The difference between stdout and STDOUT_FILENO

I was wondering the difference between stdout and STDOUT_FILENO in Linux C.

After some searching work, I draw the following conclusion. Could you help me review it and correct any mistake in it? Thanks

• stdout belongs to standard I/O stream of C language; whose type is FILE* and defined in stdio.h

• STDOUT_FILENO, possessing an int type, is defined at unistd.h. It's a file descriptor of LINUX system. In unistd.h, it's explained as below:

> The following symbolic constants shall be defined for file streams: >
> STDERR_FILENO > File number of stderr; 2. > STDIN_FILENO > File number of stdin; 0. > STDOUT_FILENO > File number of stdout; 1.

So, in my opinion, the STDOUT_FILENO belongs system-level calling and, to some extent, like a system API. STDOUT_FILENO can be used to describe any device in system.

The stdout locates in a higher level (user level?) and actually encapsulate the details of STDOUT_FILENO. stdout has I/O buffer.

That's my understand about their difference. Any comment or correction is appreciated, thanks.

stdout is a FILE* "constant" giving the standard outout stream. So obviously fprintf(stdout, "x=%d\n", x); has the same behavior as printf("x=%d\n", x);; you use stdout for <stdio.h> functions like fprintf, fputs etc..

STDOUT_FILENO is an integer file descriptor (actually, the integer 1). You might use it for write syscall.

The relation between the two is STDOUT_FILENO == fileno(stdout)

^{(Except after you do weird things like fclose(stdout);, or perhaps some freopen after some fclose(stdin), which you should almost never do! See this, as commented by J.F.Sebastian)}

You usually prefer the FILE* things, because they are buffered (so usually perform well). Sometimes, you may want to call fflush to flush buffers.

You could use file descriptor numbers for syscalls like write(2) (which is used by the stdio library), or poll(2). But using syscalls is clumpsy. It may give you very good efficiency (but that is hard to code), but very often the stdio library is good enough (and more portable).

(Of course you should #include <stdio.h> for the stdio functions, and #include <unistd.h> -and some other headers- for the syscalls like write. And the stdio functions are implemented with syscalls, so fprintf may call write).