I found a workaround:

1. Installed `python3-pip` using aptitude, which created `/usr/bin/pip-3.2`.  
2. Next `pip-3.2 install pytest` which re-installed pytest, but under a python3.2 path.
3. Then I was able to use `python3 -m pytest somedir/sometest.py`.

Not as convenient as running py.test directly, but workable.

python3 doesn&#39;t have the module py.test installed.  If you can, install the `python3-pytest` package.

If you can&#39;t do that try this:

 1. Install virtualenv
 2. Create a virtualenv for python3
    - `virtualenv --python=python3 env_name`
 3. Activate the virtualenv
    - `source ./env_name/bin/activate`
 4. Install py.test
    - `pip install py.test`
 5. Now using this virtualenv try to run your tests
 

This worked for me:

    python3 $(which py.test) ...

In addition to the aforementioned `python3 -m pytest`, this might also work:

    env pytest

Install it with pip3:
`pip3 install -U pytest`

Debian Linux has the python3-pytest package where if installed you can simply run:

    /usr/bin/pytest-3

When starting the application or compiling JSP via ant, Tomcat 7 Jasper complains about superfluous or misplaced JAR file. I got below message 
   
    **compile-jsp:**
       [jasper] Jul 31, 2012 7:15:15 PM org.apache.jasper.compiler.TldLocationsCache tldScanJar
       [jasper] INFO: At least one JAR was scanned for TLDs yet contained no TLDs. Enable debug logging for this logger for a complete list of JARs that were scanned but no TLDs were found in them. Skipping unneeded JARs during scanning can improve startup time and JSP compilation time. 

how to Skipping unneeded JARs during scanning can improve startup time and JSP compilation time in tomcat?

how to enable better output?


How to fix JSP compiler warning: one JAR was scanned for TLDs yet contained no TLDs?

When I hover over a button and the tooltip appears, the buttons jump. If I disable the tooltip, it does not jump.  Additionally, the right button loses the rounded edges.  How can I prevent this from happening?

    &lt;div class=&quot;btn-group&quot;&gt;
        &lt;a rel=&quot;tooltip&quot; class=&quot;btn&quot; href=&quot;#&quot; data-title=&quot;View Details&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;icon-list-alt&quot;&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;a rel=&quot;tooltip&quot; class=&quot;btn&quot; href=&quot;#&quot; data-title=&quot;Delete&quot;&gt;&lt;i class=&quot;icon-trash&quot;&gt;    &lt;/i&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
    &lt;/div&gt; 

Javascript:

    $(&#39;[rel=tooltip]&#39;).tooltip();

Working version...

http://jsfiddle.net/BA4zM/147/

Here is a website that has it working without the jumping...

http://wrapbootstrap.com/preview/WB005S479

Bootstrap tooltip causing buttons to jump

I&#39;ve installed pytest 2.3.4 under Debian Linux.  By default it runs under Python 2.7, but sometimes I&#39;d like to run it under Python 3.x, which is also installed.  I can&#39;t seem to find any instructions on how to do that.

The PyPI Trove classifiers show Python :: 3 so presumably it must be possible.  Aside from `py.test somedir/sometest.py`, I can use `python -m pytest ...`, or even `python2.7 -m pytest ...`, but if I try `python3 -m pytest ...` I get

`/usr/bin/python3: No module named pytest`

Pytest and Python 3

I've installed pytest 2.3.4 under Debian Linux. By default it runs under Python 2.7, but sometimes I'd like to run it under Python 3.x, which is also installed. I can't seem to find any instructions on how to do that.
The PyPI Trove classifiers show Python :: 3 so presumably it must be possible. Aside from <code>py.test somedir/sometest.py</code>, I can use <code>python -m pytest ...</code>, or even <code>python2.7 -m pytest ...</code>, but if I try <code>python3 -m pytest ...</code> I get
<code>/usr/bin/python3: No module named pytest</code>

I am writing Python code to do some big number calculation, and have serious concern about the memory used in the calculation.

Thus, I want to count every bit of each variable.

For example, I have a variable **x**, which is a big number, and want to count the number of bits for representing **x**.

The following code is obviously useless:

    x=2**1000
    len(x)

Thus, I turn to use the following code:

    x=2**1000
    len(repr(x))

The variable **x** is (in decimal) is:
                       

&gt; 10715086071862673209484250490600018105614048117055336074437503883703510511249361224931983788156958581275946729175531468251871452856923140435984577574698574803934567774824230985421074605062371141877954182153046474983581941267398767559165543946077062914571196477686542167660429831652624386837205668069376

but the above code returns **303**

The above long long sequence is of length 302, and so I believe that **303** should be related to the string length only.

So, here comes my original question:

How can I know the memory size of variable **x**?

One more thing; in C/C++ language, if I define

    int z=1;

This means that there are 4 bytes= 32 bits allocated for **z**, and the bits are arranged as 00..001(31 0&#39;s and one 1).

Here, my variable **x** is huge, I don&#39;t know whether it follows the same memory allocation rule?  

Variable&#39;s memory size in Python

I have read there are three ways for coding multi-line imports in python

With slashes:

    from Tkinter import Tk, Frame, Button, Entry, Canvas, Text, \
        LEFT, DISABLED, NORMAL, RIDGE, END

Duplicating senteces:
    
    from Tkinter import Tk, Frame, Button, Entry, Canvas, Text
    from Tkinter import LEFT, DISABLED, NORMAL, RIDGE, END

With parenthesis:
    
    from Tkinter import (Tk, Frame, Button, Entry, Canvas, Text,
        LEFT, DISABLED, NORMAL, RIDGE, END)

Is there a recomended format or a more elegant way for this statements?

Is there a recommended format for multi-line imports?

I&#39;ve recently noticed something interesting when looking at [Python 3.3 grammar specification](http://docs.python.org/3.3/reference/grammar.html):

    funcdef: &#39;def&#39; NAME parameters [&#39;-&gt;&#39; test] &#39;:&#39; suite

The optional &#39;arrow&#39; block was absent in Python 2 and I couldn&#39;t find any information regarding its meaning in Python 3. It turns out this is correct Python and it&#39;s accepted by the interpreter:

    def f(x) -&gt; 123:
        return x

I thought that this might be some kind of a precondition syntax, but:
 

 - I cannot test `x` here, as it is still undefined,
 - No matter what I put after the arrow (e.g. `2 &lt; 1`), it doesn&#39;t affect the function behavior.

Could anyone familiar with this syntax style explain it?

What does -&gt; mean in Python function definitions?

Is there an easy way to export a data frame (or even a part of it) to LaTeX?  

*I searched in google and was only able to find solutions using asciitables.*

Export a LaTeX table from pandas DataFrame

I&#39;m busy writing a small game server to try out flask. The game exposes an API via REST to users. It&#39;s easy for users to perform actions and query data, however I&#39;d like to service the `&quot;game world&quot;` outside the `app.run()` loop to update game entities, etc. Given that Flask is so cleanly implemented, I&#39;d like to see if there&#39;s a Flask way to do this.

How can I add a background thread to flask?

I am new to python3, coming from python2, and I am a bit confused with unicode fundamentals. 
I&#39;ve read some good posts, that made it all much clearer, however I see there are 2 methods on python 3, that handle encoding and decoding, and I&#39;m not sure which one to use.

So the idea in python 3 is, that every string is unicode, and can be encoded and stored in bytes, or decoded back into unicode string again.

But there are 2 ways to do it:  
`u&#39;something&#39;.encode(&#39;utf-8&#39;)` will generate `b&#39;something&#39;`, but so does `bytes(u&#39;something&#39;, &#39;utf-8&#39;)`.  
 And `b&#39;bytes&#39;.decode(&#39;utf-8&#39;)` seems to do the same thing as `str(b&#39;bytes&#39;, &#39;utf-8&#39;)`.

Now my question is, why are there 2 methods that seem to do the same thing, and is either better than the other (and why?) I&#39;ve been trying to find answer to this on google, but no luck.

    &gt;&gt;&gt; original = &#39;27岁少妇生孩子后变老&#39;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; type(original)
    &lt;class &#39;str&#39;&gt;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; encoded = original.encode(&#39;utf-8&#39;)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; print(encoded)
    b&#39;27\xe5\xb2\x81\xe5\xb0\x91\xe5\xa6\x87\xe7\x94\x9f\xe5\xad\xa9\xe5\xad\x90\xe5\x90\x8e\xe5\x8f\x98\xe8\x80\x81&#39;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; type(encoded)
    &lt;class &#39;bytes&#39;&gt;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; encoded2 = bytes(original, &#39;utf-8&#39;)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; print(encoded2)
    b&#39;27\xe5\xb2\x81\xe5\xb0\x91\xe5\xa6\x87\xe7\x94\x9f\xe5\xad\xa9\xe5\xad\x90\xe5\x90\x8e\xe5\x8f\x98\xe8\x80\x81&#39;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; type(encoded2)
    &lt;class &#39;bytes&#39;&gt;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; print(encoded+encoded2)
    b&#39;27\xe5\xb2\x81\xe5\xb0\x91\xe5\xa6\x87\xe7\x94\x9f\xe5\xad\xa9\xe5\xad\x90\xe5\x90\x8e\xe5\x8f\x98\xe8\x80\x8127\xe5\xb2\x81\xe5\xb0\x91\xe5\xa6\x87\xe7\x94\x9f\xe5\xad\xa9\xe5\xad\x90\xe5\x90\x8e\xe5\x8f\x98\xe8\x80\x81&#39;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; decoded = encoded.decode(&#39;utf-8&#39;)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; print(decoded)
    27岁少妇生孩子后变老
    &gt;&gt;&gt; decoded2 = str(encoded2, &#39;utf-8&#39;)
    &gt;&gt;&gt; print(decoded2)
    27岁少妇生孩子后变老
    &gt;&gt;&gt; type(decoded)
    &lt;class &#39;str&#39;&gt;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; type(decoded2)
    &lt;class &#39;str&#39;&gt;
    &gt;&gt;&gt; print(str(b&#39;27\xe5\xb2\x81\xe5\xb0\x91\xe5\xa6\x87\xe7\x94\x9f\xe5\xad\xa9\xe5\xad\x90\xe5\x90\x8e\xe5\x8f\x98\xe8\x80\x81&#39;, &#39;utf-8&#39;))
    27岁少妇生孩子后变老
    &gt;&gt;&gt; print(b&#39;27\xe5\xb2\x81\xe5\xb0\x91\xe5\xa6\x87\xe7\x94\x9f\xe5\xad\xa9\xe5\xad\x90\xe5\x90\x8e\xe5\x8f\x98\xe8\x80\x81&#39;.decode(&#39;utf-8&#39;))
    27岁少妇生孩子后变老

Python 3 - Encode/Decode vs Bytes/Str

I am reading a text file with floating point numbers, all with either 1 or 2 decimal points. I am using `float()` to convert a line into a float, and raising a `ValueError` if that fails. I am storing all floats in a list. When printing it out, I&#39;d like to print it out as a 2 decimal places floating point.

Assume I have a text file with the numbers -3,65, 9,17, 1. I read each one, and once I convert them to float and append them to a list. Now in Python 2, calling `float(-3.65)` returns `-3.65`. In Python 3 however, `float(-3.65) returns `-3.6499999999999999` which loses its precision.

I want to print the list of floats, `[-3.6499999999999999, 9.1699999999999999, 1.0]` with 2 decimal points only. Doing something along the lines of `&#39;%.1f&#39; % round(n, 1)` would return a string. How can I return a list of all two decimal points of floats, and not strings? So far, I rounded it using `[round(num, 2) for num in list]` but would need to set the decimal points / precision instead of `round()`.


Python 3 Float Decimal Points/Precision

I have defined a class in a file named `Object.py`. When I try to inherit from this class in another file, calling the constructor throws an exception:

    TypeError: module.__init__() takes at most 2 arguments (3 given)

This is my code:

    import Object

    class Visitor(Object):
        pass

    instance = Visitor()  # this line throws the exception

What am I doing wrong?


TypeError: module.__init__() takes at most 2 arguments (3 given)

I have been searching and tried various alternatives without success and spent several days on it now - driving me mad.

Running on Red Hat Linux with Python 2.5.2
Began using most recent Virtualenv but could not activate it, I found somewhere suggesting needed earlier version so I have used Virtualenv 1.6.4 as that should work with Python 2.6.

It seems to install the virtual environment ok
---------
    [necrailk@server6 ~]$ python virtualenv-1.6.4/virtualenv.py virtual
    New python executable in virtual/bin/python
    Installing setuptools............done.
    Installing pip...............done.

Environment looks ok
---------------------
    [necrailk@server6 ~]$ cd virtual
    [necrailk@server6 ~/virtual]$ dir
    bin  include  lib

Trying to activate
---------------------
    [necrailk@server6 ~/virtual]$ . bin/activate
    /bin/.: Permission denied.

Checked chmod
---------------------
    [necrailk@server6 ~/virtual]$ cd bin
    [necrailk@server6 bin]$ ls -l
    total 3160
    -rw-r--r--    1 necrailk biz12        2130 Jan 30 11:38 activate
    -rw-r--r--    1 necrailk biz12        1050 Jan 30 11:38 activate.csh
    -rw-r--r--    1 necrailk biz12        2869 Jan 30 11:38 activate.fish
    -rw-r--r-

Problem, so I changed it
----------------------
    [necrailk@server6 bin]$ ls -l
    total 3160
    -rwxr--r--    1 necrailk biz12        2130 Jan 30 11:38 activate
    -rw-r--r--    1 necrailk biz12        1050 Jan 30 11:38 activate.csh
    -rw-r--r--    1 necrailk biz12        2869 Jan 30 11:38 activate.fish
    -rw-r--r--    1 necrailk biz12        1005 Jan 30 11:38 activate_this.py
    -rwxr-xr-x    1 necrailk biz

Try `activate` again
--------------------
    [necrailk@server6 ~/virtual]$ . bin/activate
    /bin/.: Permission denied.

Still no joy...

How to activate virtualenv in Linux?

Sometimes I want to just insert some print statements in my code, and see what gets printed out when I exercise it. My usual way to &quot;exercise&quot; it is with existing pytest tests. But when I run these, I don&#39;t seem able to see any standard output (at least from within PyCharm, my IDE).

Is there a simple way to see standard output during a pytest run?


How can I see normal print output created during pytest run?

I&#39;m using pytest for my test suite. While catching bugs in complex inter-components test, I would like to place ``import ipdb; ipdb.set_trace()`` in the middle of my code to allow me to debug it.

However, since pytest traps sys.stdin/sys.stdout ipdb fails. How can I use ipdb while testing with pytest.

I&#39;m not interested in jumping to pdb or ipdb after a failure, but to place breaks anywhere in the code and be able to debug it there before the failure occurs.

How to execute ipdb.set_trace() at will while running pytest tests

Is there some way to speed up the repeated execution of `pytest`? It seems to spend a lot of time collecting tests, even if I specify which files to execute on the command line. I know it isn&#39;t a disk speed issue either since running pyflakes across all the .py files is very fast.

----

The various answers represent different ways pytest can be slow. They helped sometimes, did not in others. I&#39;m adding one more answer that explains a common speed problem. But it&#39;s not possible to select &quot;The&quot; answer here.

How to speed up pytest

I&#39;m trying to figure out how to get `python setup.py test` to run the equivalent of `python -m unittest discover`.  I don&#39;t want to use a run_tests.py script and I don&#39;t want to use any external test tools (like `nose` or `py.test`).  It&#39;s OK if the solution only works on python 2.7.

In `setup.py`, I think I need to add something to the `test_suite` and/or `test_loader` fields in config, but I can&#39;t seem to find a combination that works correctly:

    config = {
        &#39;name&#39;: name,
        &#39;version&#39;: version,
        &#39;url&#39;: url,
        &#39;test_suite&#39;: &#39;???&#39;,
        &#39;test_loader&#39;: &#39;???&#39;,
    }

**Is this possible using only `unittest` built into python 2.7?**

FYI, my project structure looks like this:

    project/
      package/
        __init__.py
        module.py
      tests/
        __init__.py
        test_module.py
      run_tests.py &lt;- I want to delete this
      setup.py

**Update**: This is possible with `unittest2` but I want find something equivalent using only `unittest`

From https://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2

&gt; unittest2 includes a very basic setuptools compatible test collector. Specify test_suite = &#39;unittest2.collector&#39; in your setup.py. This starts test discovery with the default parameters from the directory containing setup.py, so it is perhaps most useful as an example (see unittest2/collector.py).

For now, I&#39;m just using a script called `run_tests.py`, but I&#39;m hoping I can get rid of this by moving to a solution that only uses `python setup.py test`.

Here&#39;s the `run_tests.py` I&#39;m hoping to remove:

    import unittest

    if __name__ == &#39;__main__&#39;:
        
        # use the default shared TestLoader instance
        test_loader = unittest.defaultTestLoader
        
        # use the basic test runner that outputs to sys.stderr
        test_runner = unittest.TextTestRunner()
        
        # automatically discover all tests in the current dir of the form test*.py
        # NOTE: only works for python 2.7 and later
        test_suite = test_loader.discover(&#39;.&#39;)
        
        # run the test suite
        test_runner.run(test_suite)

How to run unittest discover from &quot;python setup.py test&quot;?

I am using pytest. I have two files in a directory. In one of the files there is a long running test case that generates some output. In the other file there is a test case that reads that output. How can I ensure the proper execution order of the two test cases? Is there any alternative other than puting the test cases in the same file in the proper order?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Joe Abbate	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Python	Joe Abbate	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Python	Joe	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Python	XPlatformer	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - Python	GPHemsley	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 5 - Python	mjakic	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 6 - Python	Paul Back	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Pytest and Python 3

Python Problem Overview

Python Solutions

Solution 1 - Python

Solution 2 - Python

Solution 3 - Python

Solution 4 - Python

Solution 5 - Python

Solution 6 - Python

Bootstrap tooltip causing buttons to jump

How to fix JSP compiler warning: one JAR was scanned for TLDs yet contained no TLDs?

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