You already discovered the difference; `mock.patch()` takes a string which will be resolved to an object *when applying the patch*, `mock.patch.object()` takes a direct reference.

This means that `mock.patch()` doesn&#39;t require that you import the object before patching, while `mock.patch.object()` does require that you import before patching.

The latter is then easier to use if you already have a reference to the object.

Till now, I used to end my Tkinter programs with: `tk.mainloop()`, or nothing would show up! See example:

    from Tkinter import *
    import random
    import time
    
    tk = Tk()
    tk.title = &quot;Game&quot;
    tk.resizable(0,0)
    tk.wm_attributes(&quot;-topmost&quot;, 1)
    
    canvas = Canvas(tk, width=500, height=400, bd=0, highlightthickness=0)
    canvas.pack()
    
    class Ball:
        def __init__(self, canvas, color):
            self.canvas = canvas
            self.id = canvas.create_oval(10, 10, 25, 25, fill=color)
            self.canvas.move(self.id, 245, 100)
        def draw(self):
            pass
    
    ball = Ball(canvas, &quot;red&quot;)
    
    tk.mainloop()

However, when tried the next step in this program (making the ball move by time), the book am reading from, says to do the following. So I changed the draw function to:

    def draw(self):
        self.canvas.move(self.id, 0, -1)

and add the following code to my program:

    while 1:
        ball.draw()
        tk.update_idletasks()
        tk.update()
        time.sleep(0.01)

But I noticed that adding this block of code, made the use of `tk.mainloop()` useless, since everything would show up even without it!!!

*At this moment I should mention that my book never talks about `tk.mainloop()` (maybe because it uses Python 3) but I learned about it searching the web since my programs didn&#39;t work by copying book&#39;s code!*

So I tried doing the following that would not work!!!

    while 1:
        ball.draw()
        tk.mainloop()
        time.sleep(0.01)

What&#39;s going on? What does `tk.mainloop()`? What does `tk.update_idletasks()` and `tk.update()` do and how that differs from `tk.mainloop()`? Should I use the above loop?`tk.mainloop()`? or both in my programs?



Tkinter understanding mainloop

I know there are no default selection methods in the `RecyclerView` class, but I have tried in the following way:

    public void onBindViewHolder(ViewHolder holder, final int position) {
        holder.mTextView.setText(fonts.get(position).getName());
        holder.checkBox.setChecked(fonts.get(position).isSelected());

        holder.checkBox.setOnCheckedChangeListener(new CompoundButton.OnCheckedChangeListener() {
            @Override
            public void onCheckedChanged(CompoundButton buttonView, boolean isChecked) {
                if(isChecked) {
                    for (int i = 0; i &lt; fonts.size(); i++) {
                        fonts.get(i).setSelected(false);
                    }
                    fonts.get(position).setSelected(isChecked);
                }
            }
        });
    }

While trying this code, I got the expected output, but not completely.

I will explain this with images.

By default, the first item is selected from my adapter.

![][1]

Then I select the 2nd, then the 3rd, then the 4th and finally the 5th one.

![][2]

Here only the 5th should be selected, but all five are getting selected.

If I scroll the list to the bottom and come again to the top, I get what I expect.

![][3]

How can I overcome this issue? And sometimes if I scroll the list very fast, some other item gets selected. How can I overcome this problem too?

While I was trying to use `notifyDataSetChanged()` after `fonts.get(position).setSelected(isChecked);`, I got the following exception:

    java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot call this method while RecyclerView is computing a layout or scrolling
            at android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView.assertNotInLayoutOrScroll(RecyclerView.java:1462)
            at android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView$RecyclerViewDataObserver.onChanged(RecyclerView.java:2982)
            at android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView$AdapterDataObservable.notifyChanged(RecyclerView.java:7493)
            at android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView$Adapter.notifyDataSetChanged(RecyclerView.java:4338)
            at com.app.myapp.screens.RecycleAdapter.onRowSelect(RecycleAdapter.java:111)

  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/M6HlK.png
  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/SyeRP.png
  [3]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/CW5sX.png





Single selection in RecyclerView

I am trying to understand the difference between these two approaches of mocking a method.  Could someone please help distinguish them?  For this example, I use the passlib library.


    from passlib.context import CryptContext
    from unittest import mock
    
    with mock.patch.object(CryptContext, &#39;verify&#39;, return_value=True) as foo1:
        mycc = CryptContext(schemes=&#39;bcrypt_sha256&#39;)
        mypass = mycc.encrypt(&#39;test&#39;)
        assert mycc.verify(&#39;tesssst&#39;, mypass)
    
    with mock.patch(&#39;passlib.context.CryptContext.verify&#39;, return_value=True) as foo2:
        mycc = CryptContext(schemes=&#39;bcrypt_sha256&#39;)
        mypass = mycc.encrypt(&#39;test&#39;)
        assert mycc.verify(&#39;tesssst&#39;, mypass)

What is the difference between mock.patch.object(... and mock.patch(

I am trying to understand the difference between these two approaches of mocking a method. Could someone please help distinguish them? For this example, I use the passlib library.
<pre><code class="hljs language-python">from passlib.context import CryptContext
from unittest import mock

with mock.patch.object(CryptContext, 'verify', return_value=True) as foo1:
 mycc = CryptContext(schemes='bcrypt_sha256')
 mypass = mycc.encrypt('test')
 assert mycc.verify('tesssst', mypass)

with mock.patch('passlib.context.CryptContext.verify', return_value=True) as foo2:
 mycc = CryptContext(schemes='bcrypt_sha256')
 mypass = mycc.encrypt('test')
 assert mycc.verify('tesssst', mypass)
</code></pre>

I&#39;m trying to apply a function to all rows of a pandas DataFrame (actually just one column in that DataFrame)

I&#39;m sure this is a syntax error but I&#39;m know sure what I&#39;m doing wrong

    df[&#39;col&#39;].apply(lambda x, y:(x - y).total_seconds(), args=[d1], axis=1)

The `col` column contains a bunch a `datetime.datetime` objects and and `d1` is the earliest of them.  I&#39;m trying to get a column of the total number of seconds for each of the rows

**EDIT** I keep getting the following error

    TypeError: &lt;lambda&gt;() got an unexpected keyword argument &#39;axis&#39;

I don&#39;t understand why `axis` is getting passed to my `lambda` function

**EDIT 2**

I&#39;ve also tried doing

    def diff_dates(d1, d2):
        return (d1-d2).total_seconds()

    df[&#39;col&#39;].apply(diff_dates, args=[d1], axis=1)

And I get the same error

Trouble passing in lambda to apply for pandas DataFrame

What is the difference between `one` and `first` methods in SQLAlchemy

What is the difference between .one() and .first()

I am using the new [`concurrent.futures`](https://docs.python.org/3/library/concurrent.futures.html) module (which also has a Python 2 backport) to do some simple multithreaded I/O. I am having trouble understanding how to cleanly kill tasks started using this module.

Check out the following Python 2/3 script, which reproduces the behavior I&#39;m seeing:

    #!/usr/bin/env python
    from __future__ import print_function
    
    import concurrent.futures
    import time
    
    
    def control_c_this():
        with concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=5) as executor:
            future1 = executor.submit(wait_a_bit, name=&quot;Jack&quot;)
            future2 = executor.submit(wait_a_bit, name=&quot;Jill&quot;)
            
            for future in concurrent.futures.as_completed([future1, future2]):
                future.result()
            
            print(&quot;All done!&quot;)
    
    
    def wait_a_bit(name):
        print(&quot;{n} is waiting...&quot;.format(n=name))
        time.sleep(100)
    
    
    if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;:
        control_c_this()

While this script is running it appears impossible to kill cleanly using the regular Control-C keyboard interrupt. I am running on OS X.

* On Python 2.7 I have to resort to `kill` from the command line to kill the script. Control-C is just ignored.
* On Python 3.4, Control-C works if you hit it twice, but then a lot of strange stack traces are dumped.

Most documentation I&#39;ve found online talks about how to cleanly kill threads with the old `threading` module. None of it seems to apply here.

And all the methods provided within the `concurrent.futures` module to stop stuff (like `Executor.shutdown()` and `Future.cancel()`) only work when the Futures haven&#39;t started yet or are complete, which is pointless in this case. I want to interrupt the Future immediately.

My use case is simple: When the user hits Control-C, the script should exit immediately like any well-behaved script does. That&#39;s all I want.

So what&#39;s the proper way to get this behavior when using `concurrent.futures`?

How do you kill Futures once they have started?

I am working with this Pandas DataFrame in Python.

    File    heat	Farheit	Temp_Rating
       1    YesQ	     75		    N/A
       1    NoR	        115		    N/A
       1    YesA	     63		    N/A
       1    NoT	         83		     41
       1    NoY	        100   		 80
       1    YesZ	     56		     12
       2    YesQ	    111		    N/A
       2    NoR    	     60	        N/A
       2    YesA	     19	        N/A
       2    NoT	        106	         77
       2    NoY    	     45     	 21
       2    YesZ	     40		     54
       3    YesQ	     84		    N/A
       3    NoR	         67		    N/A
       3    YesA	     94		    N/A
       3    NoT	         68		     39
       3    NoY    	     63		     46
       3    YesZ	     34		     81

I need to replace all NaNs in the `Temp_Rating` column with the value from the `Farheit` column.

This is what I need:

    File        heat	Temp_Rating
       1        YesQ	         75
       1	     NoR            115
       1	    YesA	         63
       1	    YesQ	         41
       1	     NoR             80
       1	    YesA	         12
       2	    YesQ	        111
       2	     NoR             60
       2	    YesA	         19
       2	     NoT   	         77
       2	     NoY             21
       2	    YesZ	         54
       3	    YesQ	         84
       3    	 NoR             67
       3	    YesA	         94
       3	     NoT             39
       3	     NoY             46
       3	    YesZ	         81

If I do a Boolean selection, I can pick out only one of these columns at a time. The problem is if I then try to join them, I am not able to do this while preserving the correct order.

How can I only find `Temp_Rating` rows with the `NaN`s and replace them with the value in the same row of the `Farheit` column?

Python Pandas replace NaN in one column with value from corresponding row of second column

I am trying to test a service class, which internally makes use of a Spring AMQP connection object.  This connection object is injected by Spring.  However, I don&#39;t want my unit test to actually communicate with the AMQP broker, so I am using Mockito inject a mock of the connection object.
    
&lt;!-- language: java --&gt;

    /** 
     * The real service class being tested.  Has an injected dependency. 
     */ 
    public class UserService {
    
       @Autowired
       private AmqpTemplate amqpTemplate;
    
       public final String doSomething(final String inputString) {
          final String requestId = UUID.randomUUID().toString();
          final Message message = ...;
          amqpTemplate.send(requestId, message);
          return requestId;
       }
    }
    
    /** 
     * Unit test 
     */
    public class UserServiceTest {
    
       /** This is the class whose real code I want to test */
       @InjectMocks
       private UserService userService;

       /** This is a dependency of the real class, that I wish to override with a mock */
       @Mock
       private AmqpTemplate amqpTemplateMock;
    
       @Before
       public void initMocks() {
          MockitoAnnotations.initMocks(this);
       }
    
       @Test
       public void testDoSomething() {
          doNothing().when(amqpTemplateMock).send(anyString(), any(Message.class));

          // Call the real service class method, which internally will make 
          // use of the mock (I&#39;ve verified that this works right).
          userService.doSomething(...);

          // Okay, now I need to verify that UUID string returned by 
          // &quot;userService.doSomething(...) matches the argument that method 
          // internally passed to &quot;amqpTemplateMock.send(...)&quot;.  Up here 
          // at the unit test level, how can I capture the arguments passed 
          // to that inject mock for comparison?
          //
          // Since the value being compared is a UUID string created 
          // internally within &quot;userService&quot;, I cannot just verify against 
          // a fixed expected value.  The UUID will by definition always be
          // unique.
       }
    }

The comments in this code sample hopefully lay out the question clearly.  When Mockito injects a mock dependency into a real class, and unit tests on the real class cause it to make calls to the mock, how can you later retrieve the exact arguments that were passed to the injected mock?


How can Mockito capture arguments passed to an injected mock object&#39;s methods?

# The Problem #

To improve my quality of code, I&#39;ve decided to try to learn how to test my code using Unit Testing instead of my mediocre-at-best testing solutions.

I decided to install PHPUnit using composer for a personal library that allows me to achieve common database functions. At first I didn&#39;t have a configuration file for PHPUnit and when I ran commands like:

    $ phpunit tests/GeneralStringFunctions/GeneralStringFunctionsTest

Please note that this is a terminal command, so I didn&#39;t include the `.php` extension. The GeneralStringFunctionsTest referred to above is actually a `GeneralStringFunctionsTest.php` file.

The output is what I expected:

&gt;   Time: 31 ms, Memory: 2.75Mb

&gt;   OK (1 test, 1 assertion)

I then tried to use a configuration file to automatically load the test suite instead of having to manually type in the file every time. I created a file called `phpunit.xml` in my root directory, and entered the following into the file: http://pastebin.com/0j0L4WBD:

    &lt;?xml version = &quot;1.0&quot; encoding=&quot;UTF-8&quot; ?&gt;
    &lt;phpunit&gt;
        &lt;testsuites&gt;
            &lt;testsuite name=&quot;Tests&quot;&gt;
                &lt;directory&gt;tests&lt;/directory&gt;
            &lt;/testsuite&gt;
        &lt;/testsuites&gt;
    &lt;/phpunit&gt;

Now, when I run the command:

    phpunit

I get the following output:

&gt; PHPUnit 4.5.0 by Sebastian Bergmann and contributors.
    
&gt; Configuration read from /Users/muyiwa/Projects/DatabaseHelper/phpunit.xml

&gt; Time: 16 ms, Memory: 1.50Mb
    
&gt; No tests executed!

In case it&#39;s helpful, my directory structure is as follows:  
src - Top level directory (with all my source code)  
tests - Top level directory (with all my tests, structured the same as my *src* folder)  
vendor - Composer third party files  

I also have the composer json and lock file, as well as the phpunit xml file in the top level as files.

#Things I&#39;ve Tried#

 - Changing the directory in `phpunit.xml` to `tests/GeneralStringFunctions`
 - Changing the directory in `phpunit.xml` to `./tests`
 - Moving the `phpunit.xml` file to the `tests` directory and then changing the directory to be `./` instead of `tests`.
 - Adding a suffix attribute to the directory tag in `phpunit.xml` to specify &quot;Tests&quot; as the explicit suffix.

PHPUnit - &#39;No tests executed&#39; when using configuration file

In a unit test, how can I read data from a json file on my (desktop) file system, without hardcoding the path?

I would like to read test input (for my parsing methods) from a file instead of creating static Strings.

The file is in the same location as my unit testing code, but I can also place it somewhere else in the project if needed. I am using Android Studio.

Android Studio unit testing: read data (input) file

I&#39;m running into an issue where when I run my tests on Jasmine, I get this error below.  The problem is, it seems to happen when I try to execute a certain amount of tests.  It doesn&#39;t seem to be tied to a particular test, as if I comment out some, the tests pass.  If I uncomment some tests, the error appears.  If I comment out ones that were uncommented before, they all pass again.  (ie if I have red, green, blue and orange test and it fails, I comment out orange and blue it passes, then I uncomment blue and orange it fails again, but if I comment out red and green it passes again).

&gt; Chrome 41.0.2272 (Mac OS X 10.10.1) ERROR   Some of your tests did a
&gt; full page reload! Chrome 41.0.2272 (Mac OS X 10.10.1): Executed 16 of
&gt; 29 (1 FAILED) ERROR (0.108 secs / 0.092 secs)

I&#39;m stumped as to what is going on.  The more tests I add, that&#39;s when this becomes an issue.  Has anyone encountered this before?  I have no idea what could be causing it, as nothing in any of my tests do any kind of redirection, and they all pass universally on another persons machine.

Some of your tests did a full page reload - error when running Jasmine tests

I followed this guide 
https://sites.google.com/a/android.com/tools/tech-docs/unit-testing-support
but i am stuck with this error:
 
    junit.framework.AssertionFailedError: Exception in constructor: testSaveJson (java.lang.RuntimeException: Method put in org.json.JSONObject not mocked. See https://sites.google.com/a/android.com/tools/tech-docs/unit-testing-support for details.

I modified by Gradle build like the guide says but it doesn&#39;t make a difference

     testOptions { 
        unitTests.returnDefaultValues = true
      }

Android unit test not mocked

I try to run this test:

        @Mock IRoutingObjHttpClient routingClientMock;
        @Mock IRoutingResponseRepository routingResponseRepositoryMock;
    
    
        @Test
        public void testSendRoutingRequest() throws Exception {
            CompleteRoutingResponse completeRoutingResponse = new CompleteRoutingResponse();
            completeRoutingResponse.regression_latencyMillis = 500L;
    
            Mockito.when(routingClientMock.sendRoutingRequest(any(RoutingRequest.class))).thenReturn(completeRoutingResponse);
    
            RoutingObjHttpClientWithReRun routingObjHttpClientWithReRun = new RoutingObjHttpClientWithReRun
                    (routingClientMock, routingResponseRepositoryMock);
    
    ...
        }

but I get NullPointerException for:

`Mockito.when(routingClientMock.`

what am i missing?

mock instance is null after @Mock annotation

The problem I&#39;m facing is that `Matchers.anyObject()` returns `null`. When used to mock method that only accepts non-nullable types it causes a &quot;Should not be null&quot; exception to be thrown. 

    `when`(mockedBackend.login(anyObject())).thenAnswer { invocationOnMock -&gt; someResponse }

Mocked method:

    public open fun login(userCredentials: UserCredentials): Response

Is it possible to use Mockito in Kotlin?

This is my method inside my controller which is annotated by `@Controller`

    @RequestMapping(value = &quot;/getServerAlertFilters/{serverName}/&quot;, produces = &quot;application/json; charset=utf-8&quot;)
    	@ResponseBody
    	public JSONObject getServerAlertFilters(@PathVariable String serverName) {
    		JSONObject json = new JSONObject();
    		List&lt;FilterVO&gt; filteredAlerts = alertFilterService.getAlertFilters(serverName, &quot;&quot;);
    		JSONArray jsonArray = new JSONArray();
    		jsonArray.addAll(filteredAlerts);
    		json.put(SelfServiceConstants.DATA, jsonArray);
    		return json;
    	}
I am expecting `{&quot;data&quot;:[{&quot;useRegEx&quot;:&quot;false&quot;,&quot;hosts&quot;:&quot;v2v2v2&quot;}]}` as my json.

And this is my JUnit test:

    @Test
    	public final void testAlertFilterView() {		
    		try {			
    			MvcResult result = this.mockMvc.perform(get(&quot;/getServerAlertFilters/v2v2v2/&quot;).session(session)
    					.accept(&quot;application/json&quot;))
    					.andDo(print()).andReturn();
    			String content = result.getResponse().getContentAsString();
    			LOG.info(content);
    		} catch (Exception e) {
    			e.printStackTrace();
    		}
    	}


Here is the console output:

    MockHttpServletResponse:
                  Status = 406
           Error message = null
                 Headers = {}
            Content type = null
                    Body = 
           Forwarded URL = null
          Redirected URL = null
                 Cookies = []

Even `result.getResponse().getContentAsString()` is an empty string.

Can someone please suggest how to get my JSON in my JUnit test method so that I can complete my test case.

How to check JSON in response body with mockMvc

For example I have handler:

    @Component
    public class MyHandler {

      @AutoWired
      private MyDependency myDependency;

      public int someMethod() {
        ...
        return anotherMethod();
      }

      public int anotherMethod() {...}
    }
to testing it I want to write something like this:

    @RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class}
    class MyHandlerTest {

      @InjectMocks
      private MyHandler myHandler;

      @Mock
      private MyDependency myDependency;

      @Test
      public void testSomeMethod() {
        when(myHandler.anotherMethod()).thenReturn(1);
        assertEquals(myHandler.someMethod() == 1);
      }
    }
But it actually calls `anotherMethod()` whenever I try to mock it. What should I do with `myHandler` to mock its methods?

How can I mock methods of @InjectMocks class?

Unit testing conn() using mock:

app.py

```python
import mysql.connector
import os, urlparse


def conn():
    if &quot;DATABASE_URL&quot; in os.environ:
        url = urlparse(os.environ[&quot;DATABASE_URL&quot;])
        g.db = mysql.connector.connect(
            user=url.username,
            password=url.password,
            host=url.hostname,
            database=url.path[1:],
        )
    else:
        return &quot;Error&quot;

```

test.py

```python
def test_conn(self):
    with patch(app.mysql.connector) as mock_mysql:
        with patch(app.os.environ) as mock_environ:
            con()
            mock_mysql.connect.assert_callled_with(&quot;credentials&quot;)
```

  Error: *Assertion* `mock_mysql.connect.assert_called_with` is not called.
  
which i believe it is because &#39;Database_url&#39; is not in my patched os.environ and because of that  test call is not made to mysql_mock.connect.


Questions:

1 what changes i need to make to make this test code work?

2.Do i also have to patch &#39;urlparse&#39;?

         

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Dowwie	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Martijn Pieters	View Answer on Stackoverflow

What is the difference between mock.patch.object(... and mock.patch(

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Single selection in RecyclerView

Tkinter understanding mainloop

Attributions