Removing leading and trailing spaces from a string
C++StringC++ Problem Overview
How to remove spaces from a string object in C++.
For example, how to remove leading and trailing spaces from the below string object.
//Original string: " This is a sample string "
//Desired string: "This is a sample string"
The string class, as far as I know, doesn't provide any methods to remove leading and trailing spaces.
To add to the problem, how to extend this formatting to process extra spaces between words of the string. For example,
// Original string: " This is a sample string "
// Desired string: "This is a sample string"
Using the string methods mentioned in the solution, I can think of doing these operations in two steps.
-
Remove leading and trailing spaces.
-
Use find_first_of, find_last_of, find_first_not_of, find_last_not_of and substr, repeatedly at word boundaries to get desired formatting.
C++ Solutions
Solution 1 - C++
This is called trimming. If you can use Boost, I'd recommend it.
Otherwise, use find_first_not_of to get the index of the first non-whitespace character, then find_last_not_of to get the index from the end that isn't whitespace. With these, use substr to get the sub-string with no surrounding whitespace.
In response to your edit, I don't know the term but I'd guess something along the lines of "reduce", so that's what I called it. :) (Note, I've changed the white-space to be a parameter, for flexibility)
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
std::string trim(const std::string& str,
const std::string& whitespace = " \t")
{
const auto strBegin = str.find_first_not_of(whitespace);
if (strBegin == std::string::npos)
return ""; // no content
const auto strEnd = str.find_last_not_of(whitespace);
const auto strRange = strEnd - strBegin + 1;
return str.substr(strBegin, strRange);
}
std::string reduce(const std::string& str,
const std::string& fill = " ",
const std::string& whitespace = " \t")
{
// trim first
auto result = trim(str, whitespace);
// replace sub ranges
auto beginSpace = result.find_first_of(whitespace);
while (beginSpace != std::string::npos)
{
const auto endSpace = result.find_first_not_of(whitespace, beginSpace);
const auto range = endSpace - beginSpace;
result.replace(beginSpace, range, fill);
const auto newStart = beginSpace + fill.length();
beginSpace = result.find_first_of(whitespace, newStart);
}
return result;
}
int main(void)
{
const std::string foo = " too much\t \tspace\t\t\t ";
const std::string bar = "one\ntwo";
std::cout << "[" << trim(foo) << "]" << std::endl;
std::cout << "[" << reduce(foo) << "]" << std::endl;
std::cout << "[" << reduce(foo, "-") << "]" << std::endl;
std::cout << "[" << trim(bar) << "]" << std::endl;
}
Result:
[too much space]
[too much space]
[too-much-space]
[one
two]
Solution 2 - C++
Easy removing leading, trailing and extra spaces from a std::string in one line
value = std::regex_replace(value, std::regex("^ +| +$|( ) +"), "$1");
removing only leading spaces
value.erase(value.begin(), std::find_if(value.begin(), value.end(), std::bind1st(std::not_equal_to<char>(), ' ')));
or
value = std::regex_replace(value, std::regex("^ +"), "");
removing only trailing spaces
value.erase(std::find_if(value.rbegin(), value.rend(), std::bind1st(std::not_equal_to<char>(), ' ')).base(), value.end());
or
value = std::regex_replace(value, std::regex(" +$"), "");
removing only extra spaces
value = regex_replace(value, std::regex(" +"), " ");
Solution 3 - C++
I am currently using these functions:
// trim from left
inline std::string& ltrim(std::string& s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
s.erase(0, s.find_first_not_of(t));
return s;
}
// trim from right
inline std::string& rtrim(std::string& s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
s.erase(s.find_last_not_of(t) + 1);
return s;
}
// trim from left & right
inline std::string& trim(std::string& s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return ltrim(rtrim(s, t), t);
}
// copying versions
inline std::string ltrim_copy(std::string s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return ltrim(s, t);
}
inline std::string rtrim_copy(std::string s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return rtrim(s, t);
}
inline std::string trim_copy(std::string s, const char* t = " \t\n\r\f\v")
{
return trim(s, t);
}
Solution 4 - C++
#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
[...]
std::string msg = " some text with spaces ";
boost::algorithm::trim(msg);
Solution 5 - C++
This is my solution for stripping the leading and trailing spaces ...
std::string stripString = " Plamen ";
while(!stripString.empty() && std::isspace(*stripString.begin()))
stripString.erase(stripString.begin());
while(!stripString.empty() && std::isspace(*stripString.rbegin()))
stripString.erase(stripString.length()-1);
The result is "Plamen"
Solution 6 - C++
Here is how you can do it:
std::string & trim(std::string & str)
{
return ltrim(rtrim(str));
}
And the supportive functions are implemeted as:
std::string & ltrim(std::string & str)
{
auto it2 = std::find_if( str.begin() , str.end() , [](char ch){ return !std::isspace<char>(ch , std::locale::classic() ) ; } );
str.erase( str.begin() , it2);
return str;
}
std::string & rtrim(std::string & str)
{
auto it1 = std::find_if( str.rbegin() , str.rend() , [](char ch){ return !std::isspace<char>(ch , std::locale::classic() ) ; } );
str.erase( it1.base() , str.end() );
return str;
}
And once you've all these in place, you can write this as well:
std::string trim_copy(std::string const & str)
{
auto s = str;
return ltrim(rtrim(s));
}
Solution 7 - C++
Example for trim leading and trailing spaces following jon-hanson's suggestion to use boost (only removes trailing and pending spaces):
#include <boost/algorithm/string/trim.hpp>
std::string str = " t e s t ";
boost::algorithm::trim ( str );
Results in "t e s t"
There is also
trim_leftresults in"t e s t "trim_rightresults in" t e s t"
Solution 8 - C++
C++17 introduced std::basic_string_view, a class template that refers to a constant contiguous sequence of char-like objects, i.e. a view of the string. Apart from having a very similar interface to std::basic_string, it has two additional functions: remove_prefix(), which shrinks the view by moving its start forward; and
remove_suffix(), which shrinks the view by moving its end backward. These can be used to trim leading and trailing space:
#include <string_view>
#include <string>
std::string_view ltrim(std::string_view str)
{
const auto pos(str.find_first_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"));
str.remove_prefix(std::min(pos, str.length()));
return str;
}
std::string_view rtrim(std::string_view str)
{
const auto pos(str.find_last_not_of(" \t\n\r\f\v"));
str.remove_suffix(std::min(str.length() - pos - 1, str.length()));
return str;
}
std::string_view trim(std::string_view str)
{
str = ltrim(str);
str = rtrim(str);
return str;
}
int main()
{
std::string str = " hello world ";
auto sv1{ ltrim(str) }; // "hello world "
auto sv2{ rtrim(str) }; // " hello world"
auto sv3{ trim(str) }; // "hello world"
//If you want, you can create std::string objects from std::string_view objects
std::string s1{ sv1 };
std::string s2{ sv2 };
std::string s3{ sv3 };
}
Note: the use of std::min to ensure pos is not greater than size(), which happens when all characters in the string are whitespace and find_first_not_of returns npos. Also, std::string_view is a non-owning reference, so it's only valid as long as the original string still exists. Trimming the string view has no effect on the string it is based on.
Solution 9 - C++
/// strip a string, remove leading and trailing spaces
void strip(const string& in, string& out)
{
string::const_iterator b = in.begin(), e = in.end();
// skipping leading spaces
while (isSpace(*b)){
++b;
}
if (b != e){
// skipping trailing spaces
while (isSpace(*(e-1))){
--e;
}
}
out.assign(b, e);
}
In the above code, the isSpace() function is a boolean function that tells whether a character is a white space, you can implement this function to reflect your needs, or just call the isspace() from "ctype.h" if you want.
Solution 10 - C++
Example for trimming leading and trailing spaces
std::string aString(" This is a string to be trimmed ");
auto start = aString.find_first_not_of(' ');
auto end = aString.find_last_not_of(' ');
std::string trimmedString;
trimmedString = aString.substr(start, (end - start) + 1);
OR
trimmedSring = aString.substr(aString.find_first_not_of(' '), (aString.find_last_not_of(' ') - aString.find_first_not_of(' ')) + 1);
Solution 11 - C++
Using the standard library has many benefits, but one must be aware of some special cases that cause exceptions. For example, none of the answers covered the case where a C++ string has some Unicode characters. In this case, if you use the function isspace, an exception will be thrown.
I have been using the following code for trimming the strings and some other operations that might come in handy. The major benefits of this code are: it is really fast (faster than any code I have ever tested), it only uses the standard library, and it never causes an exception:
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <functional>
#include <locale>
#include <iostream>
typedef unsigned char BYTE;
std::string strTrim(std::string s, char option = 0)
{
// convert all whitespace characters to a standard space
std::replace_if(s.begin(), s.end(), (std::function<int(BYTE)>)::isspace, ' ');
// remove leading and trailing spaces
size_t f = s.find_first_not_of(' ');
if (f == std::string::npos) return "";
s = s.substr(f, s.find_last_not_of(' ') - f + 1);
// remove consecutive spaces
s = std::string(s.begin(), std::unique(s.begin(), s.end(),
[](BYTE l, BYTE r){ return l == ' ' && r == ' '; }));
switch (option)
{
case 'l': // convert to lowercase
std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), ::tolower);
return s;
case 'U': // convert to uppercase
std::transform(s.begin(), s.end(), s.begin(), ::toupper);
return s;
case 'n': // remove all spaces
s.erase(std::remove(s.begin(), s.end(), ' '), s.end());
return s;
default: // just trim
return s;
}
}
Solution 12 - C++
This might be the simplest of all.
You can use string::find and string::rfind to find whitespace from both sides and reduce the string.
void TrimWord(std::string& word)
{
if (word.empty()) return;
// Trim spaces from left side
while (word.find(" ") == 0)
{
word.erase(0, 1);
}
// Trim spaces from right side
size_t len = word.size();
while (word.rfind(" ") == --len)
{
word.erase(len, len + 1);
}
}
Solution 13 - C++
> To add to the problem, how to extend this formatting to process extra spaces between words of the string.
Actually, this is a simpler case than accounting for multiple leading and trailing white-space characters. All you need to do is remove duplicate adjacent white-space characters from the entire string.
The predicate for adjacent white space would simply be:
auto by_space = [](unsigned char a, unsigned char b) {
return std::isspace(a) and std::isspace(b);
};
and then you can get rid of those duplicate adjacent white-space characters with std::unique, and the erase-remove idiom:
// s = " This is a sample string "
s.erase(std::unique(std::begin(s), std::end(s), by_space),
std::end(s));
// s = " This is a sample string "
This does potentially leave an extra white-space character at the front and/or the back. This can be removed quite easily:
if (std::size(s) && std::isspace(s.back()))
s.pop_back();
if (std::size(s) && std::isspace(s.front()))
s.erase(0, 1);
Here's a demo.
Solution 14 - C++
I've tested this, it all works. So this method processInput will just ask the user to type something in. it will return a string that has no extra spaces internally, nor extra spaces at the begining or the end. Hope this helps. (also put a heap of commenting in to make it simple to understand).
you can see how to implement it in the main() at the bottom
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
string processInput() {
char inputChar[256];
string output = "";
int outputLength = 0;
bool space = false;
// user inputs a string.. well a char array
cin.getline(inputChar,256);
output = inputChar;
string outputToLower = "";
// put characters to lower and reduce spaces
for(int i = 0; i < output.length(); i++){
// if it's caps put it to lowercase
output[i] = tolower(output[i]);
// make sure we do not include tabs or line returns or weird symbol for null entry array thingy
if (output[i] != '\t' && output[i] != '\n' && output[i] != 'Ì') {
if (space) {
// if the previous space was a space but this one is not, then space now is false and add char
if (output[i] != ' ') {
space = false;
// add the char
outputToLower+=output[i];
}
} else {
// if space is false, make it true if the char is a space
if (output[i] == ' ') {
space = true;
}
// add the char
outputToLower+=output[i];
}
}
}
// trim leading and tailing space
string trimmedOutput = "";
for(int i = 0; i < outputToLower.length(); i++){
// if it's the last character and it's not a space, then add it
// if it's the first character and it's not a space, then add it
// if it's not the first or the last then add it
if (i == outputToLower.length() - 1 && outputToLower[i] != ' ' ||
i == 0 && outputToLower[i] != ' ' ||
i > 0 && i < outputToLower.length() - 1) {
trimmedOutput += outputToLower[i];
}
}
// return
output = trimmedOutput;
return output;
}
int main() {
cout << "Username: ";
string userName = processInput();
cout << "\nModified Input = " << userName << endl;
}
Solution 15 - C++
Why complicate?
std::string removeSpaces(std::string x){
if(x[0] == ' ') { x.erase(0, 1); return removeSpaces(x); }
if(x[x.length() - 1] == ' ') { x.erase(x.length() - 1, x.length()); return removeSpaces(x); }
else return x;
}
This works even if boost was to fail, no regex, no weird stuff nor libraries.
EDIT: Fix for M.M.'s comment.
Solution 16 - C++
No boost, no regex, just the string library. It's that simple.
string trim(const string s) { // removes whitespace characters from beginnig and end of string s
const int l = (int)s.length();
int a=0, b=l-1;
char c;
while(a<l && ((c=s.at(a))==' '||c=='\t'||c=='\n'||c=='\v'||c=='\f'||c=='\r'||c=='\0')) a++;
while(b>a && ((c=s.at(b))==' '||c=='\t'||c=='\n'||c=='\v'||c=='\f'||c=='\r'||c=='\0')) b--;
return s.substr(a, 1+b-a);
}
Solution 17 - C++
The constant time and space complexity for removing leading and trailing spaces can be achieved by using pop_back() function in the string. Code looks as follows:
void trimTrailingSpaces(string& s) {
while (s.size() > 0 && s.back() == ' ') {
s.pop_back();
}
}
void trimSpaces(string& s) {
//trim trailing spaces.
trimTrailingSpaces(s);
//trim leading spaces
//To reduce complexity, reversing and removing trailing spaces
//and again reversing back
reverse(s.begin(), s.end());
trimTrailingSpaces(s);
reverse(s.begin(), s.end());
}
Solution 18 - C++
char *str = (char*) malloc(50 * sizeof(char));
strcpy(str, " some random string (<50 chars) ");
while(*str == ' ' || *str == '\t' || *str == '\n')
str++;
int len = strlen(str);
while(len >= 0 &&
(str[len - 1] == ' ' || str[len - 1] == '\t' || *str == '\n')
{
*(str + len - 1) = '\0';
len--;
}
printf(":%s:\n", str);
Solution 19 - C++
void removeSpaces(string& str)
{
/* remove multiple spaces */
int k=0;
for (int j=0; j<str.size(); ++j)
{
if ( (str[j] != ' ') || (str[j] == ' ' && str[j+1] != ' ' ))
{
str [k] = str [j];
++k;
}
}
str.resize(k);
/* remove space at the end */
if (str [k-1] == ' ')
str.erase(str.end()-1);
/* remove space at the begin */
if (str [0] == ' ')
str.erase(str.begin());
}
Solution 20 - C++
string trim(const string & sStr)
{
int nSize = sStr.size();
int nSPos = 0, nEPos = 1, i;
for(i = 0; i< nSize; ++i) {
if( !isspace( sStr[i] ) ) {
nSPos = i ;
break;
}
}
for(i = nSize -1 ; i >= 0 ; --i) {
if( !isspace( sStr[i] ) ) {
nEPos = i;
break;
}
}
return string(sStr, nSPos, nEPos - nSPos + 1);
}
Solution 21 - C++
For leading- and trailing spaces, how about:
string string_trim(const string& in) {
stringstream ss;
string out;
ss << in;
ss >> out;
return out;
}
Or for a sentence:
string trim_words(const string& sentence) {
stringstream ss;
ss << sentence;
string s;
string out;
while(ss >> s) {
out+=(s+' ');
}
return out.substr(0, out.length()-1);
}
Solution 22 - C++
> neat and clean
void trimLeftTrailingSpaces(string &input) {
input.erase(input.begin(), find_if(input.begin(), input.end(), [](int ch) {
return !isspace(ch);
}));
}
void trimRightTrailingSpaces(string &input) {
input.erase(find_if(input.rbegin(), input.rend(), [](int ch) {
return !isspace(ch);
}).base(), input.end());
}
Solution 23 - C++
My Solution for this problem not using any STL methods but only C++ string's own methods is as following：
void processString(string &s) {
if ( s.empty() ) return;
//delete leading and trailing spaces of the input string
int notSpaceStartPos = 0, notSpaceEndPos = s.length() - 1;
while ( s[notSpaceStartPos] == ' ' ) ++notSpaceStartPos;
while ( s[notSpaceEndPos] == ' ' ) --notSpaceEndPos;
if ( notSpaceStartPos > notSpaceEndPos ) { s = ""; return; }
s = s.substr(notSpaceStartPos, notSpaceEndPos - notSpaceStartPos + 1);
//reduce multiple spaces between two words to a single space
string temp;
for ( int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++ ) {
if ( i > 0 && s[i] == ' ' && s[i-1] == ' ' ) continue;
temp.push_back(s[i]);
}
s = temp;
}
I have used this method to pass a LeetCode problem Reverse Words in a String
Solution 24 - C++
void TrimWhitespaces(std::wstring& str)
{
if (str.empty())
return;
const std::wstring& whitespace = L" \t";
std::wstring::size_type strBegin = str.find_first_not_of(whitespace);
std::wstring::size_type strEnd = str.find_last_not_of(whitespace);
if (strBegin != std::wstring::npos || strEnd != std::wstring::npos)
{
strBegin == std::wstring::npos ? 0 : strBegin;
strEnd == std::wstring::npos ? str.size() : 0;
const auto strRange = strEnd - strBegin + 1;
str.substr(strBegin, strRange).swap(str);
}
else if (str[0] == ' ' || str[0] == '\t') // handles non-empty spaces-only or tabs-only
{
str = L"";
}
}
void TrimWhitespacesTest()
{
std::wstring EmptyStr = L"";
std::wstring SpacesOnlyStr = L" ";
std::wstring TabsOnlyStr = L" ";
std::wstring RightSpacesStr = L"12345 ";
std::wstring LeftSpacesStr = L" 12345";
std::wstring NoSpacesStr = L"12345";
TrimWhitespaces(EmptyStr);
TrimWhitespaces(SpacesOnlyStr);
TrimWhitespaces(TabsOnlyStr);
TrimWhitespaces(RightSpacesStr);
TrimWhitespaces(LeftSpacesStr);
TrimWhitespaces(NoSpacesStr);
assert(EmptyStr == L"");
assert(SpacesOnlyStr == L"");
assert(TabsOnlyStr == L"");
assert(RightSpacesStr == L"12345");
assert(LeftSpacesStr == L"12345");
assert(NoSpacesStr == L"12345");
}
Solution 25 - C++
What about the erase-remove idiom?
std::string s("...");
s.erase( std::remove(s.begin(), s.end(), ' '), s.end() );
Sorry. I saw too late that you don't want to remove all whitespace.