What is `$?` in Powershell?

What is the meaning of $? in Powershell?

---

Edit: TechNet answers in tautology, without explaining what 'succeed' or 'fail' mean.

> $?
> Contains the execution status of the last operation. It contains TRUE if the last operation succeeded and FALSE if it failed.

I presumed $? would simply test whether $LastExitCode is 0, but I found a counter example where $? is False but $LastExitCode is True.

It returns true if the last command was successful, else false.

However, there are a number of caveats and non-obvious behaviour (e.g. what exactly is meant by "success"). I strongly recommend reading this article for a fuller treatment.

For example, consider calling Get-ChildItem.

PS> Get-ChildItem 
    
PS> $? 
    True

$? will return True as the call to Get-ChildItem succeeded.

However, if you call Get-ChildItem on a directory which does not exist it will return an error.

PS> Get-ChildItem \Some\Directory\Which\Does\Not\Exist
    Get-ChildItem : Cannot find path 'C:\Some\Directory\Which\Does\Not\Exist' because it does not exist.

PS> $?
    False

$? will return False here, as the previous command was not successful.

$? will contain $false if the last command resulted in an error. It will contain $true if it did not. In the PowerShell v1 days, this was a common way to do error handling. For example, in a script, if you wanted to check for the existence of a file and then print a custom message if it did not, you could do:

Get-Item -Path john -ErrorAction silentlycontinue;
if( -not $?)
{
    'could not find file.';
     exit
 }`

You can also access last commands exit code using $LastExitCode parameter.

# run some command
# ...
if ((! $?) -and $ErrorAction -eq "Stop") { exit $LastExitCode }

I have encountered in Windows Server 2019, $? can be set false when Standard Error has been generated. In my example docker-compose logs warnings via Standard Error, so although exiting with 0, $? indicates failure.