not static, so not accessible from a static method.

Looking through the SignalR source code I came across a method that looked promising, `Hubs.Invoke(string hubName, string method, params object[] args)`, so I would hope I could use something such as `Hubs.Invoke(&quot;Hooking&quot;, &quot;Test&quot;)` but I can&#39;t make it work.

Any help with this would be hugely appreciated

Calling SignalR hub clients from elsewhere in system

I am trying to figure out how to write a Hyperlink inside a cell using EPPlus instead of the cell containing the link text. I need it to be recognized as a link and be clickable.

Any help is appreciated.

How to create a link inside a cell using EPPlus

It seems to me that the `is` operator is a bit inconsistent.

    bool Test()
    {
        // Returns false, but should return true.
        return null is string;
    }

One expects that the `null` value belongs to any reference (or nullable) type. And indeed, the C# language specification says something which supports this hypothesis, for example (6.1.6 Implicit reference conversions):
&gt; The implicit reference conversions are: &lt;br&gt;
&gt; ... &lt;br&gt;
&gt; •	From the null literal to any reference-type.

The description (7.10.10 The is operator) of the `is` operator starts by saying that the expression `(E is T)` will result in true when a reference conversion from `E` to `T` exists, but then the authors go on by explicitly excluding the case when `E` is the `null` literal or has a `null` value.

Why do they do that? To me it seems counterintuitive.

Why does the is operator return false when given null?

I want to create a Generic DataGrid to use on all my Views/UserControls.

This is my structure:

`Class Library` called `&quot;Core&quot;`:

`Class` called `&quot;ViewBase&quot;`:

    public class ViewBase : UserControl
    {
        public ViewBase()
        {
        }   
        
        //Rest of Methods and Properties
    }

`Class Library` called `&quot;Controls&quot;`:

`UserControl` Called `&quot;GridView&quot;`:

XAML:

        &lt;vb:ViewBase x:Class=&quot;Controls.GridView&quot;
                 xmlns=&quot;http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation&quot;
                 xmlns:x=&quot;http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml&quot;
                 xmlns:mc=&quot;http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006&quot; 
                 xmlns:vb=&quot;clr-namespace:Core;assembly=Core&quot;&gt;

        &lt;Grid&gt;
            &lt;DataGrid&gt;&lt;/DataGrid&gt;
        &lt;/Grid&gt;

        &lt;/vb:ViewBase&gt;


Code Behind:

    using Core;

    public partial class GridView : ViewBase
    {
        public GridView ()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
        }
    }

Then is the WPF Aplication called &quot;WPFApp&quot;:

`Class` called `&quot;View&quot;`:

    using Controls;

    public class View : GridView
    {
        public View()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
        }
    }


My whole idea is to use `GridView` where i need a `DataGrid`.

When i run the application i get this error:

    &quot;The component &#39;WpfApp.View&#39; does not have a resource identified by the URI &#39;/Controls;component/GridView.xaml&#39;.&quot;

What am i doing wrong?

Is this the correct approach or am i way off?

The component does not have a resource identified by the uri

I have an object graph sprinkled with DataAnnotation attributes, where some properties of objects are classes which themselves have validation attributes, and so on.

In the following scenario:

    public class Employee
    {
        [Required]
        public string Name { get; set; }
    
        [Required]
        public Address Address { get; set; }
    }
    
    public class Address
    {
        [Required]
        public string Line1 { get; set; }
    
        public string Line2 { get; set; }
    
        [Required]
        public string Town { get; set; }
    
        [Required]
        public string PostalCode { get; set; }
    }

If I try to validate an `Employee`&#39;s `Address` with no value for `PostalCode`, then I would like (and expect) an exception, but I get none. Here&#39;s how I&#39;m doing it:

    var employee = new Employee
    {
        Name = &quot;Neil Barnwell&quot;,
        Address = new Address
        {
            Line1 = &quot;My Road&quot;,
            Town = &quot;My Town&quot;,
            PostalCode = &quot;&quot; // &lt;- INVALID!
        }
    };

    Validator.ValidateObject(employee, new ValidationContext(employee, null, null));

What other options do I have with `Validator` that would ensure all properties are validated *recursively*?


DataAnnotations: Recursively validating an entire object graph

In Windows 8; I would like to pass the contents of a MemoryStream to a class that accepts a parameter of type Windows.Storage.Streams.IRandomAccessStream. Is there any way to convert this MemoryStream to an IRandomAccessStream?

Is there a way to convert a System.IO.Stream to a Windows.Storage.Streams.IRandomAccessStream?

I have a class divided in two partial files, like this:

    public partial class PersonRepository : BaseRepository&lt;Person&gt;
    {
        public static readonly string ColumnID = &quot;ID&quot;;
        ...

and

    public partial class PersonRepository : BaseRepository&lt;Person&gt;
    {
        public List&lt;Person&gt; GetByCompany(int companyID, string sortExpression = ColumnID)
        {
        ...

But the compiler keeps saying that `sortExpression` &quot;must be a compile-time constant&quot;. To me it seems a perfect compile-time constant, so I don&#39;t understand where the problem is.

Optional parameters &quot;must be a compile-time constant&quot;

&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  
&gt; [How can I assign the &amp;#39;Close on Escape-key press&amp;#39; behavior to all WPF windows within a project?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3863431/how-can-i-assign-the-close-on-escape-key-press-behavior-to-all-wpf-windows-with)  

&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;

I want to close the windows in my wpf project when the user clicks the escape button. I don&#39;t want to write the code in every window but want to create a class which can catch the when the user press the escape key.

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Jeremy McGee	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - C#	Ofer Zelig	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - C#	ordag	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - C#	Rohit Vipin Mathews	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - C#	G. Stoynev	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 5 - C#	AKMDD Ken	View Answer on Stackoverflow

What's the difference between Uri.ToString() and Uri.AbsoluteUri?

C# Problem Overview

C# Solutions

Solution 1 - C#

Solution 2 - C#

Solution 3 - C#

Solution 4 - C#

Solution 5 - C#

Number.sign() in javascript

Can I patch a Python decorator before it wraps a function?

Attributions