In Python you can [&quot;chain&quot; comparison operations](https://docs.python.org/2/reference/expressions.html#comparisons) which just means they are &quot;and&quot;ed together.  In your case, it&#39;d be like this:

    if start &lt;= x &lt;= end:

Reference: https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#comparisons

It can be rewritten as:

    start &lt;= x &lt;= end:

Or:

    r = range(start, end + 1) # (!) if integers
    if x in r:
        ....

I am trying to send an API request using Stripe but get the error message:

&gt; cURL error 60: SSL certificate problem: unable to get local issuer certificate

This is the code I am running:

	public function chargeStripe()
	{
		$stripe = new Stripe;
		$stripe = Stripe::make(env(&#39;STRIPE_PUBLIC_KEY&#39;));

		$charge = $stripe-&gt;charges()-&gt;create([
			&#39;amount&#39;   =&gt; 2900,
			&#39;customer&#39; =&gt; Input::get(&#39;stripeEmail&#39;),
			&#39;currency&#39; =&gt; &#39;EUR&#39;,
		]);

		return Redirect::route(&#39;step1&#39;);
	}

I searched a lot on Google and lots of people are suggesting that I download this file: [cacert.pem][1], put it somewhere and reference it in my php.ini. This is the part in my php.ini:

    curl.cainfo = &quot;C:\Windows\cacert.pem&quot;

Yet, even after restarting my server several times and changing the path, I get the same error message. 

I have the ssl_module enabled in Apache, and I have php_curl enabled in my `php.ini`.

I have also tried this fix: [How to fix PHP CURL Error 60 SSL][2]

Which suggests that I add these lines to my cURL options:

    curl_setopt($process, CURLOPT_CAINFO, dirname(__FILE__) . &#39;/cacert.pem&#39;);
    curl_setopt($process, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, true);

Where do I add options to my cURL? Apparently not through the command line, since my CLI doesn&#39;t find the command &quot;curl_setopt&quot;

  [1]: http://curl.haxx.se/ca/cacert.pem
  [2]: http://flwebsites.biz/posts/how-fix-curl-error-60-ssl-issue


cURL error 60: SSL certificate: unable to get local issuer certificate

2 manuals about [gulp][1] say that I need to install gulp first globally (with -g flag) and then one more time locally. Why do I need this?


  [1]: https://laracasts.com/lessons/gulp-this

Why do we need to install gulp globally and locally?

I have an integer value `x`, and I need to check if it is between a `start` and `end` values, so I write the following statements:


    if x &gt;= start and x &lt;= end:
        # do stuff

This statement gets underlined, and the tooltip tells me that I must 

&gt; simplify chained comparison

As far as I can tell, that comparison is about as simple as they come.  What have I missed here?

Simplify Chained Comparison

I have an integer value <code>x</code>, and I need to check if it is between a <code>start</code> and <code>end</code> values, so I write the following statements:
<pre><code class="hljs language-arduino">if x >= start and x &#x3C;= end:
 # do stuff
</code></pre>
This statement gets underlined, and the tooltip tells me that I must
> simplify chained comparison
As far as I can tell, that comparison is about as simple as they come. What have I missed here?

How does PyPI handle case sensitivity?

For example, [this SO question](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/17460747/change-case-of-package-name-on-pypi) documents PyPI refusing a new package `foobar` if `FooBar` already exists.

Running `pip` against pypi.python.org seems to convert to the canonical case for a package:

    $ pip install django
    Downloading/unpacking django
      Downloading Django-1.7.tar.gz (7.5MB): 7.5MB downloaded

Alternatively:

    $ pip install Django
    Downloading/unpacking Django
      Downloading Django-1.7.tar.gz (7.5MB): 7.5MB downloaded

However, only some files seem to be in the canonical case in my virtualenv:

    $ ls ~/pyenvs/test_venv/lib/python2.7/site-packages/ | grep -i django
    django/
    Django-1.7-py2.7.egg-info/

What does the XML-RPC API expect? Can I always assume that http://pypi.python.org/simple/foo and http://pypi.python.org/simple/FoO will both return HTTP 200?

Is PyPI&#39;s position on case-sensitivity documented anywhere?

Is PyPI case sensitive?

When I change `help_text` or `verbose_name` for any of my model fields and run `python manage.py makemigrations`, it detects these changes and creates a new migration, say, `0002_xxxx.py`.

I am using PostgreSQL and I think these changes are irrelevant to my database (I wonder if a DBMS for which these changes are relevant exists at all).

Why does Django generate migrations for such changes? Is there an option to ignore them?

Can I apply the changes from `0002_xxxx.py` to the previous migration (`0001_initial.py`) manually and safely delete `0002_xxxx.py`?

Is there a way to update previous migration automatically?


Why does Django make migrations for help_text and verbose_name changes?

The single line that I am trying to run is the following:

    from PIL import Image

However simple this may seem, it gives an error:

    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File &quot;C:\...\2014-10-22_12-49.py&quot;, line 1, in &lt;module&gt;
        from PIL import Image
      File &quot;C:\pyzo2014a\lib\site-packages\PIL\Image.py&quot;, line 29, in &lt;module&gt;
        from PIL import VERSION, PILLOW_VERSION, _plugins
    ImportError: cannot import name &#39;VERSION&#39;

In case that&#39;s helpful, I installed pillow from https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Pillow/2.6.1 (file `Pillow-2.6.1.win-amd64-py3.4.exe`) before running this (before that there was already som `PIL` install, which I uninstalled). The script is run in Pyzo with Python version 3.4.1.

What is going wrong, how can I import `Image`?

Why can&#39;t Python import Image from PIL?

Suppose I have some function, `f`:

    def f (a=None):
        print a

Now, if I have a dictionary such as `dct = {&quot;a&quot;:&quot;Foo&quot;}`, I may call `f(**dct)` and get the result `Foo` printed.

However, suppose I have a dictionary `dct2 = {&quot;a&quot;:&quot;Foo&quot;, &quot;b&quot;:&quot;Bar&quot;}`.  If I call `f(**dct2)` I get a 

    TypeError: f() got an unexpected keyword argument &#39;b&#39;

Fair enough.  However, is there anyway to, in the definition of `f` or in the calling of it, tell Python to just ignore any keys that are not parameter names?  Preferable a method that allows defaults to be specified.

How does one ignore unexpected keyword arguments passed to a function?

I&#39;m trying to learn how to use Python&#39;s `multiprocessing` package, but I don&#39;t understand the difference between `map_async` and `imap`.
I noticed that both `map_async` and `imap` are executed asynchronously. So when should I use one over the other? And how should I retrieve the result returned by `map_async`?

Should I use something like this?

    def test():
        result = pool.map_async()
        pool.close()
        pool.join()
        return result.get()
    
    result=test()
    for i in result:
        print i

multiprocessing.Pool: What&#39;s the difference between map_async and imap?

PEP8 clearly specifies 79 characters, however, PyCharm defaults to 120 and gives me the warning &quot;PEP8: line too long (... &gt; 120 characters)&quot;. 

Did previous versions of PEP8 use 120 and PyCharm not update its PEP8 checker? I couldn&#39;t find any previous versions of the PEP8 Guide, however, I can easily find previous version of the PEP8 Python scripts.

I&#39;m starting a new Python project and I&#39;m not sure which to use.

References:

http://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/

Why does PyCharm use 120 Character Lines even though PEP8 Specifies 79?

![Look][1]

Webstorm doesn&#39;t recognize one of my .js files as a JavaScript file so I&#39;m losing syntax highlighting and being able to add break points. I&#39;ve looked in the `workspace.xml` file and the file in question seems to have similar settings to other .js files that work correctly.

If I change the name of the file it works ok. So somehow Webstorm is stuck on misinterpreting the type of a file that has this name. Where else can I edit the project?

![Context menu][2]


  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/wcd0U.png
  [2]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/knN72.png

Webstorm not recognising JavaScript file

Is there a way to configure PyCharm to be able to surround selected code with parenthesis by just typing on the parenthesis key, like when we use SublimText 2?



How to surround selected text in PyCharm like with Sublime Text

I&#39;m getting the following errors in Pycharm.
&gt;Error: Django is not importable in this environment


It used to work well but I moved the project and virtualenv to other directory and the error appeared. It&#39;s weird because if I run the project ignoring the configuration settings warning that I get, works fine. 

The problem is that now, Pycharm is not finding the project interperter.

The command that Pycharm is running is:
 
    /Users/plorenzo/../gestorSchools/venv/bin/python3.4 /Users/plorenzo/../gestorSchools/schoolsManager/manage.py runserver 8000

The virtualenv is activated.

My $PATH is:

    /Users/plorenzo/../gestorSchools/venv/bin:/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/sbin:/opt/X11/bin


and my $PYTHONPATH:

    /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.4/bin/python3.4


I spent a few days trying to find the solution but I couldn&#39;t find it.


Pycharm error Django is not importable in this environment

I have been using PyCharm for a bit so I am not an expert. 

How I normally ran my programs was with the terminal like so:

`program.py -t input1 -t1 input2`

I was wondering how can I debug this? 

For other programs I wrote, I did not have any arguments so debugging was simply setting break points and pressing debug.

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Brynn McCullagh	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	John Zwinck	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Maroun	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Simplify Chained Comparison

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

Why do we need to install gulp globally and locally?

cURL error 60: SSL certificate: unable to get local issuer certificate

Attributions