Reference — What does this symbol mean in PHP?

Php Arguments Operators Symbols Semantics

Php Problem Overview

What is this?

This is a collection of questions that come up every now and then about syntax in PHP. This is also a Community Wiki, so everyone is invited to participate in maintaining this list.

Why is this?

It used to be hard to find questions about operators and other syntax tokens.¹
The main idea is to have links to existing questions on Stack Overflow, so it's easier for us to reference them, not to copy over content from the PHP Manual.

Note: Since January 2013, Stack Overflow does support special characters. Just surround the search terms by quotes, e.g. [php] "==" vs "==="

What should I do here?

If you have been pointed here by someone because you have asked such a question, please find the particular syntax below. The linked pages to the PHP manual along with the linked questions will likely answer your question then. If so, you are encouraged to upvote the answer. This list is not meant as a substitute for the help others provided.

The List

If your particular token is not listed below, you might find it in the List of Parser Tokens.

& Bitwise Operators or References

=& References

&= Bitwise Operators

&& Logical Operators

% Arithmetic Operators

!! Logical Operators

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2127260

@ Error Control Operators

?: Ternary Operator

?? Null Coalesce Operator (since PHP 7)

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7278835

?string ?int ?array ?bool ?float Nullable return type declaration (since PHP 7.1)

: Alternative syntax for control structures, Ternary Operator, Return Type Declaration

:: Scope Resolution Operator

\ Namespaces

-> Classes And Objects

=> Arrays

^ Bitwise Operators

>> Bitwise Operators

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2790329

<< Bitwise Operators

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9718689/strange-print-behaviour-in-php

<<< Heredoc or Nowdoc

= Assignment Operators

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2063480

== Comparison Operators

=== Comparison Operators

!== Comparison Operators

!= Comparison Operators

<> Comparison Operators

<=> Comparison Operators (since PHP 7.0)

Spaceship (three way comparison) operator

| Bitwise Operators

|| Logical Operators

~ Bitwise Operators

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1967360

+ Arithmetic Operators, Array Operators

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2140090

+= and -= Assignment Operators

++ and -- Incrementing/Decrementing Operators

.= Assignment Operators

. String Operators

, Function Arguments

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1466408

, Variable Declarations

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41383218

$$ Variable Variables

` Execution Operator

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/6002296

<?= Short Open Tags

[] Arrays (short syntax since PHP 5.4)

<? Opening and Closing tags

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/200640

... Argument unpacking (since PHP 5.6)

** Exponentiation (since PHP 5.6)

# One-line shell-style comment

Can I use hashes for comments in PHP?

?-> NullSafe Operator Calls (since PHP 8.0)

https://stackoverflow.com/questions/62178354/what-does-this-symbol-mean-in-php-within-an-object-or-null-value

Php Solutions

Solution 1 - Php

Incrementing / Decrementing Operators

++ increment operator

-- decrement operator

Example    Name              Effect
---------------------------------------------------------------------
++$a       Pre-increment     Increments $a by one, then returns $a.
$a++       Post-increment    Returns $a, then increments $a by one.
--$a       Pre-decrement     Decrements $a by one, then returns $a.
$a--       Post-decrement    Returns $a, then decrements $a by one.

These can go before or after the variable.

If put before the variable, the increment/decrement operation is done to the variable first then the result is returned. If put after the variable, the variable is first returned, then the increment/decrement operation is done.

For example:

$apples = 10;
for ($i = 0; $i < 10; ++$i) {
    echo 'I have ' . $apples-- . " apples. I just ate one.\n";
}

Live example

In the case above ++$i is used, since it is faster. $i++ would have the same results.

Pre-increment is a little bit faster because it really increments the variable and after that 'returns' the result. Post-increment creates a special variable, copies there the value of the first variable and only after the first variable is used, replaces its value with second's.

However, you must use $apples--, since first, you want to display the current number of apples, and then you want to subtract one from it.

You can also increment letters in PHP:

$i = "a";
while ($i < "c") {
    echo $i++;
}

Once z is reached aa is next, and so on.

>Note that character variables can be incremented but not decremented and even so only plain ASCII characters (a-z and A-Z) are supported.

Stack Overflow Posts:

Understanding Incrementing

Solution 2 - Php

Bitwise Operator

What is a bit? A bit is a representation of 1 or 0. Basically OFF(0) and ON(1)

What is a byte? A byte is made up of 8 bits and the highest value of a byte is 255, which would mean every bit is set. We will look at why a byte's maximum value is 255.

-------------------------------------------
|      1 Byte ( 8 bits )                  |
-------------------------------------------
|Place Value | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| 2| 1| 	
-------------------------------------------

This representation of 1 Byte

1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 + 128 = 255 (1 Byte)

A few examples for better understanding

The "AND" operator: `&`

$a =  9;
$b = 10;
echo $a & $b;

This would output the number 8. Why? Well let's see using our table example.

-------------------------------------------
|      1 Byte ( 8 bits )                  |
-------------------------------------------
|Place Value | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| 2| 1| 	
-------------------------------------------
|      $a    |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 0| 1|    
-------------------------------------------
|      $b    |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 1| 0|
------------------------------------------- 
|      &     |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 0| 0|
-------------------------------------------

So you can see from the table the only bit they share together is the 8 bit.

Second example

$a =  36;
$b = 103;
echo $a & $b; // This would output the number 36.
$a = 00100100
$b = 01100111

The two shared bits are 32 and 4, which when added together return 36.

The "Or" operator: `|`

$a =  9;
$b = 10;
echo $a | $b;

This would output the number 11. Why?

-------------------------------------------
|      1 Byte ( 8 bits )                  |
-------------------------------------------
|Place Value | 128| 64| 32| 16| 8| 4| 2| 1| 	
-------------------------------------------
|      $a    |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 0| 1|    
-------------------------------------------
|      $b    |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 1| 0|
------------------------------------------- 
|      |     |   0|  0|  0|  0| 1| 0| 1| 1|
-------------------------------------------

You will notice that we have 3 bits set, in the 8, 2, and 1 columns. Add those up: 8+2+1=11.

Solution 3 - Php

`<=>` Spaceship Operator

Added in PHP 7

The spaceship operator <=> is the latest comparison operator added in PHP 7. It is a non-associative binary operator with the same precedence as equality operators (==, !=, ===, !==). This operator allows for simpler three-way comparison between left-hand and right-hand operands.

The operator results in an integer expression of:

0 when both operands are equal
Less than 0 when the left-hand operand is less than the right-hand operand
Greater than 0 when the left-hand operand is greater than the right-hand operand

e.g.

1 <=> 1; // 0
1 <=> 2; // -1
2 <=> 1; // 1

A good practical application of using this operator would be in comparison type callbacks that are expected to return a zero, negative, or positive integer based on a three-way comparison between two values. The comparison function passed to usort is one such example.

Before PHP 7 you would write...

$arr = [4,2,1,3];

usort($arr, function ($a, $b) {
    if ($a < $b) {
        return -1;
    } elseif ($a > $b) {
        return 1;
    } else {
        return 0;
    }
});

Since PHP 7 you can write...

$arr = [4,2,1,3];

usort($arr, function ($a, $b) {
    return $a <=> $b;
    // return $b <=> $a; // for reversing order
});

Solution 4 - Php

_ Alias for gettext()

The underscore character '_' as in _() is an alias to the gettext() function.

Solution 5 - Php

Syntax	Name	Description
`x == y`	Equality	`true` if x and y have the same key/value pairs
`x != y`	Inequality	`true` if x is not equal to y
`x === y`	Identity	`true` if x and y have the same key/value pairs in the same order and of the same types
`x !== y`	Non-identity	`true` if x is not identical to y
`x <=> y`	Spaceship	0 if x is equal to y, greater than 0 if x > y, less than 0 if x < y
`++x`	Pre-increment	Increments x by one, then returns x
`x++`	Post-increment	Returns x, then increments x by one
`--x`	Pre-decrement	Decrements x by one, then returns x
`x--`	Post-decrement	Returns x, then decrements x by one
`x and y`	And	`true` if both x and y are `true`. If x=6, y=3 then `(x < 10 and y > 1)` returns `true`
`x && y`	And	`true` if both x and y are `true`. If x=6, y=3 then `(x < 10 && y > 1)` returns `true`
`x or y`	Or	`true` if any of x or y are `true`. If x=6, y=3 then `(x < 10 or y > 10)` returns `true`
`x		y`
`a . b`	Concatenation	Concatenate two strings: "Hi" . "Ha"

Solution 6 - Php

Magic constants: Although these are not just symbols but important part of this token family. There are eight magical constants that change depending on where they are used.

__LINE__: The current line number of the file.

__FILE__: The full path and filename of the file. If used inside an include, the name of the included file is returned. Since PHP 4.0.2, __FILE__ always contains an absolute path with symlinks resolved whereas in older versions it contained relative path under some circumstances.

__DIR__: The directory of the file. If used inside an include, the directory of the included file is returned. This is equivalent to dirname(__FILE__). This directory name does not have a trailing slash unless it is the root directory. (Added in PHP 5.3.0.)

__FUNCTION__: The function name. (Added in PHP 4.3.0) As of PHP 5 this constant returns the function name as it was declared (case-sensitive). In PHP 4 its value is always lowercased.

__CLASS__: The class name. (Added in PHP 4.3.0) As of PHP 5 this constant returns the class name as it was declared (case-sensitive). In PHP 4 its value is always lowercased. The class name includes the namespace it was declared in (e.g. Foo\Bar). Note that as of PHP 5.4 __CLASS__ works also in traits. When used in a trait method, __CLASS__ is the name of the class the trait is used in.

__TRAIT__: The trait name. (Added in PHP 5.4.0) As of PHP 5.4 this constant returns the trait as it was declared (case-sensitive). The trait name includes the namespace it was declared in (e.g. Foo\Bar).

__METHOD__: The class method name. (Added in PHP 5.0.0) The method name is returned as it was declared (case-sensitive).

__NAMESPACE__: The name of the current namespace (case-sensitive). This constant is defined in compile-time (Added in PHP 5.3.0).

Source

Solution 7 - Php

Type Operators

instanceof is used to determine whether a PHP variable is an instantiated object of a certain class.

<?php
class mclass { }
class sclass { }
$a = new mclass;
var_dump($a instanceof mclass);
var_dump($a instanceof sclass);

The above example will output:

bool(true)
bool(false)

Reason: Above Example $a is a object of the mclass so use only a mclass data not instance of with the sclass

Example with inheritance

<?php 
class pclass { } 
class childclass extends pclass { } 
$a = new childclass; 
var_dump($a instanceof childclass); 
var_dump($a instanceof pclass);

The above example will output:

bool(true)
bool(true)

Example with Clone

<?php 
class cloneable { } 
$a = new cloneable;
$b = clone $a; 
var_dump($a instanceof cloneable); 
var_dump($b instanceof cloneable);

The above example will output:

bool(true)
bool(true)

Solution 8 - Php

An overview of operators in PHP:

Logical Operators:

$a && $b : TRUE if both $a and $b are TRUE.
$a || $b : TRUE if either $a or $b is TRUE.
$a xor $b : TRUE if either $a or $b is TRUE, but not both.
! $a : TRUE if $a is not TRUE.
$a and $b : TRUE if both $a and $b are TRUE.
$a or $b : TRUE if either $a or $b is TRUE.

Comparison operators:

$a == $b : TRUE if $a is equal to $b after type juggling.
$a === $b : TRUE if $a is equal to $b, and they are of the same type.
$a != $b : TRUE if $a is not equal to $b after type juggling.
$a <> $b : TRUE if $a is not equal to $b after type juggling.
$a !== $b : TRUE if $a is not equal to $b, or they are not of the same type.
$a < $b : TRUE if $a is strictly less than $b.
$a > $b : TRUE if $a is strictly greater than $b.
$a <= $b : TRUE if $a is less than or equal to $b.
$a >= $b : TRUE if $a is greater than or equal to $b.
$a <=> $b : An integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero when $a is respectively less than, equal to, or greater than $b. Available as of PHP 7.
$a ? $b : $c : if $a return $b else return $c (ternary operator)
$a ?? $c : Same as $a ? $a : $c (null coalescing operator - requires PHP>=7)

Arithmetic Operators:

-$a : Opposite of $a.
$a + $b : Sum of $a and $b.
$a - $b : Difference of $a and $b.
$a * $b : Product of $a and $b.
$a / $b : Quotient of $a and $b.
$a % $b : Remainder of $a divided by $b.
$a ** $b : Result of raising $a to the $b'th power (introduced in PHP 5.6)

Incrementing/Decrementing Operators:

++$a : Increments $a by one, then returns $a.
$a++ : Returns $a, then increments $a by one.
--$a : Decrements $a by one, then returns $a.
$a-- : Returns $a, then decrements $a by one.

Bitwise Operators:

$a & $b : Bits that are set in both $a and $b are set.
$a | $b : Bits that are set in either $a or $b are set.
$a ^ $b : Bits that are set in $a or $b but not both are set.
~ $a : Bits that are set in $a are not set, and vice versa.
$a << $b : Shift the bits of $a $b steps to the left (each step means "multiply by two")
$a >> $b : Shift the bits of $a $b steps to the right (each step means "divide by two")

String Operators:

$a . $b : Concatenation of $a and $b.

Array Operators:

$a + $b : Union of $a and $b.
$a == $b : TRUE if $a and $b have the same key/value pairs.
$a === $b : TRUE if $a and $b have the same key/value pairs in the same order and of the same types.
$a != $b : TRUE if $a is not equal to $b.
$a <> $b : TRUE if $a is not equal to $b.
$a !== $b : TRUE if $a is not identical to $b.

Assignment Operators:

$a = $b : The value of $b is assigned to $a
$a += $b : Same as $a = $a + $b
$a -= $b : Same as $a = $a - $b
*$a = $b : Same as $a = $a * $b
$a /= $b : Same as $a = $a / $b
$a %= $b : Same as $a = $a % $b
**$a = $b : Same as $a = $a ** $b
$a .= $b : Same as $a = $a . $b
$a &= $b : Same as $a = $a & $b
$a |= $b : Same as $a = $a | $b
$a ^= $b : Same as $a = $a ^ $b
$a <<= $b : Same as $a = $a << $b
$a >>= $b : Same as $a = $a >> $b
$a ??= $b : The value of $b is assigned to $a if $a is null or not defined (null coalescing assignment operator - requires PHP>=7.4)

Note

and operator and or operator have lower precedence than assignment operator =.

This means that $a = true and false; is equivalent to ($a = true) and false.

In most cases you will probably want to use && and ||, which behave in a way known from languages like C, Java or JavaScript.

Solution 9 - Php

Spaceship Operator `<=>` (Added in PHP 7)

Examples for <=> Spaceship operator (PHP 7, Source: PHP Manual):

Integers, Floats, Strings, Arrays & objects for Three-way comparison of variables.

// Integers
echo 10 <=> 10; // 0
echo 10 <=> 20; // -1
echo 20 <=> 10; // 1

// Floats
echo 1.5 <=> 1.5; // 0
echo 1.5 <=> 2.5; // -1
echo 2.5 <=> 1.5; // 1

// Strings
echo "a" <=> "a"; // 0
echo "a" <=> "b"; // -1
echo "b" <=> "a"; // 1
// Comparison is case-sensitive
echo "B" <=> "a"; // -1

echo "a" <=> "aa"; // -1
echo "zz" <=> "aa"; // 1

// Arrays
echo [] <=> []; // 0
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 3]; // 0
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> []; // 1
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 1]; // 1
echo [1, 2, 3] <=> [1, 2, 4]; // -1

// Objects
$a = (object) ["a" => "b"]; 
$b = (object) ["a" => "b"]; 
echo $a <=> $b; // 0

$a = (object) ["a" => "b"]; 
$b = (object) ["a" => "c"]; 
echo $a <=> $b; // -1

$a = (object) ["a" => "c"]; 
$b = (object) ["a" => "b"]; 
echo $a <=> $b; // 1

// only values are compared
$a = (object) ["a" => "b"]; 
$b = (object) ["b" => "b"]; 
echo $a <=> $b; // 1

Solution 10 - Php

{} Curly braces

And some words about last post

$x[4] = 'd'; // it works
$x{4} = 'd'; // it works

$echo $x[4]; // it works
$echo $x{4}; // it works

$x[] = 'e'; // it works
$x{} = 'e'; // does not work

$x = [1, 2]; // it works
$x = {1, 2}; // does not work

echo "${x[4]}"; // it works
echo "${x{4}}"; // does not work

echo "{$x[4]}"; // it works
echo "{$x{4}}"; // it works

Solution 11 - Php

Null coalescing operator (??)

This operator has been added in PHP 7.0 for the common case of needing to use a ternary operator in conjunction with isset(). It returns its first operand if it exists and is not NULL; otherwise it returns its second operand.

<?php
// Fetches the value of $_GET['user'] and returns 'nobody'
// if it does not exist.
$username = $_GET['user'] ?? 'nobody';
// This is equivalent to:
$username = isset($_GET['user']) ? $_GET['user'] : 'nobody';

// Coalescing can be chained: this will return the first
// defined value out of $_GET['user'], $_POST['user'], and
// 'nobody'.
$username = $_GET['user'] ?? $_POST['user'] ?? 'nobody';
?>

Solution 12 - Php

PHP Strings: PHP Strings can be specified in four ways not just two ways:

1) Single Quote Strings:

$string = 'This is my string'; // print This is my string

2) Double Quote Strings:

$str = 'string';

$string = "This is my $str"; // print This is my string

3) Heredoc:

$string = <<<EOD
This is my string
EOD; // print This is my string

4) Nowdoc (since PHP 5.3.0):

$string = <<<'END_OF_STRING'
    This is my string 
END_OF_STRING; // print This is my string

Solution 13 - Php

QUESTION:

What does => mean?

ANSWER:

=> Is the symbol we humans decided to use to separate "Key" => "Value" pairs in Associative Arrays.

ELABORATING:

To understand this, we have to know what Associative Arrays are. The first thing that comes up when a conventional programmer thinks of an array (in PHP) would be something similar to:

$myArray1 = array(2016, "hello", 33);//option 1

$myArray2 = [2016, "hello", 33];//option 2

$myArray3 = [];//option 3
$myArray3[] = 2016; 
$myArray3[] = "hello"; 
$myArray3[] = 33;

Where as, if we wanted to call the array in some later part of the code, we could do:

echo $myArray1[1];// output: hello
echo $myArray2[1];// output: hello
echo $myArray3[1];// output: hello

So far so good. However, as humans, we might find it hard to remember that index [0] of the array is the value of the year 2016, index [1] of the array is a greetings, and index [2] of the array is a simple integer value. The alternative we would then have is to use what is called an Associative Array. An Associative array has a few differences from a Sequential Array (which is what the previous cases were since they increment the index used in a predetermined sequence, by incrementing by 1 for each following value).

Differences (between a sequential and associative array):

Durring the declaration of an Associative Array, you don't only include the value of what you want to put in the array, but you also put the index value (called the key) which you want to use when calling the array in later parts of the code. The following syntax is used during it's declaration: "key" => "value".
When using the Associative Array, the key value would then be placed inside the index of the array to retrieve the desired value.

For instance:

$myArray1 = array( 
    "Year" => 2016, 
    "Greetings" => "hello", 
    "Integer_value" => 33);//option 1

$myArray2 = [ 
    "Year" =>  2016, 
    "Greetings" => "hello", 
    "Integer_value" => 33];//option 2

$myArray3 = [];//option 3
$myArray3["Year"] = 2016; 
$myArray3["Greetings"] = "hello"; 
$myArray3["Integer_value"] = 33;

And now, to receive the same output as before, the key value would be used in the arrays index:

echo $myArray1["Greetings"];// output: hello
echo $myArray2["Greetings"];// output: hello
echo $myArray3["Greetings"];// output: hello

FINAL POINT:

So from the above example, it is pretty easy to see that the => symbol is used to express the relationship of an Associative Array between each of the key and value pairs in an array DURING the initiation of the values within the array.

Solution 14 - Php

Question:

What does "&" mean here in PHP?

PHP "&" operator

Makes life more easier once we get used to it..(check example below carefully)

& usually checks bits that are set in both $a and $b are set.

> have you even noticed how these calls works?

   error_reporting(E_ERROR | E_WARNING | E_PARSE);
    error_reporting(E_ERROR | E_WARNING | E_PARSE | E_NOTICE);
    error_reporting(E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE);
    error_reporting(E_ALL);

So behind all above is game of bitwise operator and bits.

One usefull case of these is easy configurations like give below, so a single integer field can store thousands of combos for you.

Most people have already read the docs but didn't reliase the real world use case of these bitwise operators.

Example That you 'll love

<?php

class Config {

    // our constants must be 1,2,4,8,16,32,64 ....so on
    const TYPE_CAT=1;
    const TYPE_DOG=2;
    const TYPE_LION=4;
    const TYPE_RAT=8;
    const TYPE_BIRD=16;
    const TYPE_ALL=31;

    private $config;

    public function __construct($config){
        $this->config=$config;

        if($this->is(Config::TYPE_CAT)){
            echo 'cat ';
        }
        if($this->is(Config::TYPE_DOG)){
            echo 'dog ';
        }
        if($this->is(Config::TYPE_RAT)){
            echo 'rat ';
        }
        if($this->is(Config::TYPE_LION)){
            echo 'lion ';
        }
        if($this->is(Config::TYPE_BIRD)){
            echo 'bird ';
        }
        echo "\n";
    }

    private function is($value){
        return $this->config & $value;
    }
}

new Config(Config::TYPE_ALL);
// cat dog rat lion bird
new Config(Config::TYPE_BIRD);
//bird
new Config(Config::TYPE_BIRD | Config::TYPE_DOG);
//dog bird
new Config(Config::TYPE_ALL & ~Config::TYPE_DOG & ~Config::TYPE_CAT);
//rat lion bird

Solution 15 - Php

== is used for check equality without considering variable data-type

=== is used for check equality for both the variable value and data-type

Example

$a = 5

if ($a == 5) - will evaluate to true
if ($a == '5') - will evaluate to true, because while comparing this both value PHP internally convert that string value into integer and then compare both values
if ($a === 5) - will evaluate to true
if ($a === '5') - will evaluate to false, because value is 5, but this value 5 is not an integer.

Solution 16 - Php

Null Coalesce operator "??" (Added in PHP 7)

Not the catchiest name for an operator, but PHP 7 brings in the rather handy null coalesce so I thought I'd share an example.

In PHP 5, we already have a ternary operator, which tests a value, and then returns the second element if that returns true and the third if it doesn't:

echo $count ? $count : 10; // outputs 10

There is also a shorthand for that which allows you to skip the second element if it's the same as the first one: echo $count ?: 10; // also outputs 10

In PHP 7 we additionally get the ?? operator which rather than indicating extreme confusion which is how I would usually use two question marks together instead allows us to chain together a string of values. Reading from left to right, the first value which exists and is not null is the value that will be returned.

// $a is not set
$b = 16;

echo $a ?? 2; // outputs 2
echo $a ?? $b ?? 7; // outputs 16

This construct is useful for giving priority to one or more values coming perhaps from user input or existing configuration, and safely falling back on a given default if that configuration is missing. It's kind of a small feature but it's one that I know I'll be using as soon as my applications upgrade to PHP 7.

Solution 17 - Php

Nullable return type declaration

PHP 7 adds support for return type declarations. Similarly to argument type declarations, return type declarations specify the type of value that will be returned from a function. The same types are available for return type declarations as are available for argument type declarations.

Strict typing also has an effect on return type declarations. In the default weak mode, returned values will be coerced to the correct type if they are not already of that type. In strong mode, the returned value must be of the correct type, otherwise, a TypeError will be thrown.

As of PHP 7.1.0, return values can be marked as nullable by prefixing the type name with a question mark (?). This signifies that the function returns either the specified type or NULL.

<?php
function get_item(): ?string {
    if (isset($_GET['item'])) {
        return $_GET['item'];
    } else {
        return null;
    }
}
?>

Source

Solution 18 - Php

?-> NullSafe Operator

Added in PHP 8.0

It's the NullSafe Operator, it returns null in case you try to invoke functions or get values from null. Nullsafe operator can be chained and can be used both on the methods and properties.

$objDrive = null;
$drive = $objDrive?->func?->getDriver()?->value; //return null
$drive = $objDrive->func->getDriver()->value; // Error: Trying to get property 'func' of non-object

Nullsafe operator doesn't work with array keys:

$drive['admin']?->getDriver()?->value //Warning: Trying to access array offset on value of type null

$drive = [];
$drive['admin']?->getAddress()?->value //Warning: Undefined array key "admin"

Solution 19 - Php

Three DOTS as Splat Operator (...) (since PHP 5.6)

PHP has an operator "..." (Three dots) which is referred as Splat Operator. It is used to pass arbitrary number of parameters in a function and this type of function is called Variadic Functions. Let’s take examples to use of "..." (Three dots).

> Example 1:

<?php
function calculateNumbers(...$params){
    $total = 0;
    foreach($params as $v){
        $total = $total + $v;
    }
    return $total;
}
 
echo calculateNumbers(10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
 
//Output 150
?>

Each arguments of calculateNumbers() function pass through $params as an array when use "… ".

There are many different ways to use "… " operator. Below some examples:

> Example 2:

<?php
function calculateNumbers($no1, $no2, $no3, $no4, $no5){
    $total = $no1 + $no2 + $no3 + $no4 + $no5;
    return $total;
}
 
$numbers = array(10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
echo calculateNumbers(...$numbers);
 
//Output 150
?>

> Example 3:

<?php
function calculateNumbers(...$params){
    $total = 0;
    foreach($params as $v){
        $total = $total + $v;
    }
    return $total;
}
$no1 = 70;
$numbers = array(10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
echo calculateNumbers($no1, ...$numbers);
 
//Output 220
?>

> Example 4:

<?php
function calculateNumbers(...$params){
    $total = 0;
    foreach($params as $v){
        $total = $total + $v;
    }
    return $total;
}
 
$numbers1 = array(10, 20, 30, 40, 50);
$numbers2 = array(100, 200, 300, 400, 500);
echo calculateNumbers(...$numbers1, ...$numbers2);
 
//Output 1650
 
?>

Solution 20 - Php

NullSafe Operator "?->" since php8

In PHP8 it's been accepted this new operator, you can find the documentation here. ?-> it's the NullSafe Operator, it returns null in case you try to invoke functions or get values from null...

Examples:

<?php
$obj = null;
$obj = $obj?->attr; //return null
$obj = ?->funct(); // return null
$obj = $objDrive->attr; // Error: Trying to get property 'attr' of non-object
?>

Solution 21 - Php

PHP Arrays:

An array is a data structure that stores one or more similar types of values in a single value:

Numeric array − An array with a numeric index. Values are stored and accessed in linear fashion.
Associative array − An array with strings as index. This stores element values in association with key-values rather than in a strict linear index order.
Multidimensional array − An array containing one or more arrays, and values are accessed using multiple indices.

Numeric Array

These arrays can store numbers, strings and any object but their index will be represented by numbers. By default, an array's index starts from zero.

Example:

<?php

// First way of creating an array
$numbers = array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);

foreach ($numbers as $value) {
    echo "Value is $value";
}

// Second way of creating an array
$numbers = ['a1', 'b2', 'c3', 'd4', 'e5'];

foreach ($numbers as $value) {
    echo "Value is $value";
}

// Third way of creating an array
$numbers[0] = "one";
$numbers[1] = "two";
$numbers[2] = "three";
$numbers[3] = "four";
$numbers[4] = "five";

foreach ($numbers as $value) {
    echo "Value is $value";
}

// Fourth way of creating an array
$numbers[] = "a";
$numbers[] = "b";
$numbers[] = "c";
$numbers[] = "d";
$numbers[] = "e";

foreach ($numbers as $value) {
    echo "Value is $value";
}

Output:

Value is 1
Value is 2
Value is 3
Value is 4
Value is 5
Value is a1
Value is b2
Value is c3
Value is d4
Value is e5
Value is one
Value is two
Value is three
Value is four
Value is five
Value is a
Value is b
Value is c
Value is d
Value is e

Associative Arrays

The associative arrays are equal to numeric arrays in term of functionality but they are different in terms of their index. An associative array will have their index as a string so that you can establish a defined association between key and values.

Example:

<?php

// First way of creating an associative array
$salaries = array("mohammad" => 2000, "qadir" => 1000, "zara" => 500);

echo "Salary of mohammad is " . $salaries['mohammad'];
echo "Salary of qadir is " .  $salaries['qadir'];
echo "Salary of zara is " .  $salaries['zara'];

// Second way of creating an associative array
$salaries = ["mohammad" => '$$$', "qadir" => '$$', "zara" => '$'];

echo "Salary of mohammad is " . $salaries['mohammad'];
echo "Salary of qadir is " .  $salaries['qadir'];
echo "Salary of zara is " .  $salaries['zara'];

// Third way of creating an associative array
$salaries['mohammad'] = "high";
$salaries['qadir'] = "medium";
$salaries['zara'] = "low";

echo "Salary of mohammad is " . $salaries['mohammad'];
echo "Salary of qadir is " .  $salaries['qadir'];
echo "Salary of zara is " .  $salaries['zara'];

Output:

Salary of mohammad is 2000
Salary of qadir is 1000
Salary of zara is 500
Salary of mohammad is $$$
Salary of qadir is $$
Salary of zara is $
Salary of mohammad is high
Salary of qadir is medium
Salary of zara is low

Multidimensional Arrays

Each element of a multidimensional array can also be an array. And each element in the sub-array can be an array, and so on. Values in the multidimensional array are accessed using multiple indexes (numeric or string).

Example:

<?php

$marks = [
    "mohammad" => [
        "physics" => 35,
        "maths" => 30,
        "chemistry" => 39
    ],

    "qadir" => [
        "physics" => 30,
        "maths" => 32,
        "chemistry" => 29
    ],

    "zara" => [
        "physics" => 31,
        "maths" => 22,
        "chemistry" => 39
    ]
];

// Accessing a multidimensional array's values
echo "Marks for mohammad in physics: " . $marks['mohammad']['physics'];

echo "Marks for qadir in maths:" . $marks['qadir']['maths'];

echo "Marks for zara in chemistry: " . $marks['zara']['chemistry'];

Output:

Marks for mohammad in physics: 35
Marks for qadir in maths: 32
Marks for zara in chemistry: 39

PHP Array Functions

array() -> Creates an array
array_change_key_case() -> Changes all keys in an array to lowercase or uppercase
array_chunk() -> Splits an array into chunks of arrays
array_column() -> Returns the values from a single column in the input array
array_combine() -> Creates an array by using the elements from one "keys" array and one "values" array
array_count_values() -> Counts all the values of an array
array_diff() -> Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare values only)
array_diff_assoc() -> Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys and values)
array_diff_key() -> Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys only)
array_diff_uassoc() -> Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys and values, using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_diff_ukey() -> Compare arrays, and returns the differences (compare keys only, using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_fill() -> Fills an array with values
array_fill_keys() -> Fills an array with values, specifying keys
array_filter() -> Filters the values of an array using a callback function
array_flip() -> Flips/Exchanges all keys with their associated values in an array
array_intersect() -> Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare values only)
array_intersect_assoc() -> Compare arrays and returns the matches (compare keys and values)
array_intersect_key() -> Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys only)
array_intersect_uassoc() -> Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys and values, using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_intersect_ukey() -> Compare arrays, and returns the matches (compare keys only, using a user-defined key comparison function)
array_key_exists() -> Checks if the specified key exists in the array
array_keys() -> Returns all the keys of an array
array_map() -> Sends each value of an array to a user-made function, which returns new values
array_merge() -> Merges one or more arrays into one array
array_merge_recursive() -> Merges one or more arrays into one array recursively
array_multisort() -> Sorts multiple or multi-dimensional arrays

Solution 22 - Php

#[] attributes since PHP 8

You can write #[attribute_name] since PHP 8. This is an attribute in PHP (also Rust and C#). Other languages may use names like annotations (Java) or decorators (Python, Javascript) for a similar feature. Prior to PHP 8, #[whatever] would have been a comment until the end of the line (because # starts a comment in PHP). So if an attribute is the last thing on a line, it will be ignored in versions before PHP 8. If not the last thing on a line, it would comment out whatever was after it prior to PHP 8 (since then the ] terminates it).

RFC
Syntax RFC (the syntax was changed from the original RFC)
Documentation

Solution 23 - Php

In php 8

Instead of writing the classic !== null you can use the ? operator to write just 1 line of code, the code becomes pretty clear:

Before:

$firsName =  null;
if ($session !== null) {
    $user = $session->user;
    if ($user !== null) {
        $name = $user->getName();
        if ($name !== null) {
            $firstName = $name->firstName;
        }
    }
}

After:

$firsName = $session?->user?->getName()?->firstName;

Use match instead of switch. The match expression uses strict comparison (===) instead. The comparison is strict regardless of strict_types.

Before:

switch ('A') {
    case 'A':
        echo "found A";
        break;
    case 'B':
        echo "found B";
        break;
}
// Result: "found A"

After:

echo match ('A') {
  'A' => "found A",
  'B' => "found B",
};
// Result: "found A"

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Gordon	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Php	Peter Ajtai	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Php	Ankur Saxena	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Php	Sherif	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Php	Mohammed H	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 5 - Php	Ankur Saxena	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 6 - Php	Sumoanand	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 7 - Php	Maulik patel	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 8 - Php	John Slegers	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 9 - Php	rajangupta	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 10 - Php	Nick	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 11 - Php	VIPIN A ROY	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 12 - Php	devpro	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 13 - Php	Webeng	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 14 - Php	dev.meghraj	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 15 - Php	Parth Nayak	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 16 - Php	Yogi Ghorecha	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 17 - Php	John Conde	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 18 - Php	John Conde	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 19 - Php	Yogi Ghorecha	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 20 - Php	Alberto Sinigaglia	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 21 - Php	Ramki	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 22 - Php	mdfst13	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 23 - Php	Mehdi Salimi	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Php Problem Overview

What is this?

Why is this?

What should I do here?

The List

Php Solutions

Solution 1 - Php

Solution 2 - Php

Bitwise Operator

A few examples for better understanding

The "AND" operator: &

The "Or" operator: |

Solution 3 - Php

<=> Spaceship Operator

Added in PHP 7

Before PHP 7 you would write...

Since PHP 7 you can write...

Solution 4 - Php

Solution 5 - Php

Solution 6 - Php

Solution 7 - Php

Type Operators

Example with inheritance

Example with Clone

Solution 8 - Php

An overview of operators in PHP:

Note

Solution 9 - Php

Spaceship Operator <=> (Added in PHP 7)

Solution 10 - Php

Solution 11 - Php

Solution 12 - Php

Solution 13 - Php

Solution 14 - Php

PHP "&" operator

Example That you 'll love

Solution 15 - Php

Example

Solution 16 - Php

Null Coalesce operator "??" (Added in PHP 7)

Solution 17 - Php

Nullable return type declaration

Solution 18 - Php

?-> NullSafe Operator

Solution 19 - Php

Three DOTS as Splat Operator (...) (since PHP 5.6)

Solution 20 - Php

NullSafe Operator "?->" since php8

Solution 21 - Php

Numeric Array

Example:

Output:

Associative Arrays

Example:

Output:

Multidimensional Arrays

Example:

Output:

PHP Array Functions

Solution 22 - Php

#[] attributes since PHP 8

Solution 23 - Php

Attributions

The "AND" operator: `&`

The "Or" operator: `|`

`<=>` Spaceship Operator

Spaceship Operator `<=>` (Added in PHP 7)