`#!/usr/bin/python` is hardcoded to always run `/usr/bin/python`, while `#!/usr/bin/env python` will run whichever `python` would be default in your current environment (it will take in account for example `$PATH`, you can check which python interpreter will be used with `which python`). 

The second way ( `#!/usr/bin/env python` ) is preferred , as it&#39;s not dependent on particular installation. It will work for example with `virtualenv` setups or systems where there is no `/usr/bin/python`, but only e.g. `/usr/local/bin/python`.

&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  
&gt; [In Java how do a read/convert an InputStream in to a string?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/309424/in-java-how-do-a-read-convert-an-inputstream-in-to-a-string)  

&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;

Hi, I want to convert this BufferedInputStream into my string. How can I do this?


    BufferedInputStream in = new BufferedInputStream(sktClient.getInputStream() );
    String a= in.read();


BufferedInputStream To String Conversion?

Right now I&#39;m using this which works for the development host, but I have to manually change the {:host =&gt; &quot;&quot;} code when I move to production.

### post.rb

    def share_all
      url =  Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.post_url(self, :host =&gt; &#39;localhost:3000&#39;)
      if user.authentications.where(:provider =&gt; &#39;twitter&#39;).any?
        user.twitter_share(url)  
      end
    end

I&#39;d like to use this and then define the default_url_options per environment:

### post.rb

    def share_all
      url =  Rails.application.routes.url_helpers.post_url(self)
      if user.authentications.where(:provider =&gt; &#39;twitter&#39;).any?
        user.twitter_share(url)  
      end
    end


I&#39;ve tried adding this to my config/environments/development.rb but I still get the &quot;Missing host to link to! Please provide :host parameter or set default_url_options[:host]&quot; error 

### development.rb

    config.action_controller.default_url_options = {:host =&gt; &quot;localhost:3000&quot;}


And I even tried it this way:

### development.rb 
    config.action_controller.default_url_options = {:host =&gt; &quot;localhost&quot;, :port =&gt; &quot;3000&quot;}



EDIT:

I&#39;ve now also followed this and still the same error guide http://edgeguides.rubyonrails.org/action_controller_overview.html#default_url_options

### application controller

    class ApplicationController &lt; ActionController::Base
      protect_from_forgery
      include ApplicationHelper
      def default_url_options
        if Rails.env.production?
          { :host =&gt; &quot;example.com&quot;}
        else
          {:host =&gt; &quot;example1.com&quot;}
        end
      end
    end

This is driving me crazy, what am I missing here???

How to set config.action_controller.default_url_options = {:host = &#39;#&#39;&#39;} on per environment basis

I used to use the shebang 

    #!/usr/bin/env python

When is it better to use

    #!/usr/bin/python

What is the exact difference between them?

What&#39;s the difference between python shebangs with /usr/bin/env rather than hard-path?

I used to use the shebang
<pre><code class="hljs language-javascript">#!/usr/bin/env python
</code></pre>
When is it better to use
<pre><code class="hljs language-javascript">#!/usr/bin/python
</code></pre>
What is the exact difference between them?

I want to build a query for sunburnt(solr interface) using class inheritance and therefore adding key - value pairs together. The sunburnt interface takes keyword arguments. How can I transform a dict `({&#39;type&#39;:&#39;Event&#39;})` into keyword arguments `(type=&#39;Event&#39;)`?

Converting Python dict to kwargs?

I have managed to get my first python script to work which downloads a list of .ZIP files from a URL and then proceeds to extract the ZIP files and writes them to disk.

I am now at a loss to achieve the next step. 

My primary goal is to download and extract the zip file and pass the contents (CSV data) via a TCP stream. I would prefer not to actually write any of the zip or extracted files to disk if I could get away with it.

Here is my current script which works but unfortunately has to write the files to disk.

    import urllib, urllister
    import zipfile
    import urllib2
    import os
    import time
    import pickle
    
    # check for extraction directories existence
    if not os.path.isdir(&#39;downloaded&#39;):
    	os.makedirs(&#39;downloaded&#39;)
    
    if not os.path.isdir(&#39;extracted&#39;):
    	os.makedirs(&#39;extracted&#39;)
    	
    # open logfile for downloaded data and save to local variable
    if os.path.isfile(&#39;downloaded.pickle&#39;):
    	downloadedLog = pickle.load(open(&#39;downloaded.pickle&#39;))
    else:
    	downloadedLog = {&#39;key&#39;:&#39;value&#39;}
    
    # remove entries older than 5 days (to maintain speed)
    
    # path of zip files
    zipFileURL = &quot;http://www.thewebserver.com/that/contains/a/directory/of/zip/files&quot;
    
    # retrieve list of URLs from the webservers
    usock = urllib.urlopen(zipFileURL)
    parser = urllister.URLLister()
    parser.feed(usock.read())
    usock.close()
    parser.close()
    		
    # only parse urls
    for url in parser.urls: 
    	if &quot;PUBLIC_P5MIN&quot; in url:
    		
    		# download the file
    		downloadURL = zipFileURL + url
    		outputFilename = &quot;downloaded/&quot; + url
    		
    		# check if file already exists on disk
    		if url in downloadedLog or os.path.isfile(outputFilename):
    			print &quot;Skipping &quot; + downloadURL
    			continue
    		
    		print &quot;Downloading &quot;,downloadURL
    		response = urllib2.urlopen(downloadURL)
    		zippedData = response.read()
    
    		# save data to disk
    		print &quot;Saving to &quot;,outputFilename
    		output = open(outputFilename,&#39;wb&#39;)
    		output.write(zippedData)
    		output.close()
    		
    		# extract the data
    		zfobj = zipfile.ZipFile(outputFilename)
    		for name in zfobj.namelist():
    			uncompressed = zfobj.read(name)
    
    			# save uncompressed data to disk
    			outputFilename = &quot;extracted/&quot; + name
    			print &quot;Saving extracted file to &quot;,outputFilename
    			output = open(outputFilename,&#39;wb&#39;)
    			output.write(uncompressed)
    			output.close()
    		
    			# send data via tcp stream
    			
    			# file successfully downloaded and extracted store into local log and filesystem log
    			downloadedLog[url] = time.time();
    			pickle.dump(downloadedLog, open(&#39;downloaded.pickle&#39;, &quot;wb&quot; ))



Downloading and unzipping a .zip file without writing to disk

In Python there are at least two methods to delete an item from a dict using a key.

    d = {&quot;keyA&quot;: 123, &quot;keyB&quot;: 456, &quot;keyC&quot;: 789}

    #remove via pop
    d.pop(&quot;keyA&quot;)

    #remove via del
    del d[&quot;keyB&quot;]

Both methods would remove the item from the dict. 

I wonder what the difference between these methods is and in what kinds of situations I should use one or the other.

Best method to delete an item from a dict

Consider the following example:

    class A:
        @property
        def x(self): return 5
So, of course calling the `a = A(); a.x` will return `5`

But imagine that you want to be able to modify the property x.  
This way, for example:

    class A:
        @property
        def x(self, neg = False): return 5 if not neg else -5

And call it with `a = A(); a.x(neg=True)`
  

That will raise a TypeError: `&#39;int&#39; object is not callable`, that is quite normal, since our `x` is evaluated as `5`.

So, I would like to know how one can pass more then one argument to the property getter, if it is possible at all.

Python: How to pass more than one argument to the property getter?

I am trying to get text data from a pdf using [pdfminer][1].  I am able to extract this data to a .txt file successfully with the pdfminer command line tool pdf2txt.py.  I currently do this and then use a python script to clean up the .txt file.  I would like to incorporate the pdf extract process into the script and save myself a step.  

[I thought I was on to something when I found this link][2], but I didn&#39;t have success with any of the solutions.  Perhaps the function listed there needs to be updated again because I am using a newer version of pdfminer.  

[I also tried the function shown here, but it also did not work.][3]  

Another approach I tried was to call the script within a script using `os.system`.  This was also unsuccessful.

I am using Python version 2.7.1 and pdfminer version 20110227.

  [1]: http://www.unixuser.org/~euske/python/pdfminer/index.html
  [2]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25665/python-module-for-converting-pdf-to-text
  [3]: http://www.herblainchbury.com/2010/05/opendatabc-extracting-data-from-a4ca.html

How do I use pdfminer as a library

I&#39;m writing a template for dreamweaver, and don&#39;t want to change the scripts for subfolder pages.

Is there a way to make the path relative to the root directory?

for example:

    &lt;link type=&quot;text/css&quot; rel=&quot;stylesheet&quot; href=&quot;**root**/style.css&quot; /&gt;

Instead of `**root**` above, I want a default path there.  Is there any way to do anything like this?

Specify a Root Path of your HTML directory for script links?

I want to run a Python script from a Python script with `subprocess`, and I wish to do it using the same interpreter for each of them.

I&#39;m using virtualenv, so I&#39;d like to do something like:

    subprocess.Popen(&#39;%s script.py&#39; % python_bin)

How do I get `python_bin`?

It should be `/usr/bin/python` outside a virtualenv, and `/path/to/env/bin/python` in a virtualenv.


How to get the current Python interpreter path from inside a Python script?

How can I use a file inside my app folder in Python?  Platform independent of course...
something similar to this:

    #!/bin/sh
    mypath=${0%/*}
    LIBDIR=$mypath/modules

Platform-independent file paths?

I am trying to include the path to extra libraries in my makefile, but I can&#39;t figure out how to get the compiler to use that path.  so far I have:

    g++ -g -Wall testing.cpp fileparameters.cpp main.cpp -o test

and I want to include the path to

    /data[...]/lib

because testing.cpp includes files from that library.  Also, I&#39;m on a linux machine.

EDIT: Not a path to a library.  Just to files that were included.  My bad.

How do I include a path to libraries in g++

Is there a way to convert this:

    /C:/Users/David/Dropbox/My%20Programs/Java/Test/bin/myJar.jar
into this?:

    C:\Users\David\Dropbox\My Programs\Java\Test\bin\myJar.jar

I am using the following code, which will return the full path of the .JAR archive, or the /bin directory.

    fullPath = new String(MainInterface.class.getProtectionDomain()
    			.getCodeSource().getLocation().getPath());

The problem is, `getLocation()` returns a `URL` and I need a normal windows filename.
I have tried adding the following after `getLocation()`:

`toString()` and `toExternalForm()` both return:
	
    file:/C:/Users/David/Dropbox/My%20Programs/Java/Test/bin/

`getPath()` returns:
	
    /C:/Users/David/Dropbox/My%20Programs/Java/Test/bin/

Note the `%20` which should be converted to space.
  
Is there a quick and easy way of doing this? 

Convert URL to normal windows filename Java

I am able to run a sample hadoop program from the command prompt and am trying to run the same program from Eclipse, so that I can debug it and understand it better.

For the command line program, some environment variables are set in the `.bashrc` and the same are being read as `System.getenv().get(&quot;HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME&quot;)` in the hadoop program. But, when I am running a java program with `System.getenv().get(&quot;HADOOP_MAPRED_HOME&quot;)`, from Eclipse I am getting null.

I tried passing `-DHADOOP_MAPRED_HOME=test` to VM parameters in the runtime configurations from Eclipse, but still getting null in the standalone program. How to make the environment variables visible within Eclipse? When I iterate through `System.getenv()` in Eclipse, I see lot of variables like `DISPLAY`, `USER`, `HOME` and others. Where are they set? I am using Ubuntu 11.04.

Environment variables in Eclipse

What&#39;s the difference between system properties [System.getProperties()][1] and environment variables [System.getenv()][2] in a JVM?


  [1]: http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#getProperties%28%29
  [2]: http://download.oracle.com/javase/6/docs/api/java/lang/System.html#getenv%28%29

Java system properties and environment variables

It would be helpful if someone can illustrate this with a simple example?

Also, where would it be useful to use `parent.frame()` instead of `parent.env()` and vice versa.



What is the difference between parent.frame() and parent.env() in R; how do they differ in call by reference?

When I run:
C:\Users\ashahria\Downloads&gt;java -jar schemaSpy_5.0.0.jar

I get the error below. What is wrong? How can I fix it?

&gt;Error: Registry key &#39;Software\JavaSoft\Java Runtime Environment&#39;\CurrentVersion&#39;
&gt;
&gt;has value &#39;1.5&#39;, but &#39;1.7&#39; is required.&lt;br/&gt;
&gt;Error: could not find java.dll&lt;br/&gt;
&gt;Error: Could not find Java SE Runtime Environment.

Error: Registry key &#39;Software\JavaSoft\Java Runtime Environment&#39;\CurrentVersion&#39;?

I am using seed.rb to populate both my development and production database. I usually populate the first with dummy data and the latter with the real minimal data that my app needs to run (e.g. the first user and so on).

How can I specify in seed.rb for what environment each data is?

Given that I know &quot;group&quot; to be a Gemfile method, I&#39;d like to achieve the same behavior for seed.rb.

E.g. I&#39;d like to write something like this in my seed.rb:

    group :development do 
      # development specific seeding code
    end

    group :production do 
      # production specific seeding code
    end

    # non-specific seeding code (it always runs) 

This to be able to call both the development-specific and the non-specific code with

    $ rake db:seed

And to call both the production-specific and the non-specific code with:

    $ rake db:seed RAILS_ENV=production 


Thank you

How to use seed.rb to selectively populate development and/or production databases?

Should I put the shebang in my Python scripts? In what form?

&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;

    #!/usr/bin/env python 

or

&lt;!-- language: lang-none --&gt;

    #!/usr/local/bin/python

Are these equally portable? Which form is used most?

***Note:*** the [tornado](https://github.com/facebook/tornado) project uses the shebang. On the other hand the [Django](https://www.djangoproject.com/) project doesn&#39;t.

Should I put #! (shebang) in Python scripts, and what form should it take?

I was going through some shell script tutorials and found the following sample program:

    #!/bin/sh
    clear
    echo &quot;HELLO WORLD&quot;

Can anyone please tell me what the significance of the comment `#!/bin/sh` at the start is?


What does the line &quot;#!/bin/sh&quot; mean in a UNIX shell script?

I have some small utility scripts written in Python that I want to be usable on both Windows and Linux.  I want to avoid having to explicitly invoke the Python interpreter.  Is there an easy way to point shebang notation to the correct locations on both Windows and Linux?  If not, is there another way to allow implicit invocation of the Python interpreter on both Windows and Linux without having to modify the script when transferring between operating systems?

Edit:  The shebang support on Windows is provided Cygwin, but I want to use the native Windows Python interpreter on Windows, not the Cygwin one. 

Edit # 2:  It appears that shebang notation overrides file associations in Cygwin terminals.  I guess I could just uninstall Cygwin Python and symlink /usr/bin/python to Windows-native Python.

Shebang Notation: Python Scripts on Windows and Linux?

I have made [Bash][1] scripts before and they all ran fine without `#!/bin/bash` at the beginning.

What&#39;s the point of putting it in? Would things be any different?

Also, how do you pronounce `#`? I know that `!` is pronounced as &quot;bang.&quot;

How is `#!` pronounced?

  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bash_%28Unix_shell%29


Why do you need to put #!/bin/bash at the beginning of a script file?

Is there any `Bash` shebang objectively better than the others for most uses?


* `#!/usr/bin/env bash`
* `#!/bin/bash`
* `#!/bin/sh`
* `#!/bin/sh -`
* etc

I vaguely recall a long time ago hearing that adding a dash to the end prevents someone passing a command to your script, but can’t find any details on that.


Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Ken	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	vartec	View Answer on Stackoverflow

What's the difference between python shebangs with /usr/bin/env rather than hard-path?

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

How to set config.action_controller.default_url_options = {:host = '#''} on per environment basis

BufferedInputStream To String Conversion?

Attributions