`PostMessage` (in &quot;pure windows programming&quot;, aka win32 API) is [asynchronous][1], i.e., to quote the docs:

&gt; Places (posts) a message in the
&gt; message queue associated with the
&gt; thread that created the specified
&gt; window and returns without waiting for
&gt; the thread to process the message.
&gt; 
&gt; To post a message in the message queue
&gt; associated with a thread, use the
&gt; PostThreadMessage function.

`SendMessage` is [synchronous][2], that is, again quoting:

&gt; Sends the specified message to a
&gt; window or windows. The SendMessage
&gt; function calls the window procedure
&gt; for the specified window and does not
&gt; return until the window procedure has
&gt; processed the message.
&gt; 
&gt; To send a message and return
&gt; immediately, use the
&gt; SendMessageCallback or
&gt; SendNotifyMessage function. To post a
&gt; message to a thread&#39;s message queue
&gt; and return immediately, use the
&gt; PostMessage or PostThreadMessage
&gt; function.

A good tutorial on these two functions and their use is [here][3].

The connection to WPF is discussed in [this SO question][4].


  [1]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms644944(VS.85).aspx
  [2]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms644950(VS.85).aspx
  [3]: http://www.autohotkey.com/docs/misc/SendMessage.htm
  [4]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2411116/equivalent-of-postmessage-in-c-to-synchronize-with-the-main-thread-with-mvvm

I would like to create a two dimensional numpy array of arrays that has a different number of elements on each row.  

Trying

    cells = numpy.array([[0,1,2,3], [2,3,4]])

gives an error

    ValueError: setting an array element with a sequence.



How to make a multidimension numpy array with a varying row size?

After seeing and listening a lot regarding managed and unmanaged code, and knowing the only difference is that managed is about CLR and un-managed is outside of the CLR, it makes me really curious to know it in detail. What is it all about, managed and unmanaged code, memory and size?

How can code I write in C# be unmanaged while this is C# code and how does a memory of size becomes unmanaged. An example and a little insight would be helpful.


What is the difference in managed and unmanaged code, memory and size?

What is the difference between Send Message and Post Message ( in terms of pure windows programming) and how these relate to C# ,WPF and Pure windows programming?

I am new to Threading and all related stuff so please excuse me for obvious quesiton .
I need to dig out the externals of Threading .. Please let me know the links that help me to build my concept from win32 programming to WPF.

I need to underderstand from Post message to Afx ( call to start a new thread ) to delegate Invok/Begin Invoke to Dispatcher.

What is the difference between Send Message and Post Message and how these relate to C# ,WPF and Pure windows programming?

What is the difference between Send Message and Post Message ( in terms of pure windows programming) and how these relate to C# ,WPF and Pure windows programming?
I am new to Threading and all related stuff so please excuse me for obvious quesiton .
I need to dig out the externals of Threading .. Please let me know the links that help me to build my concept from win32 programming to WPF.
I need to underderstand from Post message to Afx ( call to start a new thread ) to delegate Invok/Begin Invoke to Dispatcher.

I was wondering what, if it is possible, is the best way to render a partial using the new razor view engine. I understand this is something that wasn&#39;t finished completely by the time




Right now I am using RenderPage to render the user control:

    @RenderPage(&quot;~/Views/Shared/LocaleUserControl.cshtml&quot;,ViewData.Model)

The page calling RenderPage uses a layout (master) page with three sections defined: TitleContent, HeadContent and Maincontent. When I attempt to render my locale control from this page it appears that these sections are also required - they should only be required in the calling page and are present. I receive the following message, regardless of whether or not I include the sections in my partial view (obviously I dont want to include these sections but it seemed like an interesting debugging point...). 

&gt; The following sections have been
&gt; defined but have not been rendered on
&gt; the layout page
&gt; &#39;~/Views/Shared/LocaleUserControl.cshtml&#39;:
&gt; TitleContent; HeadContent; MainContent


My partial view is as follows (adapted from the following [link][1]):

    @inherits System.Web.Mvc.WebViewPage&lt;LocaleBaseModel&gt;
    @using System.Web.UI;
    
    &lt;p&gt;
         @Html.LabelFor(model =&gt; Model.CountryName)
        &lt;br /&gt;
        @Html.DropDownListFor(model =&gt; Model.CountryName,null, string.Empty, new { @class = &quot;text&quot;, accesskey=&quot;u&quot;})
    &lt;/p&gt;
    &lt;p&gt;
         @Html.LabelFor(model =&gt; Model.StateProvince)
        &lt;br /&gt;
         @Html.DropDownListFor(model =&gt; Model.StateProvince, null, string.Empty, new { @class = &quot;text&quot;, accesskey=&quot;t&quot; })
    &lt;/p&gt;
    
    
    &lt;script type=&quot;text/javascript&quot;&gt;
        $(function () {
            var countries = $(&quot;#CountryName&quot;);
            var statesprovinces = $(&quot;#StateProvince&quot;);
            countries.change(function () {
                statesprovinces.find(&#39;option&#39;).remove();
                var url = &#39;@Url.Action(&quot;GetStatesProvinces&quot;, &quot;Base&quot;)&#39;;
                $.getJSON(url, { countryId: countries.val() }, function (data) {
                    $(data).each(function () {
                        $(&quot;&lt;option value=&quot; + this.ID + &quot;&gt;&quot; + this.Name + &quot;&lt;/option&gt;&quot;).appendTo(statesprovinces);
                    });
                });
            });
        });
    &lt;/script&gt;

  [1]: http://www.schnieds.com/2010/01/aspnet-mvc-locale-user-control.html

Razor view engine - How can I add Partial Views

How can I remove all white space from the beginning and end of a string?

Like so:

`&quot;hello&quot;` returns `&quot;hello&quot;`  
`&quot;hello   &quot;` returns `&quot;hello&quot;`  
`&quot; hello   &quot;` returns `&quot;hello&quot;`  
`&quot; hello world   &quot;` returns `&quot;hello world&quot;`


How to remove all white space from the beginning or end of a string?

Given this string:

    http://s.opencalais.com/1/pred/BusinessRelationType

I want to get the last part of it: &quot;BusinessRelationType&quot;

I have been thinking about reversing the whole string then looking for the first &quot;/&quot;, take everything to the left of that and reverse that. However, I&#39;m hoping there is a better/more concise method. Thoughts?

Thanks, Paul

How to get the last part of a string?

I would like to know how to remove &#39;\0&#39; from a string. This may be very simple but it&#39;s not for me since I&#39;m a new C# developer.

I&#39;ve this code:   

    public static void funcTest (string sSubject, string sBody)
    {
        Try
          {
            MailMessage msg = new MailMessage(); // Set up e-mail message.
            msg.To = XMLConfigReader.Email;
            msg.From = XMLConfigReader.From_Email;
            msg.Subject = sSubject;
            msg.body=&quot;TestStrg.\r\nTest\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\r\n&quot;;     
          }
        catch (Exception ex) 
          {
            string sMessage = ex.Message;     
            log.Error(sMessage, ex);   
          }
    }

But what I want is: 

    msg.body=&quot;TestStrg.\r\nTest\r\n&quot;;
 
So, is there a way to do this with a simple code?


How to Remove &#39;\0&#39; from a string in C#?

Consider this code:

    var query = db.Table
                  .Where(t =&gt; SomeCondition(t))
                  .AsEnumerable();

    int recordCount = query.Count();
    int totalSomeNumber = query.Sum();
    decimal average = query.Average();

Assume `query` takes a very long time to run. I need to get the record count, total `SomeNumber`&#39;s returned, and take an average at the end. I thought based on my reading that `.AsEnumerable()` would execute the query using LINQ-to-SQL, then use LINQ-to-Objects for the `Count`, `Sum`, and `Average`. Instead, when I do this in LINQPad, I see the same query is run three times. If I replace `.AsEnumerable()` with `.ToList()`, it only gets queried once. 

Am I missing something about what `AsEnumerable` is/does?

Am I misunderstanding LINQ to SQL .AsEnumerable()?

I have a `ListBox` which binds to a child collection on a ViewModel. The listbox items are styled in a datatemplate based on a property on the parent ViewModel:

    &lt;Style x:Key=&quot;curveSpeedNonConstantParameterCell&quot;&gt;
       &lt;Style.Triggers&gt;
          &lt;DataTrigger Binding=&quot;{Binding Path=DataContext.CurveSpeedMustBeSpecified, 
              ElementName=someParentElementWithReferenceToRootDataContext}&quot; 
              Value=&quot;True&quot;&gt;
              &lt;Setter Property=&quot;Control.Visibility&quot; Value=&quot;Hidden&quot;&gt;&lt;/Setter&gt;
          &lt;/DataTrigger&gt;
       &lt;/Style.Triggers&gt;
    &lt;/Style&gt;

I get the following output error:

    System.Windows.Data Error: 39 : BindingExpression path error: 
     &#39;CurveSpeedMustBeSpecified&#39; property not found on 
       &#39;object&#39; &#39;&#39;BindingListCollectionView&#39; (HashCode=20467555)&#39;. 
     BindingExpression:Path=DataContext.CurveSpeedMustBeSpecified; 
     DataItem=&#39;Grid&#39; (Name=&#39;nonConstantCurveParametersGrid&#39;);
     target element is &#39;TextBox&#39; (Name=&#39;&#39;); 
     target property is &#39;NoTarget&#39; (type &#39;Object&#39;)

So if I change the the binding expression to `&quot;Path=DataContext.CurrentItem.CurveSpeedMustBeSpecified&quot;` it works, but only as long as the datacontext of the parent user control is a `BindingListCollectionView`. This is not acceptable because the rest of the user control binds to the properties of the `CurrentItem` on the `BindingList` automatically. 

&lt;b&gt;How can I specify the binding expression inside the style so that it works regardless of the parent data context being a collection view or a single item?&lt;/b&gt;


Access parent DataContext from DataTemplate

I want to execute a command in my viewmodel when the user presses enter in a TextBox.
The command works when bound to a button.

    &lt;Button Content=&quot;Add&quot; Command=&quot;{Binding Path=AddCommand}&quot; /&gt;

But I can&#39;t bring it to work from the TextBox.
I tried an Inputbinding, but it didn&#39;t work.

    &lt;TextBox.InputBindings&gt;
        &lt;KeyBinding Command=&quot;{Binding Path=AddCommand}&quot; Key=&quot;Enter&quot;/&gt;
    &lt;/TextBox.InputBindings&gt;

I also tried to set the working button as default, but it doesn&#39;t get executed when enter is pressed.

Thanks for your help.

Executing viewmodels command on enter in TextBox

I&#39;m trying to include in my XAML some classes which convert values.  However, I&#39;m getting the following error when I compile:

&gt; Undefined CLR namespace. The &#39;clr-namespace&#39; URI refers to a namespace &#39;View.Summary.Converters&#39; that is not included in the assembly.(View\View)

And the XAML it&#39;s erroring on:

    xmlns:c=&quot;clr-namespace:View.Summary.Converters&quot;

Also, here is the outline of my conversion classes/namespace:

    namespace View.Summary.Converters
    {
        class CollapsedIfNegative : IValueConverter { }
    
        class VisibleIfNegative : IValueConverter { }
    
        class ErrorCodeToString : IValueConverter { }
    }

I had to remove the guts of the code because the project I am working on is highly confidential.

The &#39;clr-namespace&#39; URI refers to a namespace that is not included in the assembly

I want the user to be able to put the cell into editing mode and highlight the row the cell is contained in with a single click. By default, this is double click. 

How do I override or implement this?

Single click edit in WPF DataGrid

Well [this][1] question and [this][2] question are similar but no answers that work.  In fact I was hoping WindowStartupLocation=CenterOwner would work...it doesn&#39;t. It seems to center the new window in the center of a grid column, not the center of the main window.  So I&#39;m assuming it thinks that is the parent. Second when I close the dialog and open it again it is not centered but moved down and right from the previous position. And if I move the main window to a second monitor the popup still opens on the default monitor.  Are these properties wrong or am I just thinking it should work in a different way.  I suppose I could calculate the Top and Left properties manually.  I just want the popup to be centered in the main window no matter where it is.


  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1185652/why-does-windowstartuplocation-centerscreen-place-my-window-somewhere-other-tha
  [2]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2446602/wpf-set-dialog-window-position-relative-to-main-window

WPF WindowStartupLocation=&quot;CenterOwner&quot; not really center, and pops all over, why?

I want to find out for how long (approximately) some block of code executes. Something like this:

    startStopwatch();
    // do some calculations
    stopStopwatch();
    printf(&quot;%lf&quot;, timeMesuredInSeconds);

How?

 

How do I measure time in C?

How do you use [`DwmGetColorizationColor`][1]?

The [documentation][2] says it returns two values:

- a 32-bit `0xAARRGGBB` containing the color used for glass composition
- a boolean parameter that is true &quot;if the color is an opaque blend&quot; (*whatever that means*)

Here&#39;s a color that i like, a nice puke green:
![alt text][3]

You can notice the color is greeny, and the translucent title bar (against a white background) shows the snot color very clearly:
![enter image description here][4]


i try to get the color from Windows:

    DwmGetColorizationColor(dwCcolorization, bIsOpaqueBlend);

And i get

    dwColorization: 0x0D0A0F04
    bIsOpaqueBlend: false

According to the documentation this value is of the format `AARRGGBB`, and so contains: 

    AA: 0x0D (13)
    RR: 0x0A (10)
    GG: 0x0F (15)
    BB: 0x04 (4)

This supposedly means that the color is (10, 15, 4), with an opacity of ~5.1%.

But if you actually look at this RGB value, it&#39;s nowhere near my desired snot green. Here is 

- (10, 15, 4) with zero opacity (the original color), and 
- (10,15,4) with 5% opacity against a white/checkerboard background:

![alt text][5]

Rather than being `Lime` green, `DwmGetColorizationColor` returns an almost fully transparent **black**.

So the question is: **How to get glass color** in Windows Vista/7?

i tried using `DwmGetColorizationColor`, but that doesn&#39;t work very well.


----------

A [person with same problem, but a nicer shiny picture][6] to attract you squirrels:
![alt text][7]

&gt; So, it boils down to –
&gt; DwmGetColorizationColor is completely
&gt; unusable for applications attempting
&gt; to apply the current color onto an
&gt; opaque surface.


----------

i love [this guy&#39;s screenshots][8] much better than mine. Using his screenshots as a template, i made up a few more sparklies:

![alt text][9]

![alt text][10]

![alt text][11]

![alt text][12]

![alt text][13]

![alt text][14]

*For the last two screenshots, the alpha blended chip is a true partially transparent PNG, blending to your browser&#39;s background. Cool! (i&#39;m such a geek)*

*Edit 2: Had to arrange them in rainbow color. (i&#39;m such a geek)*

*Edit 3: Well now i of course have to add Yellow.*


----------

## Undocumented/Unsupported/Fragile Workarounds ##

There is an undocumented export from `DwmApi.dll` at entry point 137, which we&#39;ll call `DwmGetColorizationParameters`:


    HRESULT GetColorizationParameters_Undocumented(out DWMCOLORIZATIONPARAMS params);

    struct DWMCOLORIZATIONPARAMS
    {
       public UInt32 ColorizationColor;
       public UInt32 ColorizationAfterglow;
       public UInt32 ColorizationColorBalance;
       public UInt32 ColorizationAfterglowBalance;
       public UInt32 ColorizationBlurBalance;
       public UInt32 ColorizationGlassReflectionIntensity;
       public UInt32 ColorizationOpaqueBlend;
    }

We&#39;re interested in the first parameter: `ColorizationColor`. 

We can also read the value out of the registry:

    HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows\DWM
        ColorizationColor: REG_DWORD = 0x6614A600

So you pick your poison of creating appcompat issues. You can 

- rely on an undocumented API (which is [bad][15], [bad][16], [bad][17], [and can go away at any time][18])
- use an undocumented registry key (which is also [bad][19], and [can go away at any time][20])




See also
--------
- [Is there a list of valid parameter combinations for GetThemeColor / Visual Styles API][21]
- [How does Windows change Aero Glass color?][22]
- [DWM - Colorization Color Handling Using DWMGetColorizationColor][23]
- **[Retrieving Aero Glass base color for opaque surface rendering][24]**

----------

i&#39;ve been wanting to ask this question for over a year now. i always knew that it&#39;s impossible to answer, and that the only way to get anyone to actually pay attention is to have colorful screenshots; developers are attracted to shiny things. But on the downside it means i had to put all kinds of work into making the lures.


  [1]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa969513(VS.85).aspx
  [2]: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa969513(VS.85).aspx
  [3]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/wvxka.png
  [4]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/njgQ8.png
  [5]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/Ieqai.png
  [6]: http://www.withinwindows.com/2010/07/01/retrieving-aero-glass-base-color-for-opaque-surface-rendering/comment-page-1/#comment-7276
  [7]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/bDs4v.png
  [8]: http://www.withinwindows.com/2010/07/01/retrieving-aero-glass-base-color-for-opaque-surface-rendering/
  [9]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/W6D8t.png
  [10]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/lE9Ua.png
  [11]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/A3SZs.png
  [12]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/Teto2.png
  [13]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/7WQ2x.png
  [14]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/1gyTe.png
  [15]: http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2003/12/23/45481.aspx
  [16]: http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2005/09/01/459023.aspx
  [17]: http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2009/11/16/9922753.aspx
  [18]: http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2009/11/16/9922753.aspx
  [19]: http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2005/03/09/390706.aspx
  [20]: http://blogs.msdn.com/b/oldnewthing/archive/2003/11/03/55532.aspx
  [21]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1888361/is-there-a-list-of-valid-parameter-combinations-for-getthemecolor-visual-style
  [22]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1487919/how-does-windows-change-aero-glass-color
  [23]: http://www.codeproject.com/KB/vista/dwmcolorcolor.aspx
  [24]: http://www.withinwindows.com/2010/07/01/retrieving-aero-glass-base-color-for-opaque-surface-rendering/

Vista/7: How to get glass color?

I&#39;m trying to compile an old project using VS express 2010 but I get this error:

&gt; fatal error RC1015: cannot open include file &#39;afxres.h&#39;. from this code

    /////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
    //
    // Generated from the TEXTINCLUDE 2 resource.
    //
    #include &quot;afxres.h&quot;

I have installed Windows SDK already, but without any success.

thanks!

Cannot open include file &#39;afxres.h&#39; in VC2010 Express

I need to download it for Python 2.7, but can&#39;t seem to find it... 

Where to find the win32api module for Python?

How can we check if a file Exists or not using a Win32 program? I am working for a Windows Mobile App.

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	user407269	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - C#	Alex Martelli	View Answer on Stackoverflow

What is the difference between Send Message and Post Message and how these relate to C# ,WPF and Pure windows programming?

C# Problem Overview

C# Solutions

Solution 1 - C#

What is the difference in managed and unmanaged code, memory and size?

How to make a multidimension numpy array with a varying row size?

Attributions