Rolling window for 1D arrays in Numpy?

Is there a way to efficiently implement a rolling window for 1D arrays in Numpy?

For example, I have this pure Python code snippet to calculate the rolling standard deviations for a 1D list, where observations is the 1D list of values, and n is the window length for the standard deviation:

stdev = []
for i, data in enumerate(observations[n-1:]):
  	strip = observations[i:i+n]
   	mean = sum(strip) / n
   	stdev.append(sqrt(250*sum([(s-mean)**2 for s in strip])/(n-1)))

Is there a way to do this completely within Numpy, i.e., without any Python loops? The standard deviation is trivial with numpy.std, but the rolling window part completely stumps me.

I found this blog post regarding a rolling window in Numpy, but it doesn't seem to be for 1D arrays.

Just use the blog code, but apply your function to the result.

i.e.

numpy.std(rolling_window(observations, n), 1)

where you have (from the blog):

def rolling_window(a, window):
    shape = a.shape[:-1] + (a.shape[-1] - window + 1, window)
    strides = a.strides + (a.strides[-1],)
    return np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(a, shape=shape, strides=strides)

Starting in Numpy 1.20, you can directly get a rolling window with sliding_window_view:

from numpy.lib.stride_tricks import sliding_window_view

sliding_window_view(np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]), window_shape = 3)
# array([[1, 2, 3],
#        [2, 3, 4],
#        [3, 4, 5],
#        [4, 5, 6]])

I tried using so12311's answer listed above on a 2D array with shape [samples, features] in order to get an output array with shape [samples, timesteps, features] for use with a convolution or lstm neural network, but it wasn't working quite right. After digging into how the strides were working, I realized that it was moving the window along the last axis, so I made some adjustments so that the window is moved along the first axis instead:

def rolling_window(a, window_size):
    shape = (a.shape[0] - window_size + 1, window_size) + a.shape[1:]
    strides = (a.strides[0],) + a.strides
    return np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(a, shape=shape, strides=strides)

NOTE: there is no difference in the output if you are only using a 1D input array. In my search this was the first result to get close to what I wanted to do, so I am adding this to help any others searching for a similar answer.

With only one line of code...

import pandas as pd

pd.Series(observations).rolling(n).std()

Based on latter answers, here I add code for rolling 1-D numpy arrays choosing window size and window steps frequency.

a = np.arange(50)

def rolling_window(array, window_size,freq):
    shape = (array.shape[0] - window_size + 1, window_size)
    strides = (array.strides[0],) + array.strides
    rolled = np.lib.stride_tricks.as_strided(array, shape=shape, strides=strides)
    return rolled[np.arange(0,shape[0],freq)]

rolling_window(a,10,5)

Output:

array([[ 0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9],
       [ 5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14],
       [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19],
       [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24],
       [20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29],
       [25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34],
       [30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39],
       [35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44],
       [40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49]])

def moving_avg(x,n):
    mv =  np.convolve(x,np.ones(n)/n,mode='valid')
    return np.concatenate(([np.NaN for k in range(n-1)],mv))