You could always include it using `__DIR__`:

    include(dirname(__DIR__).&#39;/config.php&#39;);

`__DIR__` is a &#39;[magical constant][1]&#39; and returns the directory of the current file without the trailing slash. It&#39;s actually an absolute path, you just have to concatenate the file name to `__DIR__`. In this case, as we need to ascend a directory we use PHP&#39;s `dirname` which ascends the file tree, and from here we can access `config.php`.

You could set the root path in this method too:

    define(&#39;ROOT_PATH&#39;, dirname(__DIR__) . &#39;/&#39;);

in test.php would set your root to be at the `/root/` level.

    include(ROOT_PATH.&#39;config.php&#39;);

Should then work to include the config file from where you want.


  [1]: http://php.net/manual/en/language.constants.predefined.php

While I appreciate you believe absolute paths is not an option, it *is* a better option than relative paths and updating the PHP include path.

Use absolute paths with an constant you can set based on environment.

    if (is_production()) {
        define(&#39;ROOT_PATH&#39;, &#39;/some/production/path&#39;);
    }
    else {
        define(&#39;ROOT_PATH&#39;, &#39;/root&#39;);
    }

    include ROOT_PATH . &#39;/connect.php&#39;;

As commented, `ROOT_PATH` could also be derived from the current path, `$_SERVER[&#39;DOCUMENT_ROOT&#39;]`, etc. 

    function relativepath($to){
        $a=explode(&quot;/&quot;,$_SERVER[&quot;PHP_SELF&quot;] );
        $index= array_search(&quot;$to&quot;,$a);
        $str=&quot;&quot;; 
        for ($i = 0; $i &lt; count($a)-$index-2; $i++) {
            $str.= &quot;../&quot;;
        }
        return $str;
        }

Here is the best solution i made about that, you just need to specify at which level you want to stop, but the problem is that you have to use this folder name one time.

The following piece of code works as expected:

    Object.any_instance.should_receive(:subscribe)

But when using the new rspec expectation it does not work:

    expect(Object.any_instance).to receive(:subscribe)

The error is:

    expected: 1 time with any arguments
    received: 0 times with any arguments

How can I make this work with expect() to receive?


Object.any_instance should_receive vs expect() to receive

Before C++11 I used `boost::bind` or `boost::lambda` a lot. The `bind` part made it into the standard library (`std::bind`) the other part became part of the core language (C++ lambdas) and made the use of lambdas a lot easier. Nowadays, I hardly use `std::bind`, since I can do almost anything with C++ lambdas. There&#39;s one valid use-case for `std::bind` that I can think of:

    struct foo
    {
      template &lt; typename A, typename B &gt;
      void operator()(A a, B b)
      {
        cout &lt;&lt; a &lt;&lt; &#39; &#39; &lt;&lt; b;
      }
    };

    auto f = bind(foo(), _1, _2);
    f( &quot;test&quot;, 1.2f ); // will print &quot;test 1.2&quot;

The C++14 equivalent for that would be 

    auto f = []( auto a, auto b ){ cout &lt;&lt; a &lt;&lt; &#39; &#39; &lt;&lt; b; }
    f( &quot;test&quot;, 1.2f ); // will print &quot;test 1.2&quot;

Much shorter and more concise. (In C++11 this does not work yet because of the auto parameters.) Is there any other valid use case for `std::bind` beating the C++ lambdas alternative or is `std::bind` superfluous with C++14?

Why use std::bind over lambdas in C++14?

I have file  /root/update/test.php. There&#39;s also a file, /root/connect.php; This file has a line 
  
    include &quot;../config.php&quot;;

In /root/update/test.php. There&#39;s the code

    set_include_path(&quot;.:/root&quot;);
    include &quot;connect.php&quot;;

When I run /root/update/test.php, it finds connect.php, but fails to find config.php, giving me 

    PHP Warning:  include(../config.php): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /root/connect.php on line 2
    PHP Warning:  include(): Failed opening &#39;../config.php&#39; for inclusion (include_path=&#39;.:/root&#39;)



This is confusing to me because the warnings make it seem like I&#39;m doing everything correctly - the include path is /root, and it&#39;s looking for file ../config.php (/config.php), which exists. Can someone clear this up for me? Note that using absolute paths is not an option for me, due to deploying to a production server that I have no access to.

Ubuntu/Apache

PHP include relative path

I have file /root/update/test.php. There's also a file, /root/connect.php; This file has a line
<pre><code class="hljs language-makefile">include "../config.php";
</code></pre>
In /root/update/test.php. There's the code
<pre><code class="hljs language-makefile">set_include_path(".:/root");
include "connect.php";
</code></pre>
When I run /root/update/test.php, it finds connect.php, but fails to find config.php, giving me
<pre><code class="hljs language-arduino">PHP Warning: include(../config.php): failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /root/connect.php on line 2
PHP Warning: include(): Failed opening '../config.php' for inclusion (include_path='.:/root')
</code></pre>
This is confusing to me because the warnings make it seem like I'm doing everything correctly - the include path is /root, and it's looking for file ../config.php (/config.php), which exists. Can someone clear this up for me? Note that using absolute paths is not an option for me, due to deploying to a production server that I have no access to.
Ubuntu/Apache

I had this construction error when trying to creating a new DateTime object using a timestamp:

&gt;Exception: DateTime::__construct(): Failed to parse time string (1372622987) at position 8 (8): Unexpected character in DateTime-&gt;__construct()

The object creation code is:

    $start_date = new DateTime( &quot;@{$dbResult-&gt;db_timestamp}&quot; );

Where $dbResult-&gt;db_timestamp is a valid unix timestamp taken from a database. The timestamp in question was:

&gt;1372622987

I would understand this error for invalid formats being passed, but this is a genuine timestamp.

The reason this is very strange: I since ran a script to create a new DateTime object with the timestamp passed in as a hard coded value, and it reported no errors.

This seems to have been a one off, but I need an explanation if there is one, as I can&#39;t afford for this to happen again.

PHP DateTime __construct() Failed to parse time string (xxxxxxxx) at position x

My server runs CentOS 6.4 with MySQL 5.1.69 installed using yum with CentOS&#39;s repos, and PHP 5.4.16 installed using yum with ius&#39;s repos. **Edit3** Upgraded to MySQL Server version: 5.5.31 Distributed by The IUS Community Project, and error still exists.  Then changed library to mysqlnd, and seems to eliminate the error. Still, with this back and forth, need to know why this error only sometimes manifests.

When using PDO and creating the PDO object using `PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES=&gt;false`, I sometimes get the following error:

    Table Name - zipcodes
    Error in query:
    SELECT id FROM cities WHERE name=? AND states_id=?
    SQLSTATE[HY000]: General error: 2014 Cannot execute queries while other unbuffered queries are active. Consider using PDOStatement::fetchAll(). Alternatively, if your code is only ever going to run against mysql, you may enable query buffering by setting the PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_USE_BUFFERED_QUERY attribute.
    File Name: /var/www/initial_install/build_database.php
    Line: 547
    Time of Error: Tuesday July 2, 2013, 5:52:48 PDT

Line 547 is the last line of:

    $stmt_check_county-&gt;execute(array($data[5],$data[4]));
    if(!$county_id=$stmt_check_county-&gt;fetchColumn())
    {
        $stmt_counties-&gt;execute(array($data[5]));
        $county_id=db::db()-&gt;lastInsertId();
    }
    //$stmt_check_county-&gt;closeCursor(); //This will fix the error
    $stmt_check_city-&gt;execute(array($data[3],$data[4]));

I had a similar problem several years ago, but upgraded from PHP 5.1 to PHP 5.3 (and MySQL probably was updated as well), and the problem magically went away, and now I have it with PHP 5.5.

Why does it only manifest itself when `PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES=&gt;false`, and with only alternating version of PHPs?

I&#39;ve also found that `closeCursor()` will also fix the error.  Should this always be done after every `SELECT` query where `fetchAll()` is not used?  Note that the error still occurs even if the query is something like `SELECT COUNT(col2)` which only returns one value.

**Edit**  By the way, this is how I create my connection.  I&#39;ve only recently added `MYSQL_ATTR_USE_BUFFERED_QUERY=&gt;true`, however, it doesn&#39;t cure the error.  **Also, the following script could be used as is to create the error.**

    function sql_error($e,$sql=NULL){return(&#39;&lt;h1&gt;Error in query:&lt;/h1&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#39;.$sql.&#39;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&#39;.$e-&gt;getMessage().&#39;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;File Name: &#39;.$e-&gt;getFile().&#39; Line: &#39;.$e-&gt;getLine().&#39;&lt;/p&gt;&#39;);}

    class db {
        private static $instance = NULL;
        private function __construct() {}   //Make private
        private function __clone(){}   //Make private
        public static function db() //Get instance of DB
        {
            if (!self::$instance)
            {
                //try{self::$instance = new PDO(&quot;mysql:host=localhost;dbname=myDB;charset=utf8&quot;,&#39;myUsername&#39;,&#39;myPassword&#39;,array(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES=&gt;false,PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE=&gt;PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE=&gt;PDO::FETCH_ASSOC));}
                try{self::$instance = new PDO(&quot;mysql:host=localhost;dbname=myDB;charset=utf8&quot;,&#39;myUsername&#39;,&#39;myPassword&#39;,array(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES=&gt;false,PDO::MYSQL_ATTR_USE_BUFFERED_QUERY=&gt;true,PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE=&gt;PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE=&gt;PDO::FETCH_ASSOC));}
                //try{self::$instance = new PDO(&quot;mysql:host=localhost;dbname=myDB;charset=utf8&quot;,&#39;myUsername&#39;,&#39;myPassword&#39;,array(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE=&gt;PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION,PDO::ATTR_DEFAULT_FETCH_MODE=&gt;PDO::FETCH_ASSOC));}
                catch(PDOException $e){echo(sql_error($e));}
            }
            return self::$instance;
        }
    }

    $row=array(
        &#39;zipcodes_id&#39;=&gt;&#39;55555&#39;,
        &#39;cities_id&#39;=&gt;123
    );
    $data=array($row,$row,$row,$row);

    $sql = &#39;CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE temp1(temp_id INT UNSIGNED NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (temp_id) )&#39;;
    db::db()-&gt;exec($sql);

    $sql=&#39;SELECT COUNT(*) AS valid FROM cities_has_zipcodes WHERE cities_id=? AND zipcodes_id=?&#39;;
    $stmt1 = db::db()-&gt;prepare($sql);

    $sql =&#39;SELECT temp_id FROM temp1&#39;;
    $stmt2 = db::db()-&gt;prepare($sql);

    foreach($data AS $row)
    {
        try
        {
            $stmt1-&gt;execute(array($row[&#39;zipcodes_id&#39;],$row[&#39;cities_id&#39;]));
            $rs1 = $stmt1-&gt;fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
            //$stmt1-&gt;closeCursor();
            syslog(LOG_INFO,&#39;$rs1: &#39;.print_r($rs1,1).&#39; &#39;.rand());
            $stmt2-&gt;execute();
            $rs2 = $stmt2-&gt;fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC);
            syslog(LOG_INFO,&#39;$rs2: &#39;.print_r($rs2,1).&#39; &#39;.rand());
        }
        catch(PDOException $e){echo(sql_error($e));}            
    }
    echo(&#39;done&#39;);

Causes of MySQL error 2014 Cannot execute queries while other unbuffered queries are active

I am getting this PHP error:

    PHP Notice:  Undefined offset: 1

Here is the PHP code that throws it:

    $file_handle = fopen($path.&quot;/Summary/data.txt&quot;,&quot;r&quot;); //open text file
    $data = array(); // create new array map

    while (!feof($file_handle) ) {
		$line_of_text = fgets($file_handle); // read in each line
		$parts = array_map(&#39;trim&#39;, explode(&#39;:&#39;, $line_of_text, 2)); 
		// separates line_of_text by &#39;:&#39; trim strings for extra space
		$data[$parts[0]] = $parts[1]; 
		// map the resulting parts into array 
		//$results(&#39;NAME_BEFORE_:&#39;) = VALUE_AFTER_:
	}

What does this error mean?  What causes this error?

PHP Notice: Undefined offset: 1 with array when reading data

I have two arrays:
 

    $array1 = array(&#39;a&#39; =&gt; 1, &#39;b&#39; =&gt; 2, &#39;c&#39; =&gt; 3);
    $array2 = array(&#39;d&#39; =&gt; 4, &#39;e&#39; =&gt; 5, &#39;f&#39; =&gt; 6, &#39;a&#39; =&gt; &#39;new value&#39;, &#39;123&#39; =&gt; 456);

I want to merge them and keep the keys and the order and not re-index!!

How to get like this?

    Array
    (
        [a] =&gt; new value
        [b] =&gt; 2
        [c] =&gt; 3
        [d] =&gt; 4
        [e] =&gt; 5
        [f] =&gt; 6
        [123] =&gt; 456
    )

I try to array_merge() but it will not be preserved the keys:

    print_r(array_merge($array1, $array2));
    
    Array
    (
        [a] =&gt; &#39;new value&#39;
        [b] =&gt; 2
        [c] =&gt; 3
        [d] =&gt; 4
        [e] =&gt; 5
        [f] =&gt; 6
        [0] =&gt; 456
    )

I try to the union operator but it will not overwriting that element:

    print_r($array1 + $array2);
    
    Array
    (
        [a] =&gt; 1   &lt;-- not overwriting
        [b] =&gt; 2
        [c] =&gt; 3
        [d] =&gt; 4
        [e] =&gt; 5
        [f] =&gt; 6
        [123] =&gt; 456
    )

I try to swapped place but the order is wrong, not my need:

    print_r($array2 + $array1);
    
    Array
    (
        [d] =&gt; 4
        [e] =&gt; 5
        [f] =&gt; 6
        [a] =&gt; new value 
        [123] =&gt; 456
        [b] =&gt; 2
        [c] =&gt; 3
    )




***I dont want to use a loop, is there a way for high performance?***

How to merge array and preserve keys?

I have a many to many relationship set up and working, to add an item to the cart I use:

    $cart-&gt;items()-&gt;attach($item);

Which adds an item to the pivot table (as it should), but if the user clicks on the link again to add an item they have already added it creates a duplicate entry in the pivot table.

Is there a built in way to add a record to a pivot table only if one does not already exist?

If not, how can I check the pivot table to find if a matching record already exists?

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	George B	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - Php	meiamsome	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - Php	Jason McCreary	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - Php	Mohamed Ali HAMMAMI	View Answer on Stackoverflow

PHP include relative path

Php Problem Overview

Php Solutions

Solution 1 - Php

Solution 2 - Php

Solution 3 - Php

Why use std::bind over lambdas in C++14?

Object.any_instance should_receive vs expect() to receive

Attributions