Vincent Povirk&#39;s answer won&#39;t work completely;

    import zipfile
    archive = zipfile.ZipFile(&#39;images.zip&#39;, &#39;r&#39;)
    imgfile = archive.open(&#39;img_01.png&#39;)
    ...

You have to change it in:

    import zipfile
    archive = zipfile.ZipFile(&#39;images.zip&#39;, &#39;r&#39;)
    imgdata = archive.read(&#39;img_01.png&#39;)
    ...

For details read the `ZipFile` docs [here](https://docs.python.org/3/library/zipfile.html#zipfile.ZipFile.open).

    import io, pygame, zipfile
    archive = zipfile.ZipFile(&#39;images.zip&#39;, &#39;r&#39;)

    # read bytes from archive
    img_data = archive.read(&#39;img_01.png&#39;)

    # create a pygame-compatible file-like object from the bytes
    bytes_io = io.BytesIO(img_data)

    img = pygame.image.load(bytes_io)

I was trying to figure this out for myself just now and thought this might be useful for anyone who comes across this question in the future.

In theory, yes, it&#39;s just a matter of plugging things in. Zipfile can give you a file-like object for a file in a zip archive, and image.load will accept a file-like object. So something like this should work:

    import zipfile
    archive = zipfile.ZipFile(&#39;images.zip&#39;, &#39;r&#39;)
    imgfile = archive.open(&#39;img_01.png&#39;)
    try:
        image = pygame.image.load(imgfile, &#39;img_01.png&#39;)
    finally:
        imgfile.close()


From Python 3.2 onwards it has been possible to use the `ZipFile` as a context manager:

```
from zipfile import ZipFile

with ZipFile(&#39;images.zip&#39;) as zf:
    for file in zf.namelist():
        if not file.endswith(&#39;.png&#39;): # optional filtering by filetype
            continue
        with zf.open(file) as f:
            image = pygame.image.load(f, namehint=file)

```
- The plus side of using context managers (`with` statement) is that the files are automatically closed properly.
- The `f` can be used like regular [file object](https://docs.python.org/3/glossary.html#term-file-object) you would get when using the built-in [open()](https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#open).

### Links to documentation
- [ZipFile](https://docs.python.org/3/library/zipfile.html#zipfile.ZipFile), [ZipFile.namelist](https://docs.python.org/3/library/zipfile.html#zipfile.ZipFile.namelist), [ZipFile.open](https://docs.python.org/3/library/zipfile.html#zipfile.ZipFile.open)
- [PEP 343 (with statement)](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0343/)

I want to get the type of a variable at runtime.
How do I do this?

I want to get the type of a variable at runtime

I&#39;m using auto layout constraints programmatically to layout my custom UITableView cells and I&#39;m correctly defining the cell sizes in `tableView:heightForRowAtIndexPath:`

It&#39;s working just fine on iOS6 and it does _look_ fine in iOS7 as well 

BUT when I run the app on iOS7, here&#39;s the kind of message I see in the console:

	Break on objc_exception_throw to catch this in the debugger.
	The methods in the UIConstraintBasedLayoutDebugging category on UIView listed in &lt;UIKit/UIView.h&gt; may also be helpful.
	2013-10-02 09:56:44.847 Vente-Exclusive[76306:a0b] Unable to simultaneously satisfy constraints.
		Probably at least one of the constraints in the following list is one you don&#39;t want. Try this: (1) look at each constraint and try to figure out which you don&#39;t expect; (2) find the code that added the unwanted constraint or constraints and fix it. (Note: If you&#39;re seeing NSAutoresizingMaskLayoutConstraints that you don&#39;t understand, refer to the documentation for the UIView property translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints) 
	(
			&quot;&lt;NSLayoutConstraint:0xac4c5f0 V:|-(15)-[UIImageView:0xac47f50]   (Names: &#39;|&#39;:UITableViewCellContentView:0xd93e850 )&gt;&quot;,
			&quot;&lt;NSLayoutConstraint:0xac43620 V:[UIImageView:0xac47f50(62)]&gt;&quot;,
			&quot;&lt;NSLayoutConstraint:0xac43650 V:[UIImageView:0xac47f50]-(&gt;=0)-[UIView:0xac4d0f0]&gt;&quot;,
			&quot;&lt;NSLayoutConstraint:0xac43680 V:[UIView:0xac4d0f0(1)]&gt;&quot;,
			&quot;&lt;NSLayoutConstraint:0xac436b0 V:[UIView:0xac4d0f0]-(0)-|   (Names: &#39;|&#39;:UITableViewCellContentView:0xd93e850 )&gt;&quot;,
			&quot;&lt;NSAutoresizingMaskLayoutConstraint:0xac6b120 h=--&amp; v=--&amp; V:[UITableViewCellContentView:0xd93e850(44)]&gt;&quot;
	)

	Will attempt to recover by breaking constraint 
	&lt;NSLayoutConstraint:0xac43650 V:[UIImageView:0xac47f50]-(&gt;=0)-[UIView:0xac4d0f0]&gt;

And _indeed_ there&#39;s one of the constraint in that list I don&#39;t want :

    &quot;&lt;NSAutoresizingMaskLayoutConstraint:0xac6b120 h=--&amp; v=--&amp; V:[UITableViewCellContentView:0xd93e850(44)]&gt;&quot;

and I cannot set the `translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints` property of the `contentView` to NO =&gt; it would mess up the entire cell.

44 is the default cell height but I defined my custom heights in the table view delegate so why does the cell contentView has this constraint? What could cause this? 

In iOS6 it&#39;s not happening and everything looks just fine on both iOS6 and iOS7.

My code is quite big so I won&#39;t post it here but feel free to ask for a pastebin if you need it.

To specify how I&#39;m doing it, on cell intialization:

 - I create all my labels, buttons, etc
 - I set their `translatesAutoresizingMaskIntoConstraints` property to NO
 - I add them as subviews of the `contentView` of the cell 
 - I add the constraints on the `contentView`

I&#39;m also deeply interested in understanding why this happens only on iOS7.

Auto layout constraints issue on iOS7 in UITableViewCell

How can I open files in a zip archive without extracting them first?

I&#39;m using pygame. To save disk space, I have all the images zipped up.
Is it possible to load a given image directly from the zip file? 
For example:
`pygame.image.load(&#39;zipFile/img_01&#39;)`

Python: Open file in zip without temporarily extracting it

<p>How can I open files in a zip archive without extracting them first?</p>
<p>I'm using pygame. To save disk space, I have all the images zipped up.
Is it possible to load a given image directly from the zip file?
For example:
<code>pygame.image.load('zipFile/img_01')</code></p>


Most languages have a NaN constant you can use to assign a variable the value NaN.  Can python do this without using numpy?

Assigning a variable NaN in python without numpy

I have a 20 x 4000 dataframe in Python using pandas. Two of these columns are named `Year` and `quarter`. I&#39;d like to create a variable called `period` that makes `Year = 2000` and `quarter= q2` into `2000q2`.

Can anyone help with that?

Combine two columns of text in pandas dataframe

I have a config file `abc.txt` which looks somewhat like:

    path1 = &quot;D:\test1\first&quot;
    path2 = &quot;D:\test2\second&quot;
    path3 = &quot;D:\test2\third&quot;

I want to read these paths from the `abc.txt` to use it in my program to avoid hard coding.


How to read a config file using python

I have a data frame `df` and I use several columns from it to `groupby`:

    df[&#39;col1&#39;,&#39;col2&#39;,&#39;col3&#39;,&#39;col4&#39;].groupby([&#39;col1&#39;,&#39;col2&#39;]).mean()

In the above way I almost get the table (data frame) that I need. What is missing is an additional column that contains number of rows in each group. In other words, I have mean but I also would like to know how many number were used to get these means. For example in the first group there are 8 values and in the second one 10 and so on.

In short: How do I get **group-wise** statistics for a dataframe?




Get statistics for each group (such as count, mean, etc) using pandas GroupBy?

I am trying to add the legend to my plot with this snippet:

    import matplotlib.pylab as plt
    
    fig = plt.figure()
    axes = fig.add_axes([0.1, 0.1, 0.8, 0.8]) # left, bottom, width, height (range 0 to 1)
    axes.set_xlabel(&#39;x (m)&#39;)
    axes.set_ylabel(&#39;y (m)&#39;)
    for i, representative in enumerate(representatives):
        axes.plot([e[0] for e in representative], [e[1] for e in representative], color=&#39;b&#39;, label=&#39;Representatives&#39;)
    axes.scatter([e[0] for e in intersections], [e[1] for e in intersections], color=&#39;r&#39;, label=&#39;Intersections&#39;)
    axes.legend()   

I end up with this plot

![enter image description here][1]

Obviously, the items are duplicated in the plot. How can I correct this error?

  [1]: http://i.stack.imgur.com/g3QQH.jpg

Duplicate items in legend in matplotlib?

The compression algorithm used in *zlib* is essentially the same as that in *gzip* and *zip*. What are *gzip* and *zip*? How are they different and how are they same?

How are zlib, gzip and zip related? What do they have in common and how are they different?

I am downloading a zip file using c# program and I get the error 



    at System.IO.Compression.ZipArchive.ReadEndOfCentralDirectory()
       at System.IO.Compression.ZipArchive.Init(Stream stream, ZipArchiveMode mode,
    Boolean leaveOpen)
       at System.IO.Compression.ZipArchive..ctor(Stream stream, ZipArchiveMode mode,
     Boolean leaveOpen, Encoding entryNameEncoding)
       at System.IO.Compression.ZipFile.Open(String archiveFileName, ZipArchiveMode
    mode, Encoding entryNameEncoding)
       at System.IO.Compression.ZipFile.ExtractToDirectory(String sourceArchiveFileN
    ame, String destinationDirectoryName, Encoding entryNameEncoding)
       at System.IO.Compression.ZipFile.ExtractToDirectory(String sourceArchiveFileN
    ame, String destinationDirectoryName)


Here&#39;s the program
       

        response = (HttpWebResponse)request.GetResponse();
        Stream ReceiveStream = response.GetResponseStream();
        byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
        FileStream outFile = new FileStream(zipFilePath, FileMode.Create);
        int bytesRead;
        while ((bytesRead = ReceiveStream.Read(buffer, 0, buffer.Length)) != 0)
            outFile.Write(buffer, 0, bytesRead);
        outFile.Close();
        response.Close();
        try
        {
            ZipFile.ExtractToDirectory(zipFilePath, destnDirectoryName);
        }
        catch (Exception e)
        {
            Console.WriteLine(e.ToString());
            Console.ReadLine();
        }

I do not understand the error. Can anybody explain this
Thanks
MR


End of Central Directory record could not be found

I&#39;m trying to get data from a zipped csv file. Is there a way to do this without unzipping the whole files? If not, how can I unzip the files and read them efficiently?

Reading csv zipped files in python

I have a Python script that zips a file (`new.txt`):

    tofile =  &quot;/root/files/result/&quot;+file
    targetzipfile = new.zip # This is how I want my zip to look like
    zf = zipfile.ZipFile(targetzipfile, mode=&#39;w&#39;)
    try:
        #adding to archive
        zf.write(tofile)
    finally:
        zf.close()

When I do this I get the zip file.  But when I try to unzip the file I get the text file inside of a series of directories corresponding to the path of the file i.e I see a folder called `root` in the `result` directory and more directories within it, i.e. I have 

    /root/files/result/new.zip

and when I unzip `new.zip` I have a directory structure that looks like 

    /root/files/result/root/files/result/new.txt

Is there a way I can zip such that when I unzip I only get `new.txt`?

In other words I have `/root/files/result/new.zip` and when I unzip `new.zip`, it should look like 

    /root/files/results/new.txt

zip file and avoid directory structure

On Mac/Linux to zip/unzip password protected zip files, I use:
Zip:

    zip -P password -r encrypted.zip folderIWantToZip
Unzip:

    unzip -P password encrypted.zip

What are the equivalent command on Windows on the command line (assuming that 7zip has been installed)?

I have been doing research and found that it is not possible to password encrypt using the Java zip4j library. Also Windows does not have a zip command prompt like Mac/Linux

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	user2880847	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Jellema	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Brandon	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Python	Esme Povirk	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Python	np8	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Python: Open file in zip without temporarily extracting it

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

Solution 3 - Python

Solution 4 - Python

Links to documentation

Auto layout constraints issue on iOS7 in UITableViewCell

I want to get the type of a variable at runtime

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