Since VS2017, it&#39;s a builtin shortcut. Simply press **Ctrl + R, Ctrl + G**. Credit goes to Emanuel Ve, who mentioned this first in the comments; I&#39;m putting the advice into an answer for greater visibility.

Go to Tools =&gt; Options =&gt; Environment =&gt; Keyboard

![enter image description here][1]

Enter the key combination you want to use (click the **Press shortcut keys:** textbox, press your key combo as you would execute it while editing)

![enter image description here][2]

Then type &quot;usings&quot; in the **Show commands containing:** textbox

![enter image description here][3]

And now you can assign whichever version of these remove/sort usings commands that you like to the key combination.  

This works for pretty much every command in Visual Studio, and from any addons you have installed.  Just type a word involved in the command name to find the command.  Assign away!

  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/hJgoT.png
  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/omLAK.png
  [3]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/ESguI.png

In addition to @Will&#39;s answer,
[Productivity Power Tools][1]
is a great addon that has all this - and lots lots more!

[![enter image description here][2]][2]


  [1]: https://visualstudiogallery.msdn.microsoft.com/dbcb8670-889e-4a54-a226-a48a15e4cace
  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/aiX8a.png

***Solution***:
It was a mistake on my side.

The right way is **response.body().string()** other than **response.body.toString()**

Im using Jetty servlet, the URL is`http://172.16.10.126:8789/test/path/jsonpage`, every time request this URL it will return 

    {&quot;employees&quot;:[
        {&quot;firstName&quot;:&quot;John&quot;, &quot;lastName&quot;:&quot;Doe&quot;}, 
        {&quot;firstName&quot;:&quot;Anna&quot;, &quot;lastName&quot;:&quot;Smith&quot;},
        {&quot;firstName&quot;:&quot;Peter&quot;, &quot;lastName&quot;:&quot;Jones&quot;}
    ]}

It shows up when type the url into a browser, unfortunately it shows kind of memory address other than the json string when I request with `Okhttp`.

    TestActivity﹕ com.squareup.okhttp.internal.http.RealResponseBody@537a7f84




The Okhttp code Im using:

    OkHttpClient client = new OkHttpClient();
    
    String run(String url) throws IOException {
      Request request = new Request.Builder()
          .url(url)
          .build();
    
      Response response = client.newCall(request).execute();
      return response.body().string();
    }



Can anyone helpe?

How does OkHttp get Json string?

One of things we do often is to package all source code in `Dockerfile` when we build a Docker image.

    ADD . /app

How can we avoid including the `.git` directory in simple way ?

I tried the Unix way of handling this using `ADD [^.]* /app/`

Complete sample:

&lt;pre&gt;
docker@boot2docker:/mnt/sda1/tmp/abc$ find .
.
./c
./.git
./Dockerfile
./good
./good/a1
docker@boot2docker:/mnt/sda1/tmp/abc$ cat Dockerfile
FROM ubuntu

ADD [^.]* /app/
docker@boot2docker:/mnt/sda1/tmp/abc$ docker build -t abc .
Sending build context to Docker daemon 4.096 kB
Sending build context to Docker daemon
Step 0 : FROM ubuntu
 ---&gt; 04c5d3b7b065
Step 1 : ADD [^.]* /app/
d ---&gt; 5d67603f108b
Removing intermediate container 60159dee6ac8
Successfully built 5d67603f108b
docker@boot2docker:/mnt/sda1/tmp/abc$ docker run -it abc
root@1b1705dd66a2:/# ls -l app
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 1000 staff 30 Jan 22 01:18 Dockerfile
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   0 Jan 22 01:03 a1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   0 Jan 22 00:10 c

&lt;/pre&gt;

And secondly, it will lose the directory structure, since `good\a1` gets changed to `a1`.

Related source code in Docker is https://github.com/docker/docker/blob/eaecf741f0e00a09782d5bcf16159cc8ea258b67/builder/internals.go#L115

How to ADD all files/directories except a hidden directory like .git in Dockerfile

Is there a way to organize C# usings (remove and sort, in separate or together) via a shortcut in Visual Studio for one or more files of a project?

I know that this can be done via the menu for one file by selecting 

`Edit &gt; IntelliSense &gt; Organize Usings &gt; Remove and Sort`

but I want to do this much faster.
I am using Visual Studio 2013 Express for *C#* development (wondering how this can be done in older &amp; other versions too though). Thank you in advance.

What keyboard shortcut is there to organize C# usings in Visual Studio?

Is there a way to organize C# usings (remove and sort, in separate or together) via a shortcut in Visual Studio for one or more files of a project?
I know that this can be done via the menu for one file by selecting
<code>Edit > IntelliSense > Organize Usings > Remove and Sort</code>
but I want to do this much faster.
I am using Visual Studio 2013 Express for C# development (wondering how this can be done in older &#x26; other versions too though). Thank you in advance.

I have 3 projects in my C# solution.

 - Signatures 
 - Structures 
 - Tests

Signatures have public and internal interfaces. 
Also, it has 
 
      [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo(&quot;Structures&quot;)]
      [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo(&quot;Tests&quot;)]

in AssemblyInfo.cs of.

Structures have public and internal classes and

      [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo(&quot;Tests&quot;)]
    
in AssemblyInfo.cs of.

Tests has next source:

    &lt;packages&gt;
      &lt;package id=&quot;Moq&quot; version=&quot;4.2.1409.1722&quot; targetFramework=&quot;net45&quot; /&gt;
      &lt;package id=&quot;NUnit&quot; version=&quot;2.6.4&quot; targetFramework=&quot;net45&quot; /&gt;
      &lt;package id=&quot;NUnitTestAdapter&quot; version=&quot;1.2&quot; targetFramework=&quot;net45&quot; /&gt;
    &lt;/packages&gt;

as NuGet packages in packages.config.

I wrote an unit test for the internal interface from Signatures and internal class from Structures. Run, and had next result: exception:

**Type Signatures.InterfaceX is not visible to DynamicProxy. Can not create proxy for types that are not accessible. Make the type public, or internal and mark your assembly with [assembly: InternalsVisibleTo(InternalsVisible.ToDynamicProxyGenAssembly2)] attribute.**

Seems logical. I added 
```CSharp
[assembly: InternalsVisibleTo(&quot;InternalsVisible.DynamicProxyGenAssembly2&quot;)] 
```
to assembly info of Signatures and Structures projects. Run, and had next result: exception:

**Type &#39;Castle.Proxies.IReminiscenceableDataTableProxy&#39; from assembly &#39;DynamicProxyGenAssembly2, Version=0.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null&#39; is attempting to implement an inaccessible interface.**

I expected it would help but it didn&#39;t. 
It only changed the exception message.

How to fix my problem?

How to do internal interfaces visible for Moq?

I have a library that has a static field inside. I want to create an app and reference this library so I&#39;d have two instances of this static field. .Net runtime does not allow to reference the same library twice, but I wonder is it possible to overcome this limitation?

I&#39;m not allowed to change the library, but I can copy/rename it.

Is static context always single in C#?

I just noticed that using `{}` instead of `()` gives the same results when constructing an object.

    class Customer
    {
        public string name;
        public string ID {get; set;}
    }

    static void Main()
    {  
        Customer c1= new Customer{}; //Is this a constructor? 
        Customer c2= new Customer();
        
        //what is the concept behind the ability to assign values for properties 
        //and fields inside the {} and is not allowable to do it inside () 
        //without defining a constructor:
        
        Customer c3= new Customer{name= &quot;John&quot;, ID=&quot;ABC&quot;};
    }

Does `{}` act like `()` when creating a new object in C#?

Does { } act like ( ) when creating a new object in C#?

Default ASP.NET Core web project contain such lines in `Startup.cs`:

    if (string.Equals(env.EnvironmentName, &quot;Development&quot;, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
	{
		app.UseBrowserLink();
		app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage(ErrorPageOptions.ShowAll);
	}
	else
	{
		app.UseExceptionHandler(&quot;/Home/Error&quot;);
	}

As I understand, the EnvironmentName is a new way to handle Dev/Production environment. But it doesn&#39;t changes on Release build configuration. So what is the way to set a different `EnvironmentName`?

I can imagine that it should be set in &quot;Commands&quot; as a parameter for server.

How to set Environment Name (IHostingEnvironment.EnvironmentName)?

*UPDATE* The purpose of this question is to get a simple answer about `Task.Run()` and deadlocking.  I very much understand the theoretical reasoning for not mixing async and sync, and I take them to heart.  I&#39;m not above learning new things from others; I seek to do that whenever I can.  There&#39;s just times when all a guy needs is a technical answer...

I have a `Dispose()` method that needs to call an async method.  Since 95% of my code is async, refactoring isn&#39;t the best choice.  Having an `IAsyncDisposable` (among other features) that&#39;s supported by the framework would be ideal, but we&#39;re not there yet.  So in the mean time, I need to find a reliable way to call async methods from a synchronous method without deadlocking.

I&#39;d prefer _not_ to use `ConfigureAwait(false)` because that leaves the responsibility scattered all throughout my code for the callee to behave a certain way just in case the caller is synchronous.  I&#39;d prefer to do something in the synchronous method since it&#39;s the deviant bugger.

After reading Stephen Cleary&#39;s comment in another question that `Task.Run()` always schedules on the thread pool even async methods, it made me think.

In .NET 4.5 in ASP.NET or any other synchronization context that schedules tasks to the current thread / same thread, if I have an asynchronous method:

    private async Task MyAsyncMethod()
    {
        ...
    }

And I want to call it from a synchronous method, can I just use `Task.Run()` with `Wait()` to avoid deadlocks since it queues the async method the the thread pool?

    private void MySynchronousMethodLikeDisposeForExample()
    {
        // MyAsyncMethod will get queued to the thread pool 
        // so it shouldn&#39;t deadlock with the Wait() ??
        Task.Run((Func&lt;Task&gt;)MyAsyncMethod).Wait();
    }



Use Task.Run() in synchronous method to avoid deadlock waiting on async method?

One way to get cmake to build x86 on Windows with Visual Studio is like so:

 1. Start Visual Studio Command prompt for x86
 2. Run cmake: `cmake -G &quot;NMake Makefiles&quot; \path_to_source\`
 3. nmake

One way to get cmake to build x64 on Windows with Visual Studio is like so:

 1. Start Visual Studio Command prompt for x64
 2. Run cmake: `cmake -G &quot;NMake Makefiles&quot; \path_to_source\`
 3. nmake

Using Cmake, how do I compile either or both architectures? (like how Visual Studio does it from in the IDE)



How to build x86 and/or x64 on Windows from command line with CMAKE?

I just downloaded VS 2013 Community Edition and I wrote my first app. When I run it it shows in the output section:

    &#39;ConsoleApplication1.exe&#39; (Win32): Loaded &#39;C:\Users\Toshiba\Documents\Visual Studio 2013\Projects\ConsoleApplication1\Debug\ConsoleApplication1.exe&#39;. Symbols loaded.
    &#39;ConsoleApplication1.exe&#39; (Win32): Loaded &#39;C:\Windows\System32\ntdll.dll&#39;. Cannot find or open the PDB file.
    &#39;ConsoleApplication1.exe&#39; (Win32): Loaded &#39;C:\Windows\System32\kernel32.dll&#39;. Cannot find or open the PDB file.
    &#39;ConsoleApplication1.exe&#39; (Win32): Loaded &#39;C:\Windows\System32\KernelBase.dll&#39;. Cannot find or open the PDB file.
    &#39;ConsoleApplication1.exe&#39; (Win32): Loaded &#39;C:\Windows\System32\msvcp120d.dll&#39;. Cannot find or open the PDB file.
    &#39;ConsoleApplication1.exe&#39; (Win32): Loaded &#39;C:\Windows\System32\msvcr120d.dll&#39;. Cannot find or open the PDB file.
    The program &#39;[11196] ConsoleApplication1.exe&#39; has exited with code 0 (0x0).

What is the problem? I checked my code on many sites so I know that the problem is not in my code. Can anyone help me? 


&#39;cannot find or open the pdb file&#39; Visual Studio C++ 2013

I have a solution in Visual Studio 2012 with 170 C# projects in it. I need to retarget all of the projects from .NET Framework 4.0 to 4.5.2.

I prefer to let Visual Studio handle this by going into the properties of each project, changing the targeted framework, and letting Visual Studio make any necessary changes to the .csproj files.

I noticed that these changes include adding a few new XML tags to the .csproj, depending on some attributes of the current project.

How can I batch retarget all 170 C# projects without just using a replace text tool to replace the targeted version number? I want Visual Studio to make all the necessary tag modifications and additions and replace alone will not permit that to happen.

Retargeting All Projects in a Solution to .NET 4.5.2

I downloaded the full ISO for Visual Studio Ultimate CTP 6.  The installation program got to about the 90% mark, gauging by the progress bar, and just stuck there.  There was frequent activity from Superfetch, Anti-malware protection, and other background processes, but the progress bar was dead still.  Eventually the background task activity subsided after 20 minutes, but the progress bar still wouldn&#39;t budge.

CHEAP TRICK: Open a notepad window and position the left edge of it so it perfectly marks the current position of the progress bar.  If it the progress bar doesn&#39;t move past the left edge of the notepad window in about an hour, it&#39;s probably stuck.

Visual Studio 2015 installer hangs during install?

I attempted to run my web service through visual studio. I faced an issue like :

	---------------------------
	Microsoft Visual Studio
	---------------------------
	Unable to launch the IIS Express Web server.

	Failed to register URL &quot;http://localhost:63591/&quot; for site &quot;xxxxxx&quot; application
	&quot;/&quot;. Error description: The process cannot access the file because it is being
	used by another process. (0x80070020)

	---------------------------
	OK   
	---------------------------


I saw the task manager and found that PID 4 is used by System and its Description is `NT Kernel &amp; System.`
So I tried to stop the `http service`.
All dependency services stopped. But I am facing an issue in stopping http service like

    The service is starting or stopping.  Please try again later.

So, I tried to stop and start the service manually. But the End process is disabled. 
It will be helpful if anyone could help with this issue


&quot;Unable to launch the IIS Express Web server.&quot; in Visual Studio

I&#39;m not getting something about Visual Studio&#39;s Git for TFS.

I cloned a colleague&#39;s solution in Git on TFS and started adding code. I then realised that I needed my own branch for the changes I was making, and so following the instructions in [Push a new local branch to a remote Git repo and track it too](https://stackoverflow.com/a/6232535/575530) I ran 

    git checkout -b e4ctim
    git push -u origin e4ctim

When I make changes to my code visual studio shows the familiar red-tick icon by the code file to reassure me that the change has triggered the file to be checked out:

![VS red-tick][2]

And then when I save the file the Visual Studio returns the icon to the blue padlock. I assume that this change from red-tick to blue padlock signifies that the change has been checked-in locally in Git:

![VS blue-lock][3]

But when I look at the history of the modified file, there is none!

![No history][4]

**I would like to commit my changes locally and sync them with the TFS server.**

Visual Studio does not see any changes at all:

![VS TFS Changes][5]

From the command line I can see that Git has noticed all of my modifications by running the command

    git status

and seeing lots of changes not staged for commit and untracked files.

![git status cmd][7]

Looing at the [Git book](http://www.git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Basics-Recording-Changes-to-the-Repository) I could use 

    git add

or more specifically

    git add -u .

to stage the files ready for a commit but I&#39;m reluctant to do that as the [Develop your app in a Git repository (track, commit)](https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-gb/library/vstudio/hh967655) Visual Studio documentation states:

&gt; Q: Where is the Git stage?   
&gt; A: If you are an experienced Git user, you might have noticed that 
&gt; Visual Studio handles changes differently than the command prompt. 
&gt; You might have wondered if the Included Changes section contains 
&gt; your staged changes. In fact, Visual Studio usually bypasses the Git 
&gt; stage for you. When you commit changes, Visual Studio simultaneously 
&gt; stages and commits them. The one exception occurs when you add a 
&gt; file to your Git repository; Visual Studio does stage this kind of 
&gt; change.

**Visual Studio stages and commits changes simultaneously. But why is it not listing any of the modifications I have made to tracked files as changes, and thus letting me commit them?**


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/pMw4L.png
  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/8OJnj.jpg
  [3]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/PMrck.jpg
  [4]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/DVh2i.jpg
  [5]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/qQkHi.jpg
  [6]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/44YE0.jpg
  [7]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/4RaOM.png

Visual Studio TFS Git not seeing any changes

I know I can uninstall-package from the PM console.
I got into some dependency issues with another project
and I want to start over, and I need to delete all packages in one shot.
Is there a way?

How do I uninstall *all* nuget packages from a solution in Visual Studio

When I deploy my project with &quot;Publish as Azure WebJob&quot; using Visual Studio, I get the error in the title.

The &#39;DefaultConnection-Web.config Connection String&#39; argument cannot be null or empty

After successfully upgrading my cloud service to the new &quot;Azure SDK for .NET **2.5.1**&quot; I got the following error when trying packaging/publishing.

&gt; Could not load file or assembly &#39;Microsoft.WindowsAzure.Packaging,
&gt; Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35&#39; or
&gt; one of its dependencies. The system cannot find the file
&gt; specified.	C:\Program Files
&gt; (x86)\MSBuild\Microsoft\VisualStudio\v12.0\Windows Azure
&gt; Tools\2.5\Microsoft.WindowsAzure.targets

The related line in the &quot;Microsoft.WindowsAzure.targets&quot; config file is **2930** which obviously is related to CSPack.

&lt;!-- language: lang-xml --&gt;

    &lt;CSPack
      ServiceDefinitionFile=&quot;@(TargetServiceDefinition)&quot;
      Output=&quot;@(PublishServicePackage)&quot;
      PackRoles=&quot;@(Roles)&quot;
      SiteMapping=&quot;@(SiteMapping)&quot;
      RoleProperties=&quot;@(RoleProperties)&quot;
      ImportedModules=&quot;@(ImportedModules)&quot;
      CopyOnly=&quot;false&quot;
      &gt;
    &lt;/CSPack&gt;

So I went on to create a fresh new Azure Cloud service in a fresh new project to see if something went wrong with the upgrade. Unfortunately the problem persists. 

Is there a workaround or will I have to rollback to v2.4 (that will cause me significant amount of pain)

I am running on VS 2013 update 4.

Azure SDK 2.5.1 fails to Publish cloudService

How does one who is using IntelliJ or Android Studio extract a public static inner class to create a new top level class?

Thank you.

Intellij Extract Inner Class

I am having trouble finding the right-click context menu in Visual Studio 2015. I know that nothing is wrong with my project or the file I am working. I can find the right-click context refactor menu in Visual Studio 2013. However, in Visual Studio 2015 there isn&#39;t a refactor context menu in the right-click context menu.

Where did it go? How do I get it back?

Your suggestion cannot include menu *Edit* → *Refactor*.

I have tried to reset my Visual Studio settings back to default using menu *Tools* → *Import and Export Settings* and that didn&#39;t bring the menu back either.


Refactor menu missing from Visual Studio 2015

Jupyter (iPython) notebook is deservedly known as a good tool for prototyping the code and doing all kinds of machine learning stuff interactively. But when I use it, I inevitably run into the following:

 - the notebook quickly becomes too complex and messy to be maintained and improved further as notebook, and I have to make python scripts out of it;
 - when it comes to production code (e.g. one that needs to be re-run every day), the notebook again is not the best format.

Suppose I&#39;ve developed a whole machine learning pipeline in jupyter that includes fetching raw data from various sources, cleaning the data, feature engineering, and training models after all. Now what&#39;s the best logic to make scripts from it with efficient and readable code? I used to tackle it several ways so far:

 1. Simply convert .ipynb to .py and, with only slight changes, hard-code all the pipeline from the notebook into one python script.
    - &#39;+&#39;: quick
    - &#39;-&#39;: dirty, non-flexible, not convenient to maintain

 2.  Make a single script with many functions (approximately, 1 function for each one or two cell), trying to comprise the stages of the pipeline with separate functions, and name them accordingly. Then specify all parameters and global constants via `argparse`.
    - &#39;+&#39;: more flexible usage; more readable code (if you properly transformed the pipeline logic to functions)
    - &#39;-&#39;: oftentimes, the pipeline is NOT splittable into logically completed pieces that could become functions without any quirks in the code. All these functions are typically needed to be only called once in the script rather than to be called many times inside loops, maps etc. Furthermore, each function typically takes the output of all functions called before, so one has to pass many arguments to each function. 

 3.  The same thing as point (2), but now wrap all the functions inside the class. Now all the global constants, as well as outputs of each method can be stored as class attributes.
    - &#39;+&#39;: you needn&#39;t to pass many arguments to each method -- all the previous outputs already stored as attributes
    - &#39;-&#39;: the overall logic of a task is still not captured -- it is data and machine learning pipeline, not just class. The only goal for the class is to be created, call all the methods sequentially one-by-one and then be removed. On top of this, classes are quite long to implement.

 4.  Convert a notebook into python module with several scripts. I didn&#39;t try this out, but I suspect this is the longest way to deal with the problem.

I suppose, this overall setting is very common among data scientists, but surprisingly I cannot find any useful advice around.

Folks, please, share your ideas and experience. Have you ever encountered this issue? How have you tackled it?

Best practices for turning jupyter notebooks into python scripts

I&#39;m looking for a way to refactor part of my code to be shorter and simpler, but I don&#39;t know Mongoose very well and I&#39;m not sure how to proceed.

I am trying to check a collection for the existence of a document and, if it doesn&#39;t exist, create it. If it does exist, I need to update it. In either case I need to access the document&#39;s contents afterward.

What I&#39;ve managed to do so far is query the collection for a specific document and, if it&#39;s not found, create a new document. If it is found, I update it (currently using dates as dummy data for this). From there I can access either the found document from my initial `find` operation or the newly saved document and this works, but there must be a better way to accomplish what I&#39;m after.

Here&#39;s my working code, sans distracting extras.

    var query = Model.find({
        /* query */
    }).lean().limit(1);
    
    // Find the document
    query.exec(function(error, result) {
        if (error) { throw error; }
        // If the document doesn&#39;t exist
        if (!result.length) {
            // Create a new one
            var model = new Model(); //use the defaults in the schema
            model.save(function(error) {
                if (error) { throw error; }
                // do something with the document here
            });
        }
        // If the document does exist
        else {
            // Update it
            var query = { /* query */ },
                update = {},
                options = {};
    
            Model.update(query, update, options, function(error) {
                if (error) { throw error; }
                // do the same something with the document here
                // in this case, using result[0] from the topmost query
            });
        }
    });

I&#39;ve looked into `findOneAndUpdate` and other related methods but I&#39;m not sure if they fit my use case or if I understand how to use them correctly. Can anyone point me in the right direction?

(Probably) Related questions:

 - [How to check if that data already exist in the database during update (Mongoose And Express)][1]
 - [Mongoose.js: how to implement create or update?][2]
 - [NodeJS + Mongo: Insert if not exists, otherwise - update][3]
 - [Return updated collection with Mongoose][4]


----------

Edit
----

I didn&#39;t come across the question pointed out to me in my searching, but after reviewing the answers there I&#39;ve come up with this. It&#39;s certainly prettier, in my opinion, and it works, so unless I&#39;m doing something horribly wrong I think my question can probably be closed.

I would appreciate any additional input on my solution.

    // Setup stuff
    var query = { /* query */ },
        update = { expire: new Date() },
        options = { upsert: true };
    
    // Find the document
    Model.findOneAndUpdate(query, update, options, function(error, result) {
        if (!error) {
            // If the document doesn&#39;t exist
            if (!result) {
                // Create it
                result = new Model();
            }
            // Save the document
            result.save(function(error) {
                if (!error) {
                    // Do something with the document
                } else {
                    throw error;
                }
            });
        }
    });

  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/q/16882938
  [2]: https://stackoverflow.com/q/13337685
  [3]: https://stackoverflow.com/q/13010290
  [4]: https://stackoverflow.com/q/20667739

Mongoose - Create document if not exists, otherwise, update- return document in either case

After much googling I&#39;ve found a lot about marking functions and their parameters as `const`, but no guide on marking variables as `const`.

Here&#39;s a really simple example:

    #include &lt;string&gt;
    #include &lt;iostream&gt;
    
    void example(const std::string&amp; x) {
      size_t length = x.length();
      for (size_t i = 0; i &lt; length; ++i) {
        std::cout &lt;&lt; x.at(i) &lt;&lt; std::endl;
      }
    }
    
    int main() {
      example(&quot;hello&quot;);
    }

Why not make 

    size_t length = x.length();

const like

    const size_t length = x.length();

by convention?

I know such a small, simple example really doesn&#39;t show any huge benefit to this, but it seems like it&#39;d be helpful in a larger codebase where you might accidentally mutate a variable you shouldn&#39;t have mutated.

Despite that benefit, I don&#39;t really see it used that much (in the C++ codebases I&#39;ve seen) or mentioned nearly as much as making functions and their parameters `const`.

Is there some downside to doing this other than having to type 5 extra characters? I haven&#39;t found much on the topic, and I don&#39;t want to shoot myself in the foot if it&#39;s a problem having so many consts.

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Nick Louloudakis	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - C#	James Ko	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - C#	user1228	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - C#	Pingi	View Answer on Stackoverflow

What keyboard shortcut is there to organize C# usings in Visual Studio?

C# Problem Overview

C# Solutions

Solution 1 - C#

Solution 2 - C#

Solution 3 - C#

How to ADD all files/directories except a hidden directory like .git in Dockerfile

How does OkHttp get Json string?

Attributions