According to the [API][1], the headers can all be passed in with `requests.get()`:

    import requests
    r=requests.get(&quot;http://www.example.com/&quot;, headers={&quot;Content-Type&quot;:&quot;text&quot;})

  [1]: https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/latest/api/

Seems pretty straightforward, according to the [docs][1] on the page you linked (emphasis mine).

&gt; requests.get(url, params=None, headers=None, cookies=None, auth=None,
&gt; timeout=None)
&gt; 
&gt; Sends a GET request.
&gt; Returns `Response` object.
&gt; 
&gt; Parameters:
&gt;
&gt; * url – URL for the new
&gt; `Request` object.
&gt; * params – (optional)
&gt; Dictionary of GET Parameters to send
&gt; with the `Request`.
&gt; * **headers – (optional)
&gt; Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send
&gt; with the `Request`.**
&gt; * cookies – (optional)
&gt; CookieJar object to send with the
&gt; `Request`.
&gt; * auth – (optional) AuthObject
&gt; to enable Basic HTTP Auth.
&gt; * timeout –
&gt; (optional) Float describing the
&gt; timeout of the request.


  [1]: http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/api/

[This answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/36634227/819417) taught me that you can set headers for an entire session:

    s = requests.Session()
    s.auth = (&#39;user&#39;, &#39;pass&#39;)
    s.headers.update({&#39;x-test&#39;: &#39;true&#39;})
    
    # both &#39;x-test&#39; and &#39;x-test2&#39; are sent
    s.get(&#39;http://httpbin.org/headers&#39;, headers={&#39;x-test2&#39;: &#39;true&#39;})

Bonus: [Sessions also handle cookies.](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/advanced/#session-objects)

1. Go to http://myhttpheader.com
2. copy attributes - typically &#39;Accept-Language&#39; and &#39;User-Agent&#39;.
3. Wrap them in the dictionary:

   ```python
   headers = { &#39;Accept-Language&#39; : content-copied-from-myhttpheader,
               &#39;User-Agent&#39;:content-copied-from-myhttpheader}
   ```
4. pass headers in your request 
   ```python
   requests.get(url=your_url,headers=headers)
   ```



I am trying to post a JSON object to a asp.net webservice.

My json looks like this:

    var markers = { &quot;markers&quot;: [
      { &quot;position&quot;: &quot;128.3657142857143&quot;, &quot;markerPosition&quot;: &quot;7&quot; },
      { &quot;position&quot;: &quot;235.1944023323615&quot;, &quot;markerPosition&quot;: &quot;19&quot; },
      { &quot;position&quot;: &quot;42.5978231292517&quot;, &quot;markerPosition&quot;: &quot;-3&quot; }
    ]};

I am using the json2.js to stringyfy my JSON object.

 and I am using jquery to post it to my webservice.

      $.ajax({
            type: &quot;POST&quot;,
            url: &quot;/webservices/PodcastService.asmx/CreateMarkers&quot;,
            data: markers,
            contentType: &quot;application/json; charset=utf-8&quot;,
            dataType: &quot;json&quot;,
            success: function(data){alert(data);},
            failure: function(errMsg) {
                alert(errMsg);
            }
      });



I am getting the following error:

&gt; Invalid JSON primitive

I have found a bunch of posts relating to this and it seems to be a really common problem but nothing i try fixes the issue.

When firebug what is being posted to the server it looks like this:

&gt; markers%5B0%5D%5Bposition%5D=128.3657142857143&amp;markers%5B0%5D%5BmarkerPosition%5D=7&amp;markers%5B1%5D%5Bposition%5D=235.1944023323615&amp;markers%5B1%5D%5BmarkerPosition%5D=19&amp;markers%5B2%5D%5Bposition%5D=42.5978231292517&amp;markers%5B2%5D%5BmarkerPosition%5D=-3


My webservice function that is being called is:

    [WebMethod]
    public string CreateMarkers(string markerArray)
    {
        return &quot;received markers&quot;;
    }


Jquery Ajax Posting JSON to webservice

When I use MSTest Framework, and copy the code that Selenium IDE generated for me, MSTest doesn&#39;t recognize `[TearDown]` and `[SetUp]`. What is the alternative to this?

What would be an alternate to [TearDown] and [SetUp] in MSTest?

So I recently stumbled upon this great library for handling HTTP requests in Python; found here http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html.

I love working with it, but I can&#39;t figure out how to add headers to my get requests. Help?

Using headers with the Python requests library&#39;s get method

<p>So I recently stumbled upon this great library for handling HTTP requests in Python; found here <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html</a>.</p>
<p>I love working with it, but I can't figure out how to add headers to my get requests. Help?</p>


What&#39;s the best way to slice the last word from a block of text? 

I can think of 

 1. Split it to a list (by spaces) and removing the last item, then reconcatenating the list.
 2. Use a regular expression to replace the last word.

I&#39;m currently taking approach #1, but I don&#39;t know how to concatenate the list...

    content = content[position-1:position+249] # Content
    words = string.split(content, &#39; &#39;)
    words = words[len[words] -1] # Cut of the last word

Any code examples are much appreciated.


Python: Cut off the last word of a sentence?

I am working on a series of unit tests in Python, some of which depend on the value of a configuration variable. These variables are stored in a global Python config file and are used in other modules. I would like to write unit tests for different values of the configuration variables but have not yet found a way to do this.

I do not have the possibility to rewrite the signatures of the methods I&#39;m testing.

This is what I would like to achieve:

    from my_module import my_function_with_global_var

    class TestSomething(self.unittest):
    
        def test_first_case(self):
             from config import MY_CONFIG_VARIABLE
             MY_CONFIG_VARIABLE = True
             self.assertEqual(my_function_with_global_var(), &quot;First result&quot;)

        def test_second_case(self):
             from config import MY_CONFIG_VARIABLE
             MY_CONFIG_VARIABLE = False
             self.assertEqual(my_function_with_global_var(), &quot;Second result&quot;)

Thanks.

Edit: Made the example code more explicite.

Modifying global variables in Python unittest framework

Apparently, the following is the valid syntax:

    b&#39;The string&#39;

I would like to know:

 1. What does this `b` character in front of the string mean?
 2. What are the effects of using it?
 3. What are appropriate situations to use it?

I found a [related question][1] right here on SO, but that question is about PHP though, and it states the `b` is used to indicate the string is binary, as opposed to Unicode, which was needed for code to be compatible from version of PHP &lt; 6, when migrating to PHP 6. I don&#39;t think this applies to Python.

I did find [this documentation][2] on the Python site about using a `u` character in the same syntax to specify a string as Unicode. Unfortunately, it doesn&#39;t mention the **b** character anywhere in that document.

Also, just out of curiosity, are there more symbols than the `b` and `u` that do other things?

  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/q/4749442/346561
  [2]: http://docs.python.org/tutorial/introduction.html#unicode-strings

What does the &#39;b&#39; character do in front of a string literal?

This code works and sends me an email just fine:  

    import smtplib
    #SERVER = &quot;localhost&quot;
    
    FROM = &#39;monty@python.com&#39;

    TO = [&quot;jon@mycompany.com&quot;] # must be a list

    SUBJECT = &quot;Hello!&quot;

    TEXT = &quot;This message was sent with Python&#39;s smtplib.&quot;

    # Prepare actual message

    message = &quot;&quot;&quot;\
    From: %s
    To: %s
    Subject: %s

    %s
    &quot;&quot;&quot; % (FROM, &quot;, &quot;.join(TO), SUBJECT, TEXT)

    # Send the mail

    server = smtplib.SMTP(&#39;myserver&#39;)
    server.sendmail(FROM, TO, message)
    server.quit()

However if I try to wrap it in a function like this:

    def sendMail(FROM,TO,SUBJECT,TEXT,SERVER):
        import smtplib
        &quot;&quot;&quot;this is some test documentation in the function&quot;&quot;&quot;
        message = &quot;&quot;&quot;\
            From: %s
            To: %s
            Subject: %s
            %s
            &quot;&quot;&quot; % (FROM, &quot;, &quot;.join(TO), SUBJECT, TEXT)
        # Send the mail
        server = smtplib.SMTP(SERVER)
        server.sendmail(FROM, TO, message)
        server.quit()

and call it I get the following errors:  

   

     Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;C:/Python31/mailtest1.py&quot;, line 8, in &lt;module&gt;
        sendmail.sendMail(sender,recipients,subject,body,server)
      File &quot;C:/Python31\sendmail.py&quot;, line 13, in sendMail
        server.sendmail(FROM, TO, message)
      File &quot;C:\Python31\lib\smtplib.py&quot;, line 720, in sendmail
        self.rset()
      File &quot;C:\Python31\lib\smtplib.py&quot;, line 444, in rset
        return self.docmd(&quot;rset&quot;)
      File &quot;C:\Python31\lib\smtplib.py&quot;, line 368, in docmd
        return self.getreply()
      File &quot;C:\Python31\lib\smtplib.py&quot;, line 345, in getreply
        raise SMTPServerDisconnected(&quot;Connection unexpectedly closed&quot;)
    smtplib.SMTPServerDisconnected: Connection unexpectedly closed
      
Can anyone help me understand why?  


How to send an email with Python?

I&#39;m using *Python 2.6*.  Sometimes there become several instances of a certain process open, and that process causes some problems in itself.  I want to be able to programatically detect that there are multiple instances of that process and to kill them.

For example, maybe in some cases there are 50 instances of make.exe open.  I want to be able to tell that there are 20 instances open, and to kill them all.  How is this accomplished?

Is it possible to kill a process on Windows from within Python?

I&#39;m trying to use the [Requests](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/user/quickstart/#cookies) library to send cookies with a post request, but I&#39;m not sure how to actually set up the cookies based on its documentation. The script is for use on Wikipedia, and the cookie(s) that need to be sent are of this form:

    enwiki_session=17ab96bd8ffbe8ca58a78657a918558e; path=/; domain=.wikipedia.com; HttpOnly

However, the `requests` documentation quickstart gives this as the only example:

    cookies = dict(cookies_are=&#39;working&#39;)

How can I encode a cookie like the above using this library? Do I need to make it with python&#39;s standard cookie library, then send it along with the POST request?

How to send cookies in a post request with the Python Requests library?

Just a short, simple one about the excellent [Requests](http://docs.python-requests.org/en/latest/index.html) module for Python.

I can&#39;t seem to find in the documentation what the variable &#39;proxies&#39; should contain. When I send it a dict with a standard &quot;IP:PORT&quot; value it rejected it asking for 2 values.
So, I guess (because this doesn&#39;t seem to be covered in the docs) that the first value is the ip and the second the port? 

The docs mention this only:
&gt; proxies – (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.

So I tried this... what should I be doing? 

    proxy = { ip: port}

and should I convert these to some type before putting them in the dict? 

    r = requests.get(url,headers=headers,proxies=proxy)

Proxies with Python &#39;Requests&#39; module

I&#39;m using the Python requests library. I&#39;m trying to figure out how to extract the actual HTML body from a response. The code looks a bit like this:

    r = requests.get(...)
    print r.content

This should indeed print lots of content, but instead prints nothing.

Any suggestions? Maybe I&#39;ve misunderstood how requests.get() works?

How to extract HTTP response body from a Python requests call?

How to handle exceptions with python library requests?
For example how to check is PC connected to internet?

When I try 

    try:
        requests.get(&#39;http://www.google.com&#39;)
    except ConnectionError:
        # handle the exception

it gives me error name `ConnectionError` is not defined

Python requests exception handling

I&#39;m building a WebClient library. Now I&#39;m implementing a proxy feature, so I am making some research and I saw some code using the `CONNECT` method to request a URL.

But checking it within my web browser, it doesn&#39;t use the `CONNECT` method but calls the GET method instead.

So I&#39;m confused. When I should use both methods?

When should one use CONNECT and GET HTTP methods at HTTP Proxy Server?

Earlier I used `httplib` module to add a header in the request. Now I am trying the same thing with the `requests` module.

This is the python request module I am using:
http://pypi.python.org/pypi/requests

How can I add a header to `request.post()` and `request.get()`. Say I have to add `foobar` key in each request in the header.



Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Breedly	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	cwallenpoole	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	John Flatness	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Python	Cees Timmerman	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Python	Bogdan Czarnecki	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Using headers with the Python requests library's get method

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

Solution 3 - Python

Solution 4 - Python

What would be an alternate to [TearDown] and [SetUp] in MSTest?

Jquery Ajax Posting JSON to webservice

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