Return a default value if a dictionary key is not available
PythonDictionaryKeyNonetypePython Problem Overview
I need a way to get a dictionary value if its key exists, or simply return None
, if it does not.
However, Python raises a KeyError
exception if you search for a key that does not exist. I know that I can check for the key, but I am looking for something more explicit. Is there a way to just return None
if the key does not exist?
Python Solutions
Solution 1 - Python
You can use dict.get()
value = d.get(key)
which will return None
if key is not in d
. You can also provide a different default value that will be returned instead of None
:
value = d.get(key, "empty")
Solution 2 - Python
Wonder no more. It's built into the language.
>>> help(dict)
Help on class dict in module builtins:
class dict(object)
| dict() -> new empty dictionary
| dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's
| (key, value) pairs
...
|
| get(...)
| D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None.
|
...
Solution 3 - Python
Use dict.get
Returns the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default. If default is not given, it defaults to None, so that this method never raises a KeyError.
Solution 4 - Python
You should use the get()
method from the dict
class
d = {}
r = d.get('missing_key', None)
This will result in r == None
. If the key isn't found in the dictionary, the get function returns the second argument.
Solution 5 - Python
If you want a more transparent solution, you can subclass dict
to get this behavior:
class NoneDict(dict):
def __getitem__(self, key):
return dict.get(self, key)
>>> foo = NoneDict([(1,"asdf"), (2,"qwerty")])
>>> foo[1]
'asdf'
>>> foo[2]
'qwerty'
>>> foo[3] is None
True
Solution 6 - Python
I usually use a defaultdict for situations like this. You supply a factory method that takes no arguments and creates a value when it sees a new key. It's more useful when you want to return something like an empty list on new keys (see the examples).
from collections import defaultdict
d = defaultdict(lambda: None)
print d['new_key'] # prints 'None'
Solution 7 - Python
You could use a dict
object's get()
method, as others have already suggested. Alternatively, depending on exactly what you're doing, you might be able use a try/except
suite like this:
try:
<to do something with d[key]>
except KeyError:
<deal with it not being there>
Which is considered to be a very "Pythonic" approach to handling the case.
Solution 8 - Python
A one line solution would be:
item['key'] if 'key' in item else None
This is useful when trying to add dictionary values to a new list and want to provide a default:
eg.
row = [item['key'] if 'key' in item else 'default_value']
Solution 9 - Python
As others have said above, you can use get().
But to check for a key, you can also do:
d = {}
if 'keyname' in d:
# d['keyname'] exists
pass
else:
# d['keyname'] does not exist
pass
Solution 10 - Python
For those using the dict.get
technique for nested dictionaries, instead of explicitly checking for every level of the dictionary, or extending the dict
class, you can set the default return value to an empty dictionary except for the out-most level. Here's an example:
my_dict = {'level_1': {
'level_2': {
'level_3': 'more_data'
}
}
}
result = my_dict.get('level_1', {}).get('level_2', {}).get('level_3')
# result -> 'more_data'
none_result = my_dict.get('level_1', {}).get('what_level', {}).get('level_3')
# none_result -> None
WARNING: Please note that this technique only works if the expected key's value is a dictionary. If the key what_level
did exist in the dictionary but its value was a string or integer etc., then it would've raised an AttributeError
.
Solution 11 - Python
I was thrown aback by what was possible in python2 vs python3. I will answer it based on what I ended up doing for python3. My objective was simple: check if a json response in dictionary format gave an error or not. My dictionary is called "token" and my key that I am looking for is "error". I am looking for key "error" and if it was not there setting it to value of None, then checking is the value is None, if so proceed with my code. An else statement would handle if I do have the key "error".
if ((token.get('error', None)) is None):
do something
Solution 12 - Python
You can use try-except block
try:
value = dict['keyname']
except IndexError:
value = None
Solution 13 - Python
If you can do it with False
, then, there's also the hasattr built-in funtion:
e=dict()
hasattr(e, 'message'):
>>> False