The CLI/CLR is written in C/C++ and assembly.  Almost all of the .NET framework classes are written in C# &gt; compiled to IL, which runs in the CLR.  If you crack open a framework library in Reflector, class, you may see an attribute such as [MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.InternalCall)] which delegates the call to the CLI.

.NET was fully written in C and C++ because the base was in assembly language. Integration of assembly with C is much easier compared to newer languages.

There are parts of the .NET Framework that are open-source, like ASP.NET MVC, and it&#39;s written in C#.

Since the .NET Framework represents many assemblies, I&#39;d presume that different libraries are written in different languages.  As long as the language is CLR-compliant, it can be used to build parts of the framework.

All said, though; I&#39;d assume the lion&#39;s share of the .NET Framework is written in C++ and C#.

Microsoft .NET Framework is divided in to many segments.

**CLR**: C++

**IO/Signal Processing**: Assembly

**Baseclass Library**: C#

**System.Threading**: C#

**Complex Data Structure**: C++ 

**Example**: GetHashCode






**CLR / Compilers** - Visual C++

**Baseclass Library** - Simple Managed C (SMC)

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/jasonz/archive/2007/11/23/couple-of-historical-facts.aspx



How can I determine the current CPU utilization from the shell in Linux?

For example, I get the load average like so:

    cat /proc/loadavg

Outputs:

    0.18 0.48 0.46 4/234 30719


How can I determine the current CPU utilization from the shell?

Just trying out PostgreSQL for the first time, coming from MySQL.  In our Rails application we have a couple of locations with SQL like so:

    SELECT * FROM `currency_codes` ORDER BY FIELD(code, &#39;GBP&#39;, &#39;EUR&#39;, &#39;BBD&#39;, &#39;AUD&#39;, &#39;CAD&#39;, &#39;USD&#39;) DESC, name ASC

It didn&#39;t take long to discover that this is not supported/allowed in PostgreSQL. 

Does anyone know how to simulate this behaviour in PostgreSQL or do we have to pull sorting out into the code?

Simulating MySQL&#39;s ORDER BY FIELD() in Postgresql

The question I always wanted to ask and was afraid to, actually - &lt;b&gt;what language is .NET Framework written in?&lt;/b&gt; I mean library itself.&lt;br&gt;
It seems to me that it was C and C++ mostly. (I hope Jon Skeet is reading this one, it`ll be very interesting to hear what he thinks about it)

What language is .NET Framework written in?

The question I always wanted to ask and was afraid to, actually - what language is .NET Framework written in? I mean library itself. 
It seems to me that it was C and C++ mostly. (I hope Jon Skeet is reading this one, it`ll be very interesting to hear what he thinks about it)

The situation:

* I have a class library, called `RT.Servers`, containing a few resources (of type `byte[]`, but I don&#39;t think that&#39;s important)
* The same class library contains a method which returns one of those resources
* I have a simple program (with a reference to that library) that only calls that single method

I get a `MissingManifestResourceException` with the following message:

&gt; Could not find any resources
&gt; appropriate for the specified culture
&gt; or the neutral culture.  Make sure
&gt; &quot;Servers.Resources.resources&quot; was
&gt; correctly embedded or linked into
&gt; assembly &quot;RT.Servers&quot; at compile time,
&gt; or that all the satellite assemblies
&gt; required are loadable and fully
&gt; signed.

I have never played around with cultures, or with assembly signing, so I don&#39;t know what&#39;s going on here. Also, this works in another project which uses the same library. Any ideas?

 [1]: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/795889/c-resource-files-in-solution-sub-folder-causing-missingmanifestresourceexception

What does MissingManifestResourceException mean and how to fix it?

When I wish to bind a control to a property of my object, I have to provide the name of the property as a string. This is not very good because:

 1. If the property is removed or renamed, then I don’t get a compiler warning. 
 2. If a rename the property with a refactoring tool, then it is likely the data binding will not be updated.
 3. If the type of the property is wrong, e.g. binding an integer to a date chooser, then I don’t get an error until runtime.

Is there a design-pattern that gets round this, but still has the ease of use of data-binding?

(This is a problem in WinForms, ASP.NET, and WPF and possibly other systems.)

I have now found &quot;[workarounds for nameof() operator in C#: typesafe databinding][1]&quot; that also has a good starting point for a solution.

If you are willing to use a post processor after compiling your code, then [NotifyPropertyWeaver][2] is worth looking at.

--------

Does anyone know of a good solution for WPF when the bindings are done in XML rather than C#?

  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/301809/workarounds-for-nameof-operator-in-c-typesafe-databinding
  [2]: https://github.com/shiftkey/NotifyPropertyWeaver

How to make Databinding type safe and support refactoring?

I know I can&#39;t write a method like:

    public var MyMethod()
    {
       return new{ Property1 = &quot;test&quot;, Property2=&quot;test&quot;};
    }

I can do it otherwise:

    public object MyMethod()
    {
       return new{ Property1 = &quot;test&quot;, Property2=&quot;test&quot;}
    }

but I don&#39;t want to do the second option because, if I do so, I will have to use reflection.

&lt;hr /&gt;

Why I want to do that:

Today i have a method inside my aspx page that returns a datatable as result and I **cannot change it**, I was trying to convert this DataTable to an Anonymous method with the properties that I want to work with. I didn&#39;t want to create a class only to do that and as I will need to perform the same query more than one time, I Thought to create a method that returns an anonymous type would be a good ideia.





Is there a way to return Anonymous Type from method?

I am working on a project. I have to compare the contents of two files and see if they match each other precisely.

Before a lot of error-checking and validation, my first draft is:

      DirectoryInfo di = new DirectoryInfo(Environment.CurrentDirectory + &quot;\\TestArea\\&quot;);
      FileInfo[] files = di.GetFiles(filename + &quot;.*&quot;);

      FileInfo outputFile = files.Where(f =&gt; f.Extension == &quot;.out&quot;).Single&lt;FileInfo&gt;();
      FileInfo expectedFile = files.Where(f =&gt; f.Extension == &quot;.exp&quot;).Single &lt;FileInfo&gt;();

      using (StreamReader outFile = new StreamReader(outputFile.OpenRead()))
      {
        using (StreamReader expFile = new StreamReader(expectedFile.OpenRead()))
        {
          while (!(outFile.EndOfStream || expFile.EndOfStream))
          {
            if (outFile.ReadLine() != expFile.ReadLine())
            {
              return false;
            }
          }
          return (outFile.EndOfStream &amp;&amp; expFile.EndOfStream);
        }
      }


It seems a little odd to have nested `using` statements.

Is there a better way to do this?

Nested using statements in C#

I am trying to get the HTTP status code number from the `HttpWebResponse` object returned from a `HttpWebRequest`.  I was hoping to get the actual numbers (200, 301,302, 404, etc.)  rather than the text description. (&quot;Ok&quot;, &quot;MovedPermanently&quot;, etc.)  Is the number buried in a property somewhere in the response object?  Any ideas other than creating a big switch function?  Thanks.   

    HttpWebRequest webRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest
                                               .Create(&quot;http://www.gooogle.com/&quot;);
    webRequest.AllowAutoRedirect = false;
    HttpWebResponse response = (HttpWebResponse)webRequest.GetResponse();
    //Returns &quot;MovedPermanently&quot;, not 301 which is what I want.
    Console.Write(response.StatusCode.ToString());

Getting Http Status code number (200, 301, 404, etc.) from HttpWebRequest and HttpWebResponse

I need to create a `GUID` in an unmanaged windows C++ project.  I&#39;m used to C#, where I&#39;d use `Guid.NewGuid()`.  What&#39;s the (unmanaged windows) C++ version?

What&#39;s the C++ version of Guid.NewGuid()?

Given the following program,

    #include &lt;iostream&gt;
    
    using namespace std;
    
    void foo( char a[100] )
    {
        cout &lt;&lt; &quot;foo() &quot; &lt;&lt; sizeof( a ) &lt;&lt; endl;
    }
    
    int main()
    {
        char bar[100] = { 0 };
        cout &lt;&lt; &quot;main() &quot; &lt;&lt; sizeof( bar ) &lt;&lt; endl;
        foo( bar );
        return 0;
    }

outputs

    main() 100
    foo() 4

 1. Why is the array passed as a pointer to the first element?
 2. Is it a heritage from C?
 3. What does the standard say?
 4. Why is the strict type-safety of C++ dropped?


When a function has a specific-size array parameter, why is it replaced with a pointer?

42 as unsigned int is well defined as &quot;42U&quot;.

    unsigned int foo = 42U; // yeah!

**How can I write &quot;23&quot; so that it is clear it is an unsigned short int?**

    unsigned short bar = 23; // booh! not clear!


----------
EDIT so that the meaning of the question is more clear:

    template &lt;class T&gt;
    void doSomething(T) {
        std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;unknown type&quot; &lt;&lt; std::endl;
    }

    template&lt;&gt;
    void doSomething(unsigned int) {
        std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;unsigned int&quot; &lt;&lt; std::endl;
    }

    template&lt;&gt;
    void doSomething(unsigned short) {
        std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;unsigned short&quot; &lt;&lt; std::endl;
    }

    int main(int argc, char* argv[])
    {
        doSomething(42U);
        doSomething((unsigned short)23); // no other option than a cast?

        return EXIT_SUCCESS;
    }


How to write an unsigned short int literal?

I&#39;m trying to compare a character array against a string like so:

    const char *var1 = &quot; &quot;;
    var1 = getenv(&quot;myEnvVar&quot;);
    
    if(var1 == &quot;dev&quot;)
    {
       // do stuff
    }

This if statement never validates as true... when I output var1 it is &quot;dev&quot;, I was thinking maybe it has something to do with a null terminated string, but the strlen of &quot;dev&quot; and var1 are equal... I also thought maybe var1 == &quot;dev&quot; was comparing &quot;dev&quot; against the memory location of var1 instead of the value. *var1 == &quot;dev&quot; results in an error.... tried many things, probably a simple solution for the saavy c++ developer (I havent coded c++ in a looong time).


edit:
we&#39;ve tried

    if(strcmp(var1, &quot;dev&quot;) == 0)

and 

    if(strncmp(var1, &quot;dev&quot;, 3) == 0)


Thanks


edit: After testing at home I&#39;m just going to suggest my co-worker changes the datatype to a string. I believe he was comparing a char array of a large size against a string. I put together a program that outputs sizeof, strlen, etc to help us work through it. Thanks to everyone for the help.


C++ Compare char array with string

I&#39;ve got a win32 project that I&#39;ve loaded into Visual Studio 2005. I&#39;d like to be able to print things to the Visual Studio output window, but I can&#39;t for the life of me work out how. I&#39;ve tried &#39;printf&#39; and &#39;cout &lt;&lt;&#39; but my messages stay stubbornly unprinted.

Is there some sort of special way to print to the Visual Studio output window?

How do I print to the debug output window in a Win32 app?

C programming language is known as a zero index array language. The first item in an array is accessible using `0`. For example `double arr[2] = {1.5,2.5}` The first item in array `arr` is at position 0. `arr[0] === 1.5` What programming languages are 1 based indexes? 

I&#39;ve heard of the these languages start at 1 instead of 0 for array access: Algol, Matlab, Action!, Pascal, Fortran, Cobol. Is this complete?

Specificially, a 1 based array would access the first item with 1, not zero.

Are there other common &quot;c-like&quot; or non &quot;c-like&quot; languages with non zero index array position?

I hear a lot that new programming languages are dynamically typed but what does it actually mean when we say a language is dynamically typed vs. statically typed?

What is the difference between statically typed and dynamically typed languages?

I just came from [Simple Design and Testing Conference][1].  In one of the session we were talking about evil keywords in programming languages.  [Corey Haines][2], who proposed the subject, was convinced that `if` statement is absolute evil.  His alternative was to create functions with [predicates][3].  Can you please explain to me why `if` is evil.

I understand that you can write very ugly code abusing `if`.  But I don&#39;t believe that it&#39;s that bad.


  [1]: http://sdtconf.com/
  [2]: http://www.coreyhaines.com/
  [3]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bfcke1bz.aspx

Why is the &#39;if&#39; statement considered evil?

There is a lot of hype around Haskell, however, it is hard to get information on how it is used in the real world applications. What are the most popular projects / usages of Haskell and why it excels at solving these problems?

What is Haskell used for in the real world?

In every technical publication, and on this site too, people are always comparing OO languages to [Smalltalk][1]. My experience is in Java: is Smalltalk *so* important that I should study it?


  [1]: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalltalk

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	chester89	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - .Net	Jaimal Chohan	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - .Net	shan	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - .Net	JMP	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - .Net	user3089806	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 5 - .Net	Indrajit Ghosh	View Answer on Stackoverflow

What language is .NET Framework written in?

.Net Problem Overview

.Net Solutions

Solution 1 - .Net

Solution 2 - .Net

Solution 3 - .Net

Solution 4 - .Net

Solution 5 - .Net

Simulating MySQL's ORDER BY FIELD() in Postgresql

How can I determine the current CPU utilization from the shell?

Attributions