WinRT is fundamentally COM, so using WinRT components from C is like using COM components from C. Like before, you get .idl files for all WinRT components, and also .h files produced from those .idl files. The .h files include both C++ and C declarations (wrapped in `#ifdef __cplusplus` as needed). You can just #include them and start hacking away.

It&#39;s not exactly neat, though, e.g. something like this C++/CX:
  
    Windows::UI::Xaml::Controls::TextBlock^ tb = ...;
    tb-&gt;Text = &quot;Foo&quot;;

which is equivalent to this vanilla C++:

    Windows::UI::Xaml::Controls::ITextBlock* tb = ...;
    HSTRING hs;
    HRESULT hr = WindowsStringCreate(L&quot;Foo&quot;, 3, &amp;hs);
    // check hr for errors
    hr = tb-&gt;set_Text(hs);
    // check hr for errors
    tb-&gt;Release();

would be written in C as:

    __x_Windows_CUI_CXaml_CControls_CITextBlock* tb = ...;
    HRESULT hr;
    HSTRING hs;
    hr = WindowsCreateString(L&quot;Foo&quot;, 3, &amp;hs);
    // check hr for errors
    hr = __x_Windows_CUI_CXaml_CControls_CITextBlock_put_Text(tb, hs);
    // check hr for errors
    IUnknown_Release(tb);

Look inside &quot;C:\Program Files (x86)\Windows Kits\8.0\Include\winrt&quot; in Developer Preview to see the .idl and .h files.

How can I get an android application pid without using adb shell? Is there any API to get pid.
any help will be appreciated

How to get pid of android application without using adb shell?

I&#39;m trying to unit-test some Scala that is very collection-heavy. These collections are returned as `Iterable[T]`, so I am interested in the *contents* of the collection, even if the underlying types differ. This is actually two related problems:

1. How do I assert that two **ordered** collections contain the same sequence of elements?
1. How do I assert that two **unordered** collections contain the same set of elements?

In summary, I&#39;m looking the Scala-equivalent of NUnit&#39;s `CollectionAssert.AreEqual` (ordered) and `CollectionAssert.AreEquivalent` (unordered) in ScalaTest:

    Set(1, 2) should equal (List(1, 2))          // ordered, pass
    Iterable(2, 1) should equal (Iterable(1, 2)) // unordered, pass

Comparing collection contents with ScalaTest

Watching the //BUILD stuff, I saw that WinRT API&#39;s can be consumed by C code:

![enter image description here][1]

I am rather excited about a fresh C API available to Win32 developers.  

Where can I find information on the C WinRT API?  How is it better than the existing Win32 C API?


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/L4W0H.jpg

Using WinRT from C?

Watching the //BUILD stuff, I saw that WinRT API's can be consumed by C code:
<img src="http://i.stack.imgur.com/L4W0H.jpg" alt="enter image description here">
I am rather excited about a fresh C API available to Win32 developers.
Where can I find information on the C WinRT API? How is it better than the existing Win32 C API?

As far as the respective language standards go, C offers dynamic memory allocation only through the `malloc()` family, while in C++ the most common form of allocation is performed by `::operator new()`. The C-style malloc is also available in C++, and many &quot;baby&#39;s first allocator&quot; examples use it as its core allocation function, but I am curious how contemporary compilers implement the actual production operator-new.

Is it just a thin wrapper around `malloc()`, or is it implemented fundamentally differently on account of the rather different memory allocation behaviour of a typical C++ program compared to a typical C program?

[*Edit:* I believe the main difference is usually described as follows: A C program has fewer, larger, long-lived allocations, while a C++ program has many, small, short-lived allocations. Feel free to chime in if that&#39;s mistaken, but it sounds like one would benefit from taking this into account.]

For a compiler like GCC it would be easy to just have one single core allocation implementation and use that for all relevant languages, so I wonder if there are differences in the details that try to optimize the resulting allocation performance in each language.

---

*Update:* Thanks for all the great answers! It looks like in GCC this is completely solved by *ptmalloc*, and that MSVC also uses `malloc` at the core. Does anyone know how the MSVC-malloc is implemented?

Does dynamic memory allocation differ in C and C++ in popular implementations?

As I&#39;ve learned recently, a `long` in C/C++ is the same length as an `int`.  To put it simply, why?  It seems almost pointless to even include the datatype in the language.  Does it have any uses specific to it that an `int` doesn&#39;t have?  I know we can declare a 64-bit `int` like so:

    long long x = 0;

But why does the language choose to do it this way, rather than just making a `long` well...longer than an `int`?  Other languages such as C# do this, so why not C/C++?

Long Vs. Int C/C++ - What&#39;s The Point?

I was reading about vulnerabilities in code and came across this *Format-String Vulnerability*. 

[Wikipedia](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncontrolled_format_string) says:

&gt; Format string bugs most commonly appear when a programmer wishes to
&gt; print a string containing user supplied data. The programmer may
&gt; mistakenly write printf(buffer) instead of printf(&quot;%s&quot;, buffer). The
&gt; first version interprets buffer as a format string, and parses any
&gt; formatting instructions it may contain. The second version simply
&gt; prints a string to the screen, as the programmer intended.

I got the problem with printf(buffer) version, but I still didn&#39;t get how this vulnerability can be used by attacker to execute harmful code. Can someone please tell me how this vulnerability can be **exploited** by an example?

How can a Format-String vulnerability be exploited?

I am not able to find the equivalent header file for conio.h in Linux.

Is there any option for `getch()` &amp; `getche()` function in Linux?

I want to make a switch case base menu where the user will give his option just by pressing one key &amp; process should be moved ahead. I don&#39;t want to let user to press ENTER after pressing his choice.



What is the equivalent to getch() &amp; getche() in Linux?

looking at the linux kernel source, I found this:


    static struct tty_operations serial_ops = {
      .open = tiny_open,
      .close = tiny_close,
      .write = tiny_write,
      .write_room = tiny_write_room,
      .set_termios = tiny_set_termios,
    };

I&#39;ve never seen such a notation in C.
Why is there a dot before the variable name?


What does a dot before the variable name in struct mean?

I am using Visual Studio 2010, and I know this feature is available in C++.

I need to debug some code, that changes a variable to several values. I want to debug the code in a specific case, when the variable getting a specific value. I know I can add `if(var == value)`, but is there any elegant way to do it?

Another question, can I set a breakpoint when a variable is changed in general?


Can I set a breakpoint when variable is getting a specific value in .NET?

I&#39;m running VS2010 premium. One of my teammates has both the solution configuration drop-down (Debug, Release) AND the platform (Win32, x64) combo-boxes in his toolbar. I don&#39;t.

For a reference, I&#39;m hoping to see:

![enter image description here][1]


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/3IDAn.png

Instead, I only see the first combo-box. What do I need to configure to make the second one appear?

Solution Configuration but not Platform in VS2010 Toolbar

While I was trying to Update my Project I was making - I got an error for the first time I&#39;ve seen:

&gt; &#39;An error occurred while signing: SignTool.exe not found.&#39;

I&#39;ve never seen this before, So I looked up that SignTool.exe is what signs my project for ClickOnce Deployment.

I also read that is it a part of Windows SDK - but when I looked to find where SignTool.exe is - I saw it right there!

      C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft SDKs\Windows\v7.0A\Bin

I saw no problem, and I&#39;ve always published my Project all the time - I&#39;m on Version 68. But this is the first time I&#39;ve seen this - I didn&#39;t touch any options that would do this.

Any help?

An error occurred while signing: SignTool.exe not found

What&#39;s the purose of .vsmdi file? Do I need to check into the source control system?

what&#39;s the purpose of *.vsmdi? Do I need to source control it?

I&#39;m trying to *[printf debug][1]* my Visual Studio project file by spewing messages to the console like this:

    &lt;Target Name=&quot;BeforeBuild&quot;&gt;
      &lt;Message Text=&quot;+++++++++++++++++++++++ Justin Dearing ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++&quot; /&gt;
    &lt;/Target&gt;

This works from the command line:

    BeforeBuild:
      +++++++++++++++++++++++ Justin Dearing ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

However, the messages don&#39;t show up in the Visual Studio 2010 build output. Is there an alternative MSBuild task I can use, or a setting in Visual Studio I can enable to make these messages appear?

  [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugging#Techniques


How do I get the &lt;Message&gt; MSBuild task to show up in the Visual Studio project output?

In a situation where you have the UI frontend built using the new Metro style of apps for windows 8, and would like it to communicate with a .NET application running on the desktop on the same local machine (e.g. a windows service app).

What forms of interprocess communication are available between the metro app and the desktop app?

Thanks to Pavel Minaev of the Visual Studio team, who has provided some initial info here in a comment, quoted:

&gt; According to Martyn Lovell, there isn&#39;t any deliberate mechanism for
&gt; that, and some that could be used for it are intentionally restricted.
&gt; Named pipes aren&#39;t there, for example, nor are memory mapped files.
&gt; There are sockets (including server sockets), but when connecting to
&gt; localhost, you can only connect to the same app. You could use normal
&gt; files in one of the shared &quot;known folders&quot; (Documents, Pictures etc),
&gt; but that is a fairly crude hack that necessitates polling and is
&gt; visible to the user. -- [Pavel Minaev](https://stackoverflow.com/users/111335/pavel-minaev) commenting on [this issue](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7416826/how-does-the-new-windows-8-runtime-compare-to-silverlight-and-wpf)

So failing normal approaches I was thinking of using web services or reading/writing to a database in order to get some form of communication happening, both of which seem like overkill when the processes are running on the same machine.

Is what I&#39;m attempting here making sense? I can see a need for a metro app to be the frontend UI for an existing service which is running on the desktop. Or is it better to just use WPF for the frontend UI running on the desktop (i.e. a non-metro app).

How can a Metro app in Windows 8 communicate with a backend desktop app on the same machine?

I&#39;ve tried implementing a function like this, but unfortunately it doesn&#39;t work:

    const wchar_t *GetWC(const char *c)
    {
        const size_t cSize = strlen(c)+1;
        wchar_t wc[cSize];
        mbstowcs (wc, c, cSize);

        return wc;
    }

My main goal here is to be able to integrate normal char strings in a Unicode application. Any advice you guys can offer is greatly appreciated.

How to convert char* to wchar_t*?

What is the difference between malloc() and HeapAlloc()? As far as I understand malloc allocates memory from the heap, just as HeapAlloc, right?

So what is the difference?


Thanks!

malloc() vs. HeapAlloc()

I&#39;m having a little look at .dll files, I understand their usage and I&#39;m trying to understand how to use them.

I have created a .dll file that contains a function that returns an integer named funci()

using this code, I (think) I&#39;ve imported the .dll file into the project(there&#39;s no complaints):

    #include &lt;windows.h&gt;
    #include &lt;iostream&gt;

    int main() {
      HINSTANCE hGetProcIDDLL = LoadLibrary(&quot;C:\\Documents and Settings\\User\\Desktop  \\fgfdg\\dgdg\\test.dll&quot;);

      if (hGetProcIDDLL == NULL) {
        std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;cannot locate the .dll file&quot; &lt;&lt; std::endl;
      } else {
        std::cout &lt;&lt; &quot;it has been called&quot; &lt;&lt; std::endl;
        return -1;
      }
    
      int a = funci();

      return a;
    }

    # funci function 

    int funci() {
      return 40;
    }

However when I try to compile this .cpp file that I think has imported the .dll I have the following error: 

    C:\Documents and Settings\User\Desktop\fgfdg\onemore.cpp||In function &#39;int main()&#39;:|
    C:\Documents and Settings\User\Desktop\fgfdg\onemore.cpp|16|error: &#39;funci&#39; was not     declared in this scope|
    ||=== Build finished: 1 errors, 0 warnings ===|

I know a .dll is different from a header file so I know I can&#39;t import a function like this but it&#39;s the best I could come up with to show that I&#39;ve tried.

My question is, how can I use the `hGetProcIDDLL` pointer to access the function within the .dll. 

I hope this question makes sense and I&#39;m not barking up some wrong tree yet again.







Dynamically load a function from a DLL

Since yesterday, I&#39;ve been facing a compiling error for my C project. The project itself consists on creating a service that will make some tasks.

I don&#39;t what has changed since yesterday, but this morning, my code can&#39;t compile anymore.

Here are the errors I have :

    c:\path\main.c(56): error C2275: &#39;SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY&#39; : illegal use of this type as an expression
    c:\program files\microsoft sdks\windows\v7.0a\include\winsvc.h(773) : see declaration of &#39;SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY&#39;
    c:\path\main.c(56): error C2146: syntax error : missing &#39;;&#39; before identifier &#39;DispatchTable&#39;
    c:\path\main.c(56): error C2065: &#39;DispatchTable&#39; : undeclared identifier
    c:\path\main.c(56): error C2059: syntax error : &#39;]&#39;
    c:\path\main.c(57): error C2065: &#39;DispatchTable&#39; : undeclared identifier
    c:\path\main.c(57): warning C4047: &#39;function&#39; : &#39;const SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRYA *&#39; differs in levels of indirection from &#39;int&#39;
    c:\path\main.c(57): warning C4024: &#39;StartServiceCtrlDispatcherA&#39; : different types for formal and actual parameter 1

Here&#39;s the code concerned by these errors (from lines 45 to 58) :

    int main(int ac, char *av[])
    {
    	if (ac &gt; 1)
    	{
            if (!parse_args(ac, av))
    	    {
    		aff_error(ARGUMENTS);
    		return EXIT_FAILURE;
    	    }
    	}
    	SERVICE_TABLE_ENTRY DispatchTable[] = {{MY_SERVICE_NAME, ServiceMain}, {NULL, NULL}};
    	StartServiceCtrlDispatcher(DispatchTable);
    	return EXIT_SUCCESS;
    }

And here&#39;s the code of my ServiceMain function :

    void WINAPI ServiceMain(DWORD ac, LPTSTR *av)
    {
    	gl_ServiceStatus.dwServiceType = SERVICE_WIN32;
    	gl_ServiceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_START_PENDING;
    	gl_ServiceStatus.dwControlsAccepted = SERVICE_ACCEPT_STOP;
    	gl_ServiceStatus.dwWin32ExitCode = 0;
    	gl_ServiceStatus.dwServiceSpecificExitCode = 0;
    	gl_ServiceStatus.dwCheckPoint = 0;
    	gl_ServiceStatus.dwWaitHint = 0;
    	gl_ServiceStatusHandle = RegisterServiceCtrlHandler(MY_SERVICE_NAME, ServiceCtrlHandler);
    	if (gl_ServiceStatusHandle == (SERVICE_STATUS_HANDLE)0)
    		return;
    	gl_ServiceStatus.dwCurrentState = SERVICE_RUNNING;
    	gl_ServiceStatus.dwCheckPoint = 0;
    	gl_ServiceStatus.dwWaitHint = 0;
    	SetServiceStatus(gl_ServiceStatusHandle, &amp;gl_ServiceStatus);
    }

I couldn&#39;t manage to find some answers that fit my problem, could anyone helps ? Thanks !

error C2275 : illegal use of this type as an expression

Windows 8 introduces WinRT, which is like .NET but unmanaged.
Why is it unmanaged? Is it a performance issue? Does it mean garbage collection is not suitable for lower level APIs?

Why is WinRT unmanaged?

How can I run code on the UI thread in WinRT (Windows 8 Metro)?

The `Invoke` method does not exist.


Run code on UI thread in WinRT

I&#39;m struggling to get my Windows 8 application to communicate with my test web API over SSL.

It seems that HttpClient/HttpClientHandler does not provide and option to ignore untrusted certificates like WebRequest enables you to (albeit in a &quot;hacky&quot; way with `ServerCertificateValidationCallback`).

Any help would be much appreciated!



Allowing Untrusted SSL Certificates with HttpClient

I keep hitting this problem when I try to debug my Windows 8 apps and there is a copy already installed on another user account:

&gt; DEP0700 : Registration of the app failed. Another user has already installed a packaged version of this app. An unpackaged version cannot replace this. The conflicting package is {{{PackageName}}} and it was published by CN={{{Certificate Stuff}}}. (0x80073cf9)

Sometimes I can just log in or ask someone else to log in to the machine and uninstall the app. Alternatively I can change the application name/id, but one is not always possible and the other is risky (I don&#39;t want to check in the changed application id to source control).

There must be some way to uninstall it. Maybe a PowerShell script?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Andrew	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - C	Pavel Minaev	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Using WinRT from C?

C Problem Overview

C Solutions

Solution 1 - C

Comparing collection contents with ScalaTest

How to get pid of android application without using adb shell?

Attributions