Standard use of 'Z' instead of NULL to represent missing data?

Outside of the argument of whether or not NULLs should ever be used: I am responsible for an existing database that uses NULL to mean "missing or never entered" data. It is different from empty string, which means "a user set this value, and they selected 'empty'."

Another contractor on the project is firmly on the "NULLs do not exist for me; I never use NULL and nobody else should, either" side of the argument. However, what confuses me is that since the contractor's team DOES acknowledge the difference between "missing/never entered" and "intentionally empty or indicated by the user as unknown," they use a single character 'Z' throughout their code and stored procedures to represent "missing/never entered" with the same meaning as NULL throughout the rest of the database.

Although our shared customer has asked for this to be changed, and I have supported this request, the team cites this as "standard practice" among DBAs far more advanced than I; they are reluctant to change to use NULLs based on my ignorant request alone. So, can anyone help me overcome my ignorance? Is there any standard, or small group of individuals, or even a single loud voice among SQL experts which advocates the use of 'Z' in place of NULL?

Update

I have a response from the contractor to add. Here's what he said when the customer asked for the special values to be removed to allow NULL in columns with no data:

> Basically, I designed the database to avoid NULLs whenever possible. Here is the rationale: >
> • A NULL in a string [VARCHAR] field is never necessary because an empty (zero-length) string furnishes exactly the same information. > >• A NULL in an integer field (e.g., an ID value) can be handled by using a value that would never occur in the data (e.g, -1 for an integer IDENTITY field). > >• A NULL in a date field can easily cause complications in date calculations. For example, in logic that computes date differences, such as the difference in days between a [RecoveryDate] and an [OnsetDate], the logic will blow up if one or both dates are NULL -- unless an explicit allowance is made for both dates being NULL. That's extra work and extra handling. If "default" or "placeholder" dates are used for [RecoveryDate] and [OnsetDate] (e.g., "1/1/1900") , mathematical calculations might show "unusual" values -- but date logic will not blow up. >
>NULL handling has traditionally been an area where developers make mistakes in stored procedures. > >In my 15 years as a DBA, I've found it best to avoid NULLs wherever possible.

This seems to validate the mostly negative reaction to this question. Instead of applying an accepted 6NF approach to designing out NULLs, special values are used to "avoid NULLs wherever possible." I posted this question with an open mind, and I am glad I learned more about the "NULLs are useful / NULLs are evil" debate, but I am now quite comfortable labeling the 'special values' approach to be complete nonsense.

> an empty (zero-length) string furnishes exactly the same information.

No, it doesn't; in the existing database we are modifying, NULL means "never entered" and empty string means "entered as empty". >NULL handling has traditionally been an area where developers make mistakes in stored procedures.

Yes, but those mistakes have been made thousands of times by thousands of developers, and the lessons and caveats for avoiding those mistakes are known and documented. As has been mentioned here: whether you accept or reject NULLs, representation of missing values is a solved problem. There is no need to invent a new solution just because developers continue make easy-to-overcome (and easy-to-identify) mistakes.

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As a footnote: I have been a DBE and developer for more than 20 years (which is certainly enough time for me to know the difference beetween a database engineer and a database administrator). Throughout my career I have always been in the "NULLs are useful" camp, though I was aware that several very smart people disagreed. I was extremely skeptical about the "special values" approach, but not well-versed enough in the academics of "How To Avoid NULL the Right Way" to make a firm stand. I always love learning new things—and I still have lots to learn after 20 years. Thanks to all who contributed to make this a useful discussion.

Sack your contractor.

Okay, seriously, this isn't standard practice. This can be seen simply because all RDBMS that I have ever worked with implement NULL, logic for NULL, take account of NULL in foreign keys, have different behaviour for NULL in COUNT, etc, etc.

I would actually contend that using 'Z' or any other place holder is worse. You still require code to check for 'Z'. But you also need to document that 'Z' doesn't mean 'Z', it means something else. And you have to ensure that such documentation is read. And then what happens if 'Z' ever becomes a valid piece of data? (Such as a field for an initial?)

At a basic level, even without debating the validity of NULL vs 'Z', I would insist that the contractor conforms to standard practices that exist within your company, not his. Instituting his standard practice in an environment with an alternative standard practice will cause confusion, maintenance overheads, mis-understanding, and in the end increased costs and mistakes.

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EDIT

There are cases where using an alternative to NULL is valid in my opinion. But only where doing so reduces code, rather than creating special cases which require accounting for.

I've used that for date bound data, for example. If data is valid between a start-date and an end-date, code can be simplified by not having NULL values. Instead a NULL start-date could be replaced with '01 Jan 1900' and a NULL end-date could be replaced with '31 Dec 2079'.

This still can change behaviour from what may be expected, and so should be used with care:

• WHERE end-date IS NULL no longer give data that is still valid
• You just created your own millennium bug
• etc.

This is equivalent to reforming abstractions such that all properties can always have valid values. It is markedly different from implicitly encoding specific meaning into arbitrarily chosen values.

Still, sack the contractor.

This is easily one of the weirdest opinions I've ever heard. Using a magic value to represent "no data" rather than NULL means that every piece of code that you have will have to post-process the results to account/discard the "no-data"/"Z" values.

NULL is special because of the way that the database handles it in queries. For instance, take these two simple queries:

select * from mytable where name = 'bob';
select * from mytable where name != 'bob';

If name is ever NULL, it obviously won't show up in the first query's results. More importantly, neither will it show up in the second queries results. NULL doesn't match anything other than an explicit search for NULL, as in:

select * from mytable where name is NULL;

And what happens when the data could have Z as a valid value? Let's say you're storing someone's middle initial? Would Zachary Z Zonkas be lumped in with those people with no middle initial? Or would your contractor come up with yet another magic value to handle this?

Avoid magic values that require you to implement database features in code that the database is already fully capable of handling. This is a solved and well understood problem, and it may just be that your contractor never really grokked the notion of NULL and therefore avoids using it.

If the domain allows missing values, then using NULL to represent 'undefined' is perfectly OK (that's what it is there for). The only downside is that code that consumes the data has to be written to check for NULLs. This is the way I've always done it.

I have never heard of (or seen in practice) the use of 'Z' to represent missing data. As to "the contractor cites this as 'standard practice' among DBAs", can he provide some evidence of that assertion? As @Dems mentioned, you also need to document that 'Z' doesn't mean 'Z': what about a MiddleInitial column?

Like Aaron Alton and many others, I believe that NULL values are an integral part of database design, and should be used where appropriate.

Even if you somehow manage to explain to all your current and future developers and DBAs about "Z" instead of NULL, and even if they code everything perfectly, you will still confuse the optimizer because it will not know that you've cooked this up.

Using a special value to represent NULL (which is already a special value to represent NULL) will result in skews in the data. e.g. So many things happened on 1-Jan-1900 that it will throw out the optimizer's ability to understand that actual range of dates that really are relevant to your application.

This is like a manager deciding: "Wearing a tie is bad for productivity, so we're all going to wear masking tape around our necks. Problem solved."

I've never heard about the wide-spread use of 'Z' as a substitute for NULL.

(Incidentally, I'd not particularly like to work with a contractor who tells you in the face that they and other "advanced" DBAs are so much more knowledgeable and better than you.)

 +=================================+
 |  FavoriteLetters                |
 +=================================+
 |  Person      |  FavoriteLetter  |
 +--------------+------------------+
 |  'Anna'      |  'A'             |
 |  'Bob'       |  'B'             |
 |  'Claire'    |  'C'             |
 |  'Zaphod'    |  'Z'             |
 +---------------------------------+

How would your contractor interpret the data from the last row?

Probably he would choose a different "magic value" in this table to avoid collision with the real data 'Z'? Meaning you'd have to remember several magic values and also which one is used where... how is this better than having just one magic token NULL, and having to remember the three-valued logic rules (and pitfalls) that go with it? NULL at least is standardized, unlike your contractor's 'Z'.

I don't particularly like NULL either, but mindlessly substituting it with an actual value (or worse, with several actual values) everywhere is almost definitely worse than NULL.

Let me repeat my above comment here for better visibility: If you want to read something serious and well-grounded by people who are against NULL, I would recommend the short article "How to handle missing information without using NULLs" (links to a PDF from The Third Manifesto homepage).

Nothing in principle requires nulls for correct database design. In fact there are plenty of databases designed without using null and there are plenty of very good database designers and whole development teams who design databases without using nulls. In general it's a good thing to be cautious about adding nulls to a database because they inevitably lead to incorrect or ambiguous results later on.

I've not heard of using Z being called "standard practice" as a placeholder value instead of nulls but I expect your contractor is referring to the concept of sentinel values in general, which are sometimes used in database design. However, a much more common and flexible way to avoid nulls without using "dummy" data is simply to design them out. Decompose the table such that each type of fact is recorded in a table that doesn't have "extra", unspecified attributes.

In reply to contractors comments

• Empty string <> NULL
• Empty string requires 2 bytes storage + an offset read
• NULL uses null bitmap = quicker
• IDENTITY doesn't always start at 1 (why waste half your range?)

The whole concept is flawed as per most other answers here

While I have never seen 'Z' as a magic value to represent null, I have seen 'X' used to represent a field that has not been filled in. That said, I have only ever seen this in one place, and my interface to it was not a database, but rather an XML file… so I would not be prepared to use this an argument for being common practice.

Note that we do have to handle the 'X' specially, and, as Dems mentioned, we do have to document it, and people have been confused by it. In our defence, this is forced on us by an external supplier, not something that we cooked up ourselves!