You only have 3 different levels:

- 0 ***(quiet)***: you just get the total numbers of tests executed and the global result
- 1 ***(default)***: you get the same plus a dot for every successful test or a F for every failure
- 2 ***(verbose)***: you get the help string of every test and the result

You can use command line args rather than the verbosity argument: `--quiet` and `--verbose` which would do something similar to passing 0 or 2 to the runner.

I am curious to know what happens when the stack and the heap collide. If anybody has encountered this, please could they explain the scenario.


What Happens When Stack and Heap Collide

What is the simplest way to bind a group of 3 radiobuttons to a property of type int for values 1, 2, or 3?

Simple WPF RadioButton Binding?

The Python unittest framework has a concept of verbosity that I can&#39;t seem to find defined anywhere. For instance, I&#39;m running test cases like this ([like in the documentation][1]):

    suite = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase(MyAwesomeTest)
    unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)

The only number I&#39;ve ever seen passed as verbosity is 2. What is this magic number, what does it mean, what what else can I pass?


  [1]: http://docs.python.org/library/unittest.html#basic-example

What numbers can you pass as verbosity in running Python Unit Test Suites?

The Python unittest framework has a concept of verbosity that I can't seem to find defined anywhere. For instance, I'm running test cases like this (<a href="http://docs.python.org/library/unittest.html#basic-example" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">like in the documentation</a>):
<pre><code class="hljs language-ini">suite = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase(MyAwesomeTest)
unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)
</code></pre>
The only number I've ever seen passed as verbosity is 2. What is this magic number, what does it mean, what what else can I pass?

In Python, how to check if a string only contains certain characters?

I need to check a string containing only a..z, 0..9, and . (period) and no other character.

I could iterate over each character and check the character is a..z or 0..9, or . but that would be slow.

I am not clear now how to do it with a regular expression.

Is this correct? Can you suggest a simpler regular expression or a more efficient approach.

    #Valid chars . a-z 0-9 
    def check(test_str):
        import re
        #http://docs.python.org/library/re.html
        #re.search returns None if no position in the string matches the pattern
        #pattern to search for any character other then . a-z 0-9
        pattern = r&#39;[^\.a-z0-9]&#39;
        if re.search(pattern, test_str):
        	#Character other then . a-z 0-9 was found
            print &#39;Invalid : %r&#39; % (test_str,)
        else:
        	#No character other then . a-z 0-9 was found
            print &#39;Valid   : %r&#39; % (test_str,)
    
    check(test_str=&#39;abcde.1&#39;)
    check(test_str=&#39;abcde.1#&#39;)
    check(test_str=&#39;ABCDE.12&#39;)
    check(test_str=&#39;_-/&gt;&quot;!@#12345abcde&lt;&#39;)
    
    &#39;&#39;&#39;
    Output:
    &gt;&gt;&gt; 
    Valid   : &quot;abcde.1&quot;
    Invalid : &quot;abcde.1#&quot;
    Invalid : &quot;ABCDE.12&quot;
    Invalid : &quot;_-/&gt;&quot;!@#12345abcde&lt;&quot;
    &#39;&#39;&#39;


In Python, how to check if a string only contains certain characters?

Given:

```
&gt;&gt;&gt; d = {&#39;a&#39;: 1, &#39;b&#39;: 2}
```

Which of the following is the best way to check if `&#39;a&#39;` is in `d`?

```
&gt;&gt;&gt; &#39;a&#39; in d
True
```

```
&gt;&gt;&gt; d.has_key(&#39;a&#39;)
True
```

Should I use &#39;has_key()&#39; or &#39;in&#39; on Python dicts?

I currently have a few unit tests which share a common set of tests.  Here&#39;s an example:

    import unittest

    class BaseTest(unittest.TestCase):

        def testCommon(self):
            print &#39;Calling BaseTest:testCommon&#39;
            value = 5
            self.assertEquals(value, 5)

    class SubTest1(BaseTest):

        def testSub1(self):
            print &#39;Calling SubTest1:testSub1&#39;
            sub = 3
            self.assertEquals(sub, 3)


    class SubTest2(BaseTest):

        def testSub2(self):
            print &#39;Calling SubTest2:testSub2&#39;
            sub = 4
            self.assertEquals(sub, 4)

    if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
        unittest.main()

The output of the above is:

    Calling BaseTest:testCommon
    .Calling BaseTest:testCommon
    .Calling SubTest1:testSub1
    .Calling BaseTest:testCommon
    .Calling SubTest2:testSub2
    .
    ----------------------------------------------------------------------
    Ran 5 tests in 0.000s

    OK

Is there a way to rewrite the above so that the very first `testCommon` is not called?

**EDIT:**
Instead of running 5 tests above, I want it to run only 4 tests, 2 from the SubTest1 and another 2 from SubTest2. It seems that Python unittest is running the original BaseTest on its own and I need a mechanism to prevent that from happening.

Python unit test with base and sub class

I have the following code:

    import string
    def translate_non_alphanumerics(to_translate, translate_to=&#39;_&#39;):
        not_letters_or_digits = u&#39;!&quot;#%\&#39;()*+,-./:;&lt;=&gt;?@[\]^_`{|}~&#39;
        translate_table = string.maketrans(not_letters_or_digits,
                                           translate_to
                                             *len(not_letters_or_digits))
        return to_translate.translate(translate_table)

Which works great for non-unicode strings:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; translate_non_alphanumerics(&#39;&lt;foo&gt;!&#39;)
    &#39;_foo__&#39;

But fails for unicode strings:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; translate_non_alphanumerics(u&#39;&lt;foo&gt;!&#39;)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
      File &quot;&lt;stdin&gt;&quot;, line 5, in translate_non_alphanumerics
    TypeError: character mapping must return integer, None or unicode

I can&#39;t make any sense of the paragraph on &quot;Unicode objects&quot; in the [Python 2.6.2 docs][1] for the str.translate() method.

How do I make this work for Unicode strings?



  [1]: http://docs.python.org/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods

How do I get str.translate to work with Unicode strings?

Jinja2 and Mako are both apparently pretty fast.

How do these compare to (the less featured but probably good enough for what I&#39;m doing) string.Template ?



What is the fastest template system for Python?

I have two identical byte arrays in the following segment of code:

        /// &lt;summary&gt;
        ///A test for Bytes
        ///&lt;/summary&gt;
        [TestMethod()]
        public void BytesTest() {
            byte[] bytes = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Properties.Resources.ExpectedPacketData);
            TransferEventArgs target = new TransferEventArgs(bytes);

            byte[] expected = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Properties.Resources.ExpectedPacketValue);
            byte[] actual;
            actual = target.Bytes;

            Assert.AreEqual(expected, actual);
        }

Both arrays are identical down to the very byte. In this scenario, why would Assert.AreEqual fail?

Why does Assert.AreEqual(T obj1, Tobj2) fail with identical byte arrays

I have a simple annotated controller similar to this one:

    @Controller
    public class MyController {
      @RequestMapping(&quot;/{id}.html&quot;)
      public String doSomething(@PathVariable String id, Model model) {
        // do something
        return &quot;view&quot;;
      }
    }

and I want to test it with an unit test like this:

    public class MyControllerTest {
      @Test
      public void test() {
        MockHttpServletRequest request = new MockHttpServletRequest();
        request.setRequestURI(&quot;/test.html&quot;);
        new AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter()
          .handle(request, new MockHttpServletResponse(), new MyController());
        // assert something
      }
    }

The problem is that AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter.handler() method throws an exception:

    java.lang.IllegalStateException: Could not find @PathVariable [id] in @RequestMapping
	at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter$ServletHandlerMethodInvoker.resolvePathVariable(AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter.java:642)
	at org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.support.HandlerMethodInvoker.resolvePathVariable(HandlerMethodInvoker.java:514)
	at org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.support.HandlerMethodInvoker.resolveHandlerArguments(HandlerMethodInvoker.java:262)
	at org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.support.HandlerMethodInvoker.invokeHandlerMethod(HandlerMethodInvoker.java:146)

How to unit test a Spring MVC controller using @PathVariable?

I am attempting to unit test a WCF host management engine that I have written. The engine basically creates ServiceHost instances on the fly based on configuration. This allows us to dynamically reconfigure which services are available without having to bring all of them down and restart them whenever a new service is added or an old one is removed.

I have run into a difficulty in unit testing this host management engine, however, due to the way ServiceHost works. If a ServiceHost has already been created, opened, and not yet closed for a particular endpoint, another ServiceHost for the same endpoint can not be created, resulting in an exception. Because of the fact that modern unit testing platforms parallelize their test execution, I have no effective way to unit test this piece of code.

I have used xUnit.NET, hoping that because of its extensibility, I could find a way to force it to run the tests serially. However, I have not had any luck. I am hoping that someone here on SO has encountered a similar issue and knows how to get unit tests to run serially.

NOTE: [ServiceHost][1] is a WCF class, written by Microsoft. I don&#39;t have the ability to change it&#39;s behavior. Hosting each service endpoint only once is also the proper behavior...however, it is not particularly conducive to unit testing.


  [1]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.servicehost.aspx

Execute unit tests serially (rather than in parallel)

Can anyone come up with guidelines suggesting the ideal scenarios to choose mocking versus faking, i.e., setting up the essentials manually? 

I am a bit confused with how to approach this situation.


When to use mocking versus faking in C# unit testing?

How do I stop psql (PostgreSQL client) from outputting notices? e.g.

&gt; psql:schema/auth.sql:20: NOTICE:  CREATE TABLE / PRIMARY KEY will create implicit index &quot;users_pkey&quot; for table &quot;users&quot;

In my opinion a program should be silent unless it has an error, or some other reason to output stuff.

disable NOTICES in psql output

I&#39;m trying to debug a compilation problem, but I cannot seem to get GCC (or maybe it is make??) to show me the actual compiler and linker commands it is executing.  

Here is the output I am seeing:

      CCLD   libvirt_parthelper
    libvirt_parthelper-parthelper.o: In function `main&#39;:
    /root/qemu-build/libvirt-0.9.0/src/storage/parthelper.c:102: undefined reference to `ped_device_get&#39;
    /root/qemu-build/libvirt-0.9.0/src/storage/parthelper.c:116: undefined reference to `ped_disk_new&#39;
    /root/qemu-build/libvirt-0.9.0/src/storage/parthelper.c:122: undefined reference to `ped_disk_next_partition&#39;
    /root/qemu-build/libvirt-0.9.0/src/storage/parthelper.c:172: undefined reference to `ped_disk_next_partition&#39;
    /root/qemu-build/libvirt-0.9.0/src/storage/parthelper.c:172: undefined reference to `ped_disk_next_partition&#39;
    collect2: ld returned 1 exit status
    make[3]: *** [libvirt_parthelper] Error 1

What I want to see should be similar to this:

    $ make
    gcc -Wall   -c -o main.o main.c
    gcc -Wall   -c -o hello_fn.o hello_fn.c
    gcc   main.o hello_fn.o   -o main

Notice how this example has the complete `gcc` command displayed. The above example merely shows things like &quot;CCLD   libvirt_parthelper&quot;. I&#39;m not sure how to control this behavior.




How do I force make/GCC to show me the commands?

I have a package in R (ROCR) that I need to load in my R environment.  Upon loading the package, a set of messages are printed.  This is ordinarily fine, but since the output of my R script is being used for further analysis I want to completely disable all of this output.  How do I do that?  Furthermore, I&#39;d prefer to do it without having to modify ROCR at all, so that future users of this script don&#39;t have to do that either.

So far:

 - `sink()` doesn&#39;t work here - redirecting both stdout and std err to `/dev/null` does nothing for me.
 - Unsurprisingly, `options(warnings=-1)` does nothing either, since these are not warnings, per se, being printed.

Any thoughts?

Disable messages upon loading a package

By default, the [Requests](https://requests.readthedocs.io/) python library writes log messages to the console, along the lines of:

    Starting new HTTP connection (1): example.com
    http://example.com:80 &quot;GET / HTTP/1.1&quot; 200 606
I&#39;m usually not interested in these messages, and would like to disable them. What would be the best way to silence those messages or decrease Requests&#39; verbosity?

How do I disable log messages from the Requests library?

I have a call to GPG in the following way in a PowerShell script: 

    $key = &amp; &#39;gpg&#39; --decrypt &quot;secret.gpg&quot; --quiet --no-verbose &gt; $null

I don&#39;t want any output from GPG to be seen on the main console when I&#39;m running the script. 

Due to my noobness in PowerShell, I don&#39;t know how to do this. I searched 
Stack&amp;nbsp;Overflow and googled for a way to do it, found a lot of ways to do it, but non of it worked.

The &quot;&gt; $null&quot; for example has no effect. I found the `--quiet --no-verbose` options for GPG to put less output in the console, still it&#39;s not completely quiet, and I&#39;m sure there is a way in PowerShell too.


Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Rudd Zwolinski	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	luc	View Answer on Stackoverflow

What numbers can you pass as verbosity in running Python Unit Test Suites?

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Simple WPF RadioButton Binding?

What Happens When Stack and Heap Collide

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