Use a tuple for it.

    &gt;&gt;&gt; ext = [&quot;.3g2&quot;, &quot;.3gp&quot;, &quot;.asf&quot;, &quot;.asx&quot;, &quot;.avi&quot;, &quot;.flv&quot;, \
                            &quot;.m2ts&quot;, &quot;.mkv&quot;, &quot;.mov&quot;, &quot;.mp4&quot;, &quot;.mpg&quot;, &quot;.mpeg&quot;, \
                            &quot;.rm&quot;, &quot;.swf&quot;, &quot;.vob&quot;, &quot;.wmv&quot;]
    
    &gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;.wmv&quot;.endswith(tuple(ext))
    True
    &gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;.rand&quot;.endswith(tuple(ext))
    False

Instead of converting everytime, just convert it to tuple once.

Couldn&#39;t you have just made it a tuple in the first place? Why do you have to do:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; &quot;.wmv&quot;.endswith(tuple(ext))

Couldn&#39;t you just do:

    &gt;&gt;&gt; ext = (&quot;.3g2&quot;, &quot;.3gp&quot;, &quot;.asf&quot;, &quot;.asx&quot;, &quot;.avi&quot;, &quot;.flv&quot;, \
                            &quot;.m2ts&quot;, &quot;.mkv&quot;, &quot;.mov&quot;, &quot;.mp4&quot;, &quot;.mpg&quot;, &quot;.mpeg&quot;, \
                            &quot;.rm&quot;, &quot;.swf&quot;, &quot;.vob&quot;, &quot;.wmv&quot;)





New to the project, have multiple source files used for compilation and some &quot;could&quot; be dynamic libraries, loaded at runtime. When debugging the executable using &quot;GDB&quot;, is there a command to list all the source files (static) used to build the executable. Once I have all the source files, it&#39;s easy for me to set breakpoints, list functions etc. I couldn&#39;t find a command to do it in GDB (I&#39;m sure there should be one). In DDD (gui based gdb), there is a Menu: File-&gt;List, which lists all the source files used and static libraries used for building the executable. Unfortunately, for command line based debugger (GDB), I couldnt find an equivalent command.

GDB: How to list all source files used for compilation

I&#39;m trying to remove all the html/javascript using bs4, however, it doesn&#39;t get rid of javascript. I still see it there with the text. How can I get around this?

I tried using `nltk` which works fine however, `clean_html` and `clean_url` will be removed moving forward. Is there a way to use soups `get_text` and get the same result?

I tried looking at these other pages:

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/10524387/beautifulsoup-get-text-does-not-strip-all-tags-and-javascript

Currently i&#39;m using the nltk&#39;s deprecated functions.

**EDIT**

Here&#39;s an example:

    import urllib
    from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
    
    url = &quot;http://www.cnn.com&quot;
    html = urllib.urlopen(url).read()
    soup = BeautifulSoup(html)
    print soup.get_text()

I still see the following for CNN:

	$j(function() {
	&quot;use strict&quot;;
	if ( window.hasOwnProperty(&#39;safaripushLib&#39;) &amp;&amp; window.safaripushLib.checkEnv() ) {
	var pushLib = window.safaripushLib,
	current = pushLib.currentPermissions();
	if (current === &quot;default&quot;) {
	pushLib.checkPermissions(&quot;helloClient&quot;, function() {});
	}
	}
	});

	/*globals MainLocalObj*/
	$j(window).load(function () {
	&#39;use strict&#39;;
	MainLocalObj.init();
	});

How can I remove the js?

Only other options I found are:

https://github.com/aaronsw/html2text

The problem with `html2text` is that it&#39;s really _really_ slow at times, and creates noticable lag, which is one thing nltk was always very good with.

BeatifulSoup4 get_text still has javascript

I&#39;m trying to detect files with a list of extensions.

    ext = [&quot;.3g2&quot;, &quot;.3gp&quot;, &quot;.asf&quot;, &quot;.asx&quot;, &quot;.avi&quot;, &quot;.flv&quot;, \
                            &quot;.m2ts&quot;, &quot;.mkv&quot;, &quot;.mov&quot;, &quot;.mp4&quot;, &quot;.mpg&quot;, &quot;.mpeg&quot;, \
                            &quot;.rm&quot;, &quot;.swf&quot;, &quot;.vob&quot;, &quot;.wmv&quot;]
    if file.endswith(ext): # how to use the list ?
       command 1
    elif file.endswith(&quot;&quot;): # it should be a folder
       command 2
    elif file.endswith(&quot;.other&quot;): # not a video, not a folder
       command 3

Use endswith with multiple extensions

I'm trying to detect files with a list of extensions.
<pre><code class="hljs language-bash">ext = [".3g2", ".3gp", ".asf", ".asx", ".avi", ".flv", \
 ".m2ts", ".mkv", ".mov", ".mp4", ".mpg", ".mpeg", \
 ".rm", ".swf", ".vob", ".wmv"]
if file.endswith(ext): # how to use the list ?
 command 1
elif file.endswith(""): # it should be a folder
 command 2
elif file.endswith(".other"): # not a video, not a folder
 command 3
</code></pre>

I&#39;m trying to understand outlook interaction through win32com better.  I&#39;ve been unable to find clear documentation that allows me to utilise win32com to read emails effectively, from my current investigation it seems like a fairly regular sentiment by users.  Thus comes the following information and request:

Could someone;

**1. Give a link to the location of clear documentation (if it exists)**

**2. Expand on the below**

Below is the current functionality I&#39;ve found based on reading other peoples code.

Take the below code:

    import win32com

    outlook=win32com.client.Dispatch(&quot;Outlook.Application&quot;).GetNamespace(&quot;MAPI&quot;)
    
    inbox=outlook.GetDefaultFolder(6)

    messages=inbox.Items

    for message in messages:
        attachments = message.attachments

        for attachment in attachments:
            pass

The objects used above have the following functionality that I&#39;m aware of:

inbox -

    .Folders
    .Items

messages -

    .GetFirst()
    .GetLast()
    .GetNext()
    .GetPrevious()
    .Attachments

message -

    .Subject
    .Body
    .To
    .Recipients
    .Sender
    .Sender.Address

attachments - 

    .item()
    .Count

attachment -

    .filename

If you know of any more functionality then please add to this in your answers.


Clearly documented reading of emails functionality with python win32com outlook

What&#39;s a Python bytestring?

All I can find are topics on how to encode to bytestring or decode to [ASCII][1] or [UTF-8][2]. I&#39;m trying to understand how it works under the hood. In a normal ASCII string, it&#39;s an array or list of characters, and each character represents an ASCII value from 0-255, so that&#39;s how you know what character is represented by the number. In Unicode, it&#39;s the 8- or 16-byte representation for the character that tells you what character it is.

So what is a bytestring? How does Python know which characters to represent as what? How does it work under the hood? Since you can print or even return these strings and it shows you the string representation, I don&#39;t quite get it...

Ok, so my point is *definitely* getting missed here. I&#39;ve been told that it&#39;s an *immutable* sequence of bytes without any particular *interpretation*.

A sequence of bytes.. Okay, let&#39;s say one byte:
`&#39;a&#39;.encode()` returns `b&#39;a&#39;`.

Simple enough. Why can I read the **a**?

Say I get the ASCII value for **a**, by doing this:
`printf &quot;%d&quot; &quot;&#39;a&quot;`

It returns **97**. Okay, good, the integer value for the ASCII character **a**. If we interpret **97** as ASCII, say in a C `char`, then we get the letter `a`. Fair enough. If we convert the byte representation to bits, we get this:

`01100001`

*2^0 + 2^5 + 2^6 = 97*. Cool.

So why is `&#39;a&#39;.encode()` returning `b&#39;a&#39;` instead of `01100001`?? \
If it&#39;s **without** a particular *interpretation*, shouldn&#39;t it be returning something like `b&#39;01100001&#39;`? \
It **seems** like it&#39;s interpreting it like ASCII.

Someone mentioned that it&#39;s calling `__repr__` on the bytestring, so it&#39;s displayed in human-readable form. However, even if I do something like:

    with open(&#39;testbytestring.txt&#39;, &#39;wb&#39;) as f:
        f.write(b&#39;helloworld&#39;)

It will *still* insert `helloworld` as a regular string into the file, not as a sequence of bytes... So is a bytestring in ASCII?

  [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII
  [2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UTF-8





What is a Python bytestring?

I have the following:

    &gt; date1
    Timestamp(&#39;2014-01-23 00:00:00&#39;, tz=None)
    
    &gt; date2
    datetime.date(2014, 3, 26)

and I read on [this answer][1] that I could use `pandas.to_datetime()` to convert from `Timestamps` to `datetime` objects, but it doesn&#39;t seem to work:

    &gt; pd.to_datetime(date1)   
    Timestamp(&#39;2014-01-23 00:00:00&#39;, tz=None)

Why? How can I convert between these two formats?

  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/a/13753918/283296

Converting between datetime and Pandas Timestamp objects

I notice that I can do things like `2 &lt;&lt; 5` to get 64 and `1000 &gt;&gt; 2` to get 250.

Also I can use `&gt;&gt;` in `print`:

    print &gt;&gt;obj, &quot;Hello world&quot;

What is happening here?

What do &gt;&gt; and &lt;&lt; mean in Python?

I know how to generate a random number within a range in Python.

    random.randint(numLow, numHigh)

And I know I can put this in a loop to generate n amount of these numbers

    for x in range (0, n):
        listOfNumbers.append(random.randint(numLow, numHigh))

However, I need to make sure each number in that list is unique. Other than a load of conditional statements, is there a straightforward way of generating n number of unique random numbers?

The important thing is that each number in the list is different to the others..

So

   [12, 5, 6, 1] = good

But

   [12, 5, 5, 1] = bad, because the number 5 occurs twice.



Generate &#39;n&#39; unique random numbers within a range

I have an *n*-by-*m* Pandas DataFrame `df` defined as follows. (I know this is not the best way to do it. It makes sense for what I&#39;m trying to do in my actual code, but that would be TMI for this post so just take my word that this approach works in my particular scenario.)

    &gt;&gt;&gt; df = DataFrame(columns=[&#39;col1&#39;])
    &gt;&gt;&gt; df.append(Series([None]), ignore_index=True)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; df
    Empty DataFrame
    Columns: [col1]
    Index: []

I stored lists in the cells of this DataFrame as follows.

    &gt;&gt;&gt; df[&#39;column1&#39;][0] = [1.23, 2.34]
    &gt;&gt;&gt; df
         col1
    0  [1, 2]

For some reason, the DataFrame stored this list as a string instead of a list.

    &gt;&gt;&gt; df[&#39;column1&#39;][0]
    &#39;[1.23, 2.34]&#39;

I have 2 questions for you.

 1. **Why does the DataFrame store a list as a string and is there a way around this behavior?**
 2. **If not, then is there a Pythonic way to convert this string into a list?**

----------
**Update**

The DataFrame I was using had been saved and loaded from a CSV format. *This format, rather than the DataFrame itself, converted the list from a string to a literal.*

Pandas DataFrame stored list as string: How to convert back to list

I have the following situation

    Map&lt;Key, ListContainer&gt; map; 
    
    public class ListContainer {
      List&lt;AClass&gt; lst;
    }

I have to merge all the lists `lst` from the `ListContainer` objects from a `Map` map.

    public static void main(String[] args) {
       List&lt;AClass&gt; alltheObjectsAClass = map.values().stream(). // continue....    
    }

Any idea how, using Java 8 stream API?

Merge lists with stream API

I have a List in c# in which i am adding list fields.Now while adding i have to check condition,if the condition satisfies then i need to remove the last row added from the list.
Here is my sample code..

        
        List&lt;&gt; rows = new List&lt;&gt;();
        foreach (User user in users)
        {
            try
            {
                Row row = new Row();
                row.cell = new string[11];
                row.cell[1] = user.&quot;&quot;;
                row.cell[0] = user.&quot;&quot;;
                row.cell[2] = user.&quot;&quot;;         
                
                rows.Add(row);

                if (row.cell[0].Equals(&quot;Something&quot;))
                {

                    //here i have to write code to remove last row from the list
                    //row means all the last three fields
                    
                }
               
            }

 
So my question is how to remove last row from list in c#.
Please help me.

How to remove the last element added into the List?

I am newbie to Python and need to convert a list to dictionary. I know that we can convert a list of tuples to a dictionary. 

This is the input list: 

    L = [1,term1, 3, term2, x, term3,... z, termN]

and I want to convert this list to a list of tuples (or directly to a dictionary) like this:

    [(1, term1), (3, term2), (x, term3), ...(z, termN)]

How can we do that easily in Python?

How to convert a list to a list of tuples?

I&#39;m using the `nltk` library&#39;s `movie_reviews` corpus which contains a large number of documents. My task is get  predictive performance of these reviews with pre-processing of the data and without pre-processing. But there is problem, in lists `documents` and `documents2` I have the same documents and I need shuffle them in order to keep same order in both lists. I cannot shuffle them separately because each time I shuffle the list, I get other results. That is why I need to shuffle the at once with same order because I need compare them in the end (it depends on order). I&#39;m using python 2.7

Example (in real are strings tokenized, but it is not relative):

    documents = [([&#39;plot : two teen couples go to a church party , &#39;], &#39;neg&#39;),
                 ([&#39;drink and then drive . &#39;], &#39;pos&#39;),
                 ([&#39;they get into an accident . &#39;], &#39;neg&#39;),
                 ([&#39;one of the guys dies&#39;], &#39;neg&#39;)]
    
    documents2 = [([&#39;plot two teen couples church party&#39;], &#39;neg&#39;),
                  ([&#39;drink then drive . &#39;], &#39;pos&#39;),
                  ([&#39;they get accident . &#39;], &#39;neg&#39;),
                  ([&#39;one guys dies&#39;], &#39;neg&#39;)]

And I need get this result after shuffle both lists:

    documents = [([&#39;one of the guys dies&#39;], &#39;neg&#39;),
                 ([&#39;they get into an accident . &#39;], &#39;neg&#39;),
                 ([&#39;drink and then drive . &#39;], &#39;pos&#39;),
                 ([&#39;plot : two teen couples go to a church party , &#39;], &#39;neg&#39;)]
    
    documents2 = [([&#39;one guys dies&#39;], &#39;neg&#39;),
                  ([&#39;they get accident . &#39;], &#39;neg&#39;),
                  ([&#39;drink then drive . &#39;], &#39;pos&#39;),
                  ([&#39;plot two teen couples church party&#39;], &#39;neg&#39;)]


I have this code:

    def cleanDoc(doc):
        stopset = set(stopwords.words(&#39;english&#39;))
        stemmer = nltk.PorterStemmer()
        clean = [token.lower() for token in doc if token.lower() not in stopset and len(token) &gt; 2]
        final = [stemmer.stem(word) for word in clean]
        return final
    
    documents = [(list(movie_reviews.words(fileid)), category)
                 for category in movie_reviews.categories()
                 for fileid in movie_reviews.fileids(category)]
    
    documents2 = [(list(cleanDoc(movie_reviews.words(fileid))), category)
                 for category in movie_reviews.categories()
                 for fileid in movie_reviews.fileids(category)]
    
    random.shuffle( and here shuffle documents and documents2 with same order) # or somehow

Shuffle two list at once with same order

I have a 2&amp;nbsp;GB file (`iputfile.txt`) in which every line in the file is a word, just like:

    apple
    red
    beautiful
    smell
    spark
    input

I need to write a program to read every word in the file and print the word count. I wrote it using Java and C++, but the result is surprising: Java runs 2.3 times faster than C++. My code are as follows:

C++:

    int main() {
        struct timespec ts, te;
        double cost;
        clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &amp;ts);

        ifstream fin(&quot;inputfile.txt&quot;);
        string word;
        int count = 0;
        while(fin &gt;&gt; word) {
            count++;
        }
        cout &lt;&lt; count &lt;&lt; endl;

        clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, &amp;te);
        cost = te.tv_sec - ts.tv_sec + (double)(te.tv_nsec-ts.tv_nsec)/NANO;
        printf(&quot;Run time: %-15.10f s\n&quot;, cost);

        return 0;
    }

Output:

    5e+08
    Run time: 69.311 s

Java:

     public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        long startTime = System.currentTimeMillis();

        FileReader reader = new FileReader(&quot;inputfile.txt&quot;);
        BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(reader);
        String str = null;
        int count = 0;
        while((str = br.readLine()) != null) {
            count++;
        }
        System.out.println(count);

        long endTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
        System.out.println(&quot;Run time : &quot; + (endTime - startTime)/1000 + &quot;s&quot;);
    }

Output:

    5.0E8
    Run time: 29 s

Why is Java faster than C++ in this situation, and how do I improve the performance of C++?


Why does Java read a big file faster than C++?

Several times here on SO I&#39;ve seen people using `rt` and `wt` modes for reading and writing files.

For example:

    with open(&#39;input.txt&#39;, &#39;rt&#39;) as input_file:
         with open(&#39;output.txt&#39;, &#39;wt&#39;) as output_file: 
             ...

I don&#39;t see the modes [documented][1], but since `open()` doesn&#39;t throw an error - looks like it&#39;s pretty much legal to use.

What is it for and is there any difference between using `wt` vs `w` and  `rt` vs `r`?



  [1]: https://docs.python.org/2/library/functions.html#open

Open files in &#39;rt&#39; and &#39;wt&#39; modes

How can I use bash command line to add new line character at the end of file named `file.txt`.
I tried use `echo` but it&#39;s not right. Can you show me how can I do it? 


Add new line character at the end of file in bash

The `ls -ai` command shows that `.` and `..` have their inodes the same as the current directory and parent directory, respectively.

What exactly are `.` and `..`?

Are they real files or even hard links? But as I have known, it&#39;s not allowed to create a hard link to a directory.





What is double dot(..) and single dot(.) in Linux?

I have an .NET EXE file .
I want to find the file created date and modified date in C# application. Can do it through reflection or with IO stream?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Guillaume	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Sukrit Kalra	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Patrick	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Use endswith with multiple extensions

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

BeatifulSoup4 get_text still has javascript

GDB: How to list all source files used for compilation

Attributions