What is the difference between res.end() and res.send()?
node.jsExpressnode.js Problem Overview
I'm a beginner in Express.js and I'm confused by these two keywords: res.end() and res.send().
Are they the same or different?
node.js Solutions
Solution 1 - node.js
I would like to make a little bit more emphasis on some key differences between res.end() & res.send() with respect to response headers and why they are important.
1. res.send() will check the structure of your output and set header information accordingly.
app.get('/',(req,res)=>{
res.send('<b>hello</b>');
});
app.get('/',(req,res)=>{
res.send({msg:'hello'});
});
Where with res.end() you can only respond with text and it will not set "Content-Type"
app.get('/',(req,res)=>{
res.end('<b>hello</b>');
});
2. res.send() will set "ETag" attribute in the response header
app.get('/',(req,res)=>{
res.send('<b>hello</b>');
});
¿Why is this tag important?
The ETag HTTP response header is an identifier for a specific version of a resource. It allows caches to be more efficient, and saves bandwidth, as a web server does not need to send a full response if the content has not changed.
res.end() will NOT set this header attribute
Solution 2 - node.js
res.send() will send the HTTP response. Its syntax is,
res.send([body])
The body parameter can be a Buffer object, a String, an object, or an Array. For example:
res.send(new Buffer('whoop'));
res.send({ some: 'json' });
res.send('<p>some html</p>');
res.status(404).send('Sorry, we cannot find that!');
res.status(500).send({ error: 'something blew up' });
See this for more info.
res.end() will end the response process. This method actually comes from Node core, specifically the response.end() method of http.ServerResponse. It is used to quickly end the response without any data. For example:
res.end();
res.status(404).end();
Read this for more info.
Solution 3 - node.js
res.send() implements res.write, res.setHeaders and res.end:
- It checks the data you send and sets the correct response headers.
- Then it streams the data with
res.write. - Finally, it uses
res.endto set the end of the request.
There are some cases in which you will want to do this manually, for example, if you want to stream a file or a large data set. In these cases, you will want to set the headers yourself and use res.write to keep the stream flow.
Solution 4 - node.js
res.end() function is used to end the response process.
res.send() function is the combination of res.write(), res.setHeaders() and res.end().
Solution 5 - node.js
res.send is used to send the response to the client where res.end is used to end the response you are sending.
res.send automatically call res.end So you don't have to call or mention it after res.send
Solution 6 - node.js
In addition to the excellent answers, I would like to emphasize here when to use res.end() and when to use res.send() this was why I originally landed here and I didn't found a solution.
The answer is really simple
res.end() is used to quickly end the response without sending any data.
An example for this would be starting a process on a server
app.get(/start-service, (req, res) => {
// Some logic here
exec('./application'); // dummy code
res.end();
});
If you would like to send data in your response then you should use res.send() instead
app.get(/start-service, (req, res) => {
res.send('{"age":22}');
});
Here you can read more
Solution 7 - node.js
res is an HttpResponse object which extends from OutgoingMessage. res.send calls res.end which is implemented by OutgoingMessage to send HTTP response and close connection. We see code here