## Python 3

 - If you **don&#39;t care** about the order of the content, you have the [assertCountEqual(a,b)](https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertCountEqual) method 
 - If you **care** about the order of the content, you have the [assertSequenceEqual(a,b)](https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual) method 

## Python &gt;= 2.7

 - If you **don&#39;t care** about the order of the content, you have the [assertItemsEqual(a,b)][1] method 
 - If you **care** about the order of the content, you have the [assertSequenceEqual(a,b)][2] method 




  [1]: http://docs.python.org/library/unittest.html?highlight=assertequal#unittest.TestCase.assertItemsEqual
  [2]: http://docs.python.org/library/unittest.html?highlight=assertequal#unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual
  [3]: http://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html?highlight=assertcountequal#unittest.TestCase.assertCountEqual

You can always add your own assertion methods to your TestCase class:

    def assertSequenceEqual(self, it1, it2):
        self.assertEqual(tuple(it1), tuple(it2))

or take a look at how 2.7 defined it: http://hg.python.org/cpython/file/14cafb8d1480/Lib/unittest/case.py#l621


It looks to me you care about the order of items in the sequences. Therefore, `assertItemsEqual`/`assertCountEqual` is not for you.

In Python 2.7 and in Python 3, what you want is [`self.assertSequenceEqual`][1]. This is sensitive to the order of the items.


  [1]: https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html#unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual

So I have a process running, and it will take several hours to complete. I would like to start another process right after that one finishes, automatically. Notice that I can&#39;t add a call to the second script in the first one, neither create another which sequentially runs both. Is there any way to do this in Linux?

Edit: One option is to poll every `x` minutes using pgrep and check if the process finished. If it did, start the other one. However, I don&#39;t like this solution.

PS: Both are bash scripts, if that helps.

Start script after another one (already running) finishes

I integrated devise with facebook. Now when I create a user account after the user has logged in with his/her facebook account,

      user = User.create(:email =&gt; data[&quot;email&quot;], 
                         :password =&gt; Devise.friendly_token[0,20]) 
      user.confirmed_at = DateTime.now
      user.save!

even though the account has been confirmed, an confirmation email is still fired. Any idea how I can turn the email firing off? 



Devise - create user account with confirmed without sending out an email?

Is there a &#39;decent&#39; way in unittest to check the equality of the contents of two iterable objects? 
I am using a lot of tuples, lists and numpy arrays and I usually only want to test for the contents and not for the type. Currently I am simply casting the type:

    self.assertEqual (tuple (self.numpy_data), tuple (self.reference_list))

I used this list comprehension a while ago:

    [self.assertEqual (*x) for x in zip(self.numpy_data, self.reference_list)]

But this solution seems a bit inferior to the typecast because it only prints single values if it fails and also it does not fail for different lengths of reference and data (due to the zip-function).

Unittest&#39;s assertEqual and iterables - only check the contents

Is there a 'decent' way in unittest to check the equality of the contents of two iterable objects?
I am using a lot of tuples, lists and numpy arrays and I usually only want to test for the contents and not for the type. Currently I am simply casting the type:
<pre><code class="hljs language-python">self.assertEqual (tuple (self.numpy_data), tuple (self.reference_list))
</code></pre>
I used this list comprehension a while ago:
<pre><code class="hljs language-python">[self.assertEqual (*x) for x in zip(self.numpy_data, self.reference_list)]
</code></pre>
But this solution seems a bit inferior to the typecast because it only prints single values if it fails and also it does not fail for different lengths of reference and data (due to the zip-function).

I am trying to get a Python script to run on the linux server I&#39;m connected to via ssh. The script uses mysqldb. I have all the other components I need, but when I try to install mySQLdb via setuptools like so:, 

    python setup.py install

I get the following error report related to the `mysql_config` command.

    sh: mysql_config: command not found
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;setup.py&quot;, line 15, in &lt;module&gt;
        metadata, options = get_config()
      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.5/MySQL-python-1.2.3/setup_posix.py&quot;, line 43, in get_config
        libs = mysql_config(&quot;libs_r&quot;)
      File &quot;/usr/lib/python2.5/MySQL-python-1.2.3/setup_posix.py&quot;, line 24, in mysql_config
        raise EnvironmentError(&quot;%s not found&quot; % (mysql_config.path,))
    EnvironmentError: mysql_config not found

Has anyone else encountered this error and if so how did you resolve it/what can I do to successfully install mysqldb? 

mysql_config not found when installing mysqldb python interface

Half of my Flask routes requires a variable say, `/&lt;variable&gt;/add` or `/&lt;variable&gt;/remove`. How do I create links to those locations?

`url_for()` takes one argument for the function to route to but I can&#39;t add arguments?

Create dynamic URLs in Flask with url_for()

I&#39;m trying to figure out how to have SQLAlchemy classes spread across several files, and I can for my life not figure out how to do it. I am pretty new to SQLAlchemy so forgive me if this question is trivial..

Consider these 3 classes in *each their own file*:

**A.py:**

    from sqlalchemy import *
    from main import Base

    class A(Base):
        __tablename__ = &quot;A&quot;
        id  = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        Bs  = relationship(&quot;B&quot;, backref=&quot;A.id&quot;)
        Cs  = relationship(&quot;C&quot;, backref=&quot;A.id&quot;)

**B.py:**

    from sqlalchemy import *
    from main import Base

    class B(Base):
        __tablename__ = &quot;B&quot;
        id    = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        A_id  = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(&quot;A.id&quot;))

**C.py:**

    from sqlalchemy import *
    from main import Base

    class C(Base):
        __tablename__ = &quot;C&quot;    
        id    = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        A_id  = Column(Integer, ForeignKey(&quot;A.id&quot;))

And then say we have a **main.py** something like this:

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, backref, sessionmaker

    Base = declarative_base()

    import A
    import B
    import C

    engine = create_engine(&quot;sqlite:///test.db&quot;)
    Base.metadata.create_all(engine, checkfirst=True)
    Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
    session = Session()
    
    a  = A.A()
    b1 = B.B()
    b2 = B.B()
    c1 = C.C()
    c2 = C.C()
    
    a.Bs.append(b1)
    a.Bs.append(b2)    
    a.Cs.append(c1)
    a.Cs.append(c2)    
    session.add(a)
    session.commit()

The above gives the error:

    sqlalchemy.exc.NoReferencedTableError: Foreign key assocated with column &#39;C.A_id&#39; could not find table &#39;A&#39; with which to generate a foreign key to target column &#39;id&#39;

How do I share the declarative base across these files?

What is the &quot;the right&quot; way to accomplish this, considering that I might throw something like *Pylons* or *Turbogears* on top of this?

***edit 10-03-2011***

I found [this][1] description from the Pyramids framework which describes the problem and more importantly *verifies* that this is an actual issue and not (only) just my confused self that&#39;s the problem. Hope it can help others who dares down this dangerous road :)


  [1]: https://web.archive.org/web/20110208013812/https://docs.pylonsproject.org/projects/pyramid_cookbook/dev/sqla.html#importing-all-sqlalchemy-models

SQLAlchemy classes across files

I&#39;m interested in creating a very simple, high (cryptographic) quality random password generator. Is there a better way to do this?

    import os, random, string

    length = 13
    chars = string.ascii_letters + string.digits + &#39;!@#$%^&amp;*()&#39;
    random.seed = (os.urandom(1024))

    print &#39;&#39;.join(random.choice(chars) for i in range(length))

High quality, simple random password generator

I am trying to figure out the differences between the `datetime` and `time` modules, and what each should be used for.

I know that `datetime` provides both dates and time.  What is the use of the `time` module?

Examples would be appreciated and differences concerning timezones would especially be of interest.

Difference between Python datetime vs time modules

When running a PHPUnit test, I would like to be able to dump output so I can debug one or two things.

I have tried the following (similar to the [PHPUnit Manual example][1]);

&lt;!-- language: lang-php --&gt;

    class theTest extends PHPUnit_Framework_TestCase
    {
        /**
         * @outputBuffering disabled
         */
        public function testOutput() {
            print_r(&quot;Hello World&quot;);
            print &quot;Ping&quot;;
            echo &quot;Pong&quot;;
            $out = &quot;Foo&quot;;
            var_dump($out);
        }   
    }

With the following result:

    PHPUnit @package_version@ by Sebastian Bergmann.
    
    .
    
    Time: 0 seconds, Memory: 3.00Mb
    
    OK (1 test, 0 assertions)

Notice there is none of the expected output.

I&#39;m using the HEAD versions of the [git repos][2] as of September 19th, 2011.

Output of `php -version`:

    $ php -version
    PHP 5.2.9 (cli) (built: Dec  8 2010 11:36:37) 
    Copyright (c) 1997-2009 The PHP Group
    Zend Engine v2.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2009 Zend Technologies
        with Xdebug v2.1.0, Copyright (c) 2002-2010, by Derick Rethans

Is there anything I&#39;m doing wrong, or is this potentially a PHPUnit bug?


  [1]: http://www.phpunit.de/manual/current/en/fixtures.html#fixtures.examples.TemplateMethodsTest.php
  [2]: https://github.com/sebastianbergmann/phpunit

How to output in CLI during execution of PHP Unit tests?

What&#39;s the purose of .vsmdi file? Do I need to check into the source control system?

what&#39;s the purpose of *.vsmdi? Do I need to source control it?

First up, where my knowledge is at:
-

*Unit Tests* are those which test a small piece of code (single methods, mostly). 

*Integration Tests* are those which test the interaction between multiple areas of code (which hopefully already have their own Unit Tests). Sometimes, parts of the code under test requires other code to act in a particular way. This is where Mocks &amp; Stubs come in. So, we mock/stub out a part of the code to perform very specifically. This allows our Integration Test to run predictably without side effects.

All tests should be able to be run stand-alone without data sharing. If data sharing is necessary, this is a sign the system isn&#39;t decoupled enough.

Next up, the situation I am facing:
-

When interacting with an external API (specifically, a RESTful API that will modify live data with a POST request), I understand we can (should?) mock out the interaction with that API (more eloquently stated in [this answer][1]) for an Integration Test. I also understand we can Unit Test the individual components of interacting with that API (constructing the request, parsing the result, throwing errors, etc). What I don&#39;t get is how to actually go about this.

So, finally: My question(s).
-

How do I test my interaction with an external API that has side effects?

A perfect example is [Google&#39;s Content API for shopping][2]. To be able to perform the task at hand, it requires a decent amount of prep work, then performing the actual request, then analysing the return value. Some of this is [without any &#39;sandbox&#39; environment][3].

The code to do this generally has quite a few layers of abstraction, something like:

&lt;!-- language: lang-php --&gt;

    &lt;?php
    class Request
    {
        public function setUrl(..){ /* ... */ }
        public function setData(..){ /* ... */ }
        public function setHeaders(..){ /* ... */ }
        public function execute(..){
            // Do some CURL request or some-such
        }   
        public function wasSuccessful(){
            // some test to see if the CURL request was successful
        }   
    }
    
    class GoogleAPIRequest
    {
        private $request;
        abstract protected function getUrl();
        abstract protected function getData();
    
        public function __construct() {
            $this-&gt;request = new Request();
            $this-&gt;request-&gt;setUrl($this-&gt;getUrl());
            $this-&gt;request-&gt;setData($this-&gt;getData());
            $this-&gt;request-&gt;setHeaders($this-&gt;getHeaders());
        }   
    
        public function doRequest() {
            $this-&gt;request-&gt;execute();
        }   
        public function wasSuccessful() {
            return ($this-&gt;request-&gt;wasSuccessful() &amp;&amp; $this-&gt;parseResult());
        }   
        private function parseResult() {
            // return false when result can&#39;t be parsed
        }   
    
        protected function getHeaders() {
            // return some GoogleAPI specific headers
        }   
    }
    
    class CreateSubAccountRequest extends GoogleAPIRequest
    {
        private $dataObject;
            
        public function __construct($dataObject) {
            parent::__construct();
            $this-&gt;dataObject = $dataObject;
        }   
        protected function getUrl() {
            return &quot;http://...&quot;;
        }
        protected function getData() {
            return $this-&gt;dataObject-&gt;getSomeValue();
        }
    }
    
    class aTest
    {
        public function testTheRequest() {
            $dataObject = getSomeDataObject(..);
            $request = new CreateSubAccountRequest($dataObject);
            $request-&gt;doRequest();
            $this-&gt;assertTrue($request-&gt;wasSuccessful());
        }
    }
    ?&gt;

*Note: This is a PHP5 / PHPUnit example*

Given that `testTheRequest` is the method called by the test suite, the example will execute a live request.

Now, this live request will (hopefully, provided everything went well) do a POST request that has the side effect of altering live data.

Is this acceptable? What alternatives do I have? I can&#39;t see a way to mock out the Request object for the test. And even if I did, it would mean setting up results / entry points for every possible code path that Google&#39;s API accepts (which in this case would have to be found by trial and error), but would allow me the use of fixtures.

A further extension is when certain requests rely on certain data being Live already. Using the Google Content API as an example again, to add a Data Feed to a Sub Account, the Sub Account must already exist.

One approach I can think of is the following steps;

 1. In `testCreateAccount`
  1. Create a sub-account
  1. Assert the sub-account was created
  1. Delete the sub-account
 1. Have `testCreateDataFeed` depend on `testCreateAccount` not having any errors
  1. In `testCreateDataFeed`, create a new account
  1. Create the data feed
  1. Assert the data feed was created
  1. Delete the data feed
  1. Delete the sub-account

This then raises the further question; how do I test the deletion of accounts / data feeds? `testCreateDataFeed` feels dirty to me - What if creating the data feed fails? The test fails, therefore the sub-account is never deleted... I can&#39;t test deletion without creation, so do I write another test (`testDeleteAccount`) that relies on `testCreateAccount` before creating then deleting an account of its own (since data shouldn&#39;t be shared between tests).

In Summary
-

 - How do I test interacting with an external API that effects live data?
 - How can I mock / stub objects in an Integration test when they&#39;re hidden behind layers of abstraction?
 - What do I do when a test fails and the live data is left in an inconsistent state?
 - How *in code* do I actually go about doing all this?

----
Related:

 - [How can mocking external services improve unit tests?][4]
 - [Writing unit tests for a REST-ful API][5]


  [1]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/559092/how-can-mocking-external-services-improve-unit-tests/559177#559177
  [2]: http://code.google.com/apis/shopping/content/getting-started/usingapi-products.html
  [3]: https://groups.google.com/group/google-content-api-for-shopping/browse_thread/thread/ad6d1f482a7cae4d#msg_d4ab56ab47877fba
  [4]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/559092/how-can-mocking-external-services-improve-unit-tests/559177
  [5]: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7380903/writing-unit-tests-for-a-rest-ful-api

How are integration tests written for interacting with external API?

I have thousands of unit tests in my project, and I&#39;d like to choose one or a couple of them to run from the command line. What&#39;s the command to do that?

Using Maven, how do I run specific tests?

I&#39;m looking at Selenium Server at the moment, and I don&#39;t seem to notice a driver that supports headless browser testing.

Unless I&#39;m mistaken, it doesn&#39;t support it.  If you&#39;re on X, you can create a virtual framebuffer to hide the browser window, but that&#39;s not really a headless browser.

Can anyone enlighten me?  Does Selenium support headless browser testing?

Does Selenium support headless browser testing?

I found that [Python&#39;s assert statement](http://docs.python.org/reference/simple_stmts.html#grammar-token-assert_stmt) is a good way to catch situations that [*should never happen*](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/944592/best-practice-for-python-assert). And it can be removed by Python optimization when the code is trusted to be correct. 

It seems to be a perfect mechanism to run Python applications in debug mode. But looking at several Python projects like django, twisted and zope, the `assert` is almost never used. So, why does this happen?

**Why are asserts statements not frequently used in the Python community?**

Why assert is not largely used?

In what cases should we include **cassert**?



In what cases we need to include &lt;cassert&gt;?

How can I enable the `assert` keyword in Eclipse?

    public class A
    {
        public static void main(String ... args)
        {
            System.out.println(1);
            assert false;
    	    System.out.println(2);
        }
    }

How to enable the Java keyword assert in Eclipse program-wise?

I&#39;m using Selenium WebDriver, how can I check if some text exist or not in the page? Maybe someone recommend me useful resources where I can read about it. Thanks

How can I check if some text exist or not in the page using Selenium?

I want to handle `AssertionError`s both to hide unnecessary parts of the stack trace from the user and to print a message as to why the error occurred and what the user should do about it.

**Is there any way to find out on which line or statement the `assert` failed within the `except` block?**

    try:
        assert True
        assert 7 == 7
        assert 1 == 2
        # many more statements like this
    except AssertionError:
        print &#39;Houston, we have a problem.&#39;
        print
        print &#39;An error occurred on line ???? in statement ???&#39;
        exit(1)

I don&#39;t want to have to add this to every assert statement:

    assert 7 == 7, &quot;7 == 7&quot;

because it repeats information.

How to handle AssertionError in Python and find out which line or statement it occurred on?

&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  
&gt; [LINQ analogues in Scala](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3785413/linq-analogues-in-scala)  

&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;

I am looking for chart which shows equivalents in Scala of LINQ methods for IEnumerable:

 - First is head
 - Select is map
 - SingleOrDefault is ... (I don&#39;t know)
 - ... and so on

Does anyone know anything of such &quot;translate&quot; table?

Chart of IEnumerable LINQ equivalents in Scala?

How can I get a `java.lang.Iterable` from a collection like a `Set` or a `List`?
Thanks!

Collection to Iterable

What is the most basic definition of &quot;iterable&quot;, &quot;iterator&quot; and &quot;iteration&quot; in Python?

I have read multiple definitions but I am unable to identify the exact meaning as it still won&#39;t sink in.

Can someone please help me with the 3 definitions in layman terms?

What exactly are iterator, iterable, and iteration?

I have an Array of primitives, for example for int, int[] foo. It might be a small sized one, or not.

    int foo[] = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0};

What is the best way to create an `Iterable&lt;Integer&gt;` from it?

    Iterable&lt;Integer&gt; fooBar = convert(foo);

Notes:

Please do not answer using loops (unless you can give a good explanation on how the compiler do something smart about them?)

Also note that 

    int a[] = {1,2,3};
    List&lt;Integer&gt; l = Arrays.asList(a);
Will not even compile

    Type mismatch: cannot convert from List&lt;int[]&gt; to List&lt;Integer&gt;

Also check
https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1160081/why-is-an-array-not-assignable-to-iterable
before answering.
	
Also, if you use some library (e.g., Guava), please explain why this is the Best. ( Because its from Google is not a complete answer :P )

Last, since there seems to be a homework about that, avoid posting homeworkish code.


Convert Java Array to Iterable

&gt; **Possible Duplicate:**  
&gt; [Why is Java&amp;#39;s Iterator not an Iterable?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/839178/why-is-javas-iterator-not-an-iterable)  
&gt;
&gt; https://stackoverflow.com/questions/3883131/idiomatic-way-to-use-for-each-loop-given-an-iterator
&gt;
&gt; https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2162917/can-we-use-for-each-loop-for-iterating-the-objects-of-iterator-type

&lt;!-- End of automatically inserted text --&gt;

The foreach loop are as far as I know syntax sugar added in Java 5. So

    Iterable&lt;O&gt; iterable;
    for(O o : iterable) {
        // Do something
    }

will essentially produce the same bytecode as

    Iterable&lt;O&gt; iterable;
    for(Iterator&lt;O&gt; iter = iterable.iterator(); iter.hasNext(); /* NOOP */) {
        O o = iter.next();
        // Do something
    }

However, if I do not have an iterable in the first place, but only an iterator (say, because a class offers two different iterators), I cannot use the syntax sugar foreach loop. Obviously I can still do the plain old style iteration. However, I&#39;d actually like to do:

    Iterator&lt;O&gt; iter;
    for(O o : iter /* Iterator&lt;O&gt;, not Iterable&lt;O&gt;! */) {
         // Do something
    }

And of course I can do a fake `Iterable`:

    class Adapter&lt;O&gt; implements Iterable&lt;O&gt; {
        Iterator&lt;O&gt; iter;

        public Adapter(Iterator&lt;O&gt; iter) {
            this.iter = iter;
        }

        @Override
        public Iterator&lt;O&gt; iterator() {
            return iter;
        }
    }

(Which in fact is an ugly abuse of the Iterable API, as it can only be iterated once!)

If it were designed around `Iterator` instead of iterable, one could do a number of interesting things:

    for(O o : iterable.iterator()) {} // Iterate over Iterable and Collections

    for(O o : list.backwardsIterator()) {} // Or backwards

    Iterator&lt;O&gt; iter;
    for(O o : iter) {
        if (o.something()) { iter.remove(); }
        if (o.something()) { break; }
    }
    for(O : iter) { } // Do something with the remaining elements only.

Does anyone know *why* the language was designed this way? To avoid ambiguity if a class would implement both `Iterator` and `Iterable`? To avoid programmer errors that assume that &quot;for(O o : iter)&quot; will process all elements twice (and forget to get a fresh iterator)? Or is there some other reason for this?

Or is there some language trick I just do not know?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Lucas Hoepner	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Cédric Julien	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Ned Batchelder	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Python	user7610	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Unittest's assertEqual and iterables - only check the contents

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Python 3

Python >= 2.7

Solution 2 - Python

Solution 3 - Python

Devise - create user account with confirmed without sending out an email?

Start script after another one (already running) finishes

Attributions