As mentioned in [a more recent answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/32556337/103396), the preferred way is now simply:

&lt;!-- language: lang-javascript --&gt;

    const homedir = require(&#39;os&#39;).homedir();

**[Original Answer]**: Why not use the `USERPROFILE` environment variable on win32?

&lt;!-- language: lang-javascript --&gt;

    function getUserHome() {
      return process.env[(process.platform == &#39;win32&#39;) ? &#39;USERPROFILE&#39; : &#39;HOME&#39;];
    }


[`os.homedir()`][1] was added [by this PR][2] and is part of the public 4.0.0 release of nodejs.

----------

Example usage:

    const os = require(&#39;os&#39;);

    console.log(os.homedir());


  [1]: https://nodejs.org/api/os.html#os_os_homedir
  [2]: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/1791

Well, it would be more accurate to rely on the feature and not a variable value. Especially as there are 2 possible variables for Windows.

    function getUserHome() {
      return process.env.HOME || process.env.USERPROFILE;
    }

**EDIT**: as mentioned in a more recent answer, https://stackoverflow.com/a/32556337/103396 is the right way to go (`require(&#39;os&#39;).homedir()`).

Use `osenv.home()`. It&#39;s maintained by isaacs and I believe is used by npm itself.

https://github.com/isaacs/osenv

    getUserRootFolder() {
      return process.env.HOME || process.env.HOMEPATH || process.env.USERPROFILE;
    }


in some cases try to use this:

    this.process.env.USERPROFILE

or

    this.nw.process.env.USERPROFILE

i.e. add this or this.nw before process



I&#39;m a bit miffed by the python package installation process. Specifically, what&#39;s the difference between packages installed in the dist-packages directory and the site-packages directory?

What&#39;s the difference between dist-packages and site-packages?

Is there a way to run:

 `sass --watch a.scss:a.css`

but have `a.css` end up being minified?

How would I avoid having to run a separate minification step as I compile my stylesheet?

sass --watch with automatic minify?

Process.platform returns &quot;win32&quot; for Windows. On Windows a user&#39;s home directory might be C:\Users\[USERNAME] or C:\Documents and Settings\[USERNAME] depending on which version of Windows is being used. On Unix this isn&#39;t an issue.

Node.js - Find home directory in platform agnostic way

<p>Process.platform returns "win32" for Windows. On Windows a user's home directory might be C:\Users[USERNAME] or C:\Documents and Settings[USERNAME] depending on which version of Windows is being used. On Unix this isn't an issue.</p>


I could do with some help on my REST API. I&#39;m writing a Node.js app which is using Express, MongoDB and has Backbone.js on the client side. I&#39;ve spent the last two days trying to work out all of this and not having much luck. I&#39;ve already checked out:

 - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2676241/securing-a-rest-api
 - https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4574868/securing-my-rest-api-with-oauth-while-still-allowing-authentication-via-third-pa
 - http://www.thebuzzmedia.com/designing-a-secure-rest-api-without-oauth-authentication/
 - http://tesoriere.com/2011/10/10/node.js-getting-oauth-up-and-working-using-express.js-and-railway.js/

I want to keep my backend and frontend as separate as possible so I thought about using a carefully designed REST API would be good. My thinking is that if I ever get round to developing an iPhone app (or something else like that), it could use the API to access data.

BUT, I want this to be secure. A user has logged into my web app and I want to ensure my API is secure. I read about OAuth, OAuth 2.0, OpenID, Hmac, hashes etc... I want to avoid using external logging in (Facebook/Twitter/etc) I want the registering and logging in to be on my app/server.

...but I&#39;m still confused here. Maybe it&#39;s late at night or my brain is just fried, but I could really do with some steps on what to do here. What are the steps for me to create a secure API?

Any help, any information, any examples, steps or anything would be great. Please help!


Securing my Node.js app&#39;s REST API?

I have my application (node.js) deployed on a VPS (linux). I&#39;m using git hub as a repository. How can I deploy the application automatically, on git push ?

How can I automatically deploy my app after a git push ( GitHub and node.js)?

Is there a way to get the version set in `package.json` in a nodejs app? I would want something like this

    var port = process.env.PORT || 3000
    app.listen port
    console.log &quot;Express server listening on port %d in %s mode %s&quot;, app.address().port, app.settings.env, app.VERSION


Is there a way to get version from package.json in nodejs code?

I&#39;m testing out an app (hopefully to run on heroku, but am having issues locally as well).  It&#39;s giving me an EACCES error when it runs http.Server.listen() - but it only occurs on some ports.

So, locally I&#39;m running:


    joe@joebuntu:~$ node
    &gt; var h = require(&#39;http&#39;).createServer();
    &gt; h.listen(900);
    Error: EACCES, Permission denied
        at Server._doListen (net.js:1062:5)
        at net.js:1033:14
        at Object.lookup (dns.js:132:45)
        at Server.listen (net.js:1027:20)
        at [object Context]:1:3
        at Interface.&lt;anonymous&gt; (repl.js:150:22)
        at Interface.emit (events.js:42:17)
        at Interface._onLine (readline.js:132:10)
        at Interface._line (readline.js:387:8)
        at Interface._ttyWrite (readline.js:564:14)


I don&#39;t have anything running on port 900 (or any of the other 20 ports I&#39;ve tried), so this should work.  The weird part is that it **does** work on some ports.  For instance, port 3000 works perfectly.

What would cause this?  

Update 1:
---------
I figured out that on my local computer, the EACCES error is coming because I have to run node as root in order to bind to those certain ports.  I don&#39;t know why this happens, but using sudo fixes it.  However, this doesn&#39;t explain how I would fix it on Heroku.  There is no way to run as root on Heroku, so how can I listen on port 80?



Node.js EACCES error when listening on most ports

I need to pass in a text file in the terminal and then read the data from it, how can I do this?

    node server.js file.txt

How do I pass in the path from the terminal, how do I read that on the other side?




Read a text file using Node.js?

I have a path (including directory and file name).  
I need to test if the file-name is a valid, e.g. if the file-system will allow me to create a file with such a name.  
The file-name *has some unicode characters* in it.

It&#39;s safe to assume the directory segment of the path is valid and accessible (&lt;sup&gt;I was trying to make the question more gnerally applicable, and apparently I wen too far&lt;/sup&gt;).

I very much do not want to have to escape anything unless I *have* to. 

I&#39;d post some of the example characters I am dealing with, but apparently they get automatically removed by the stack-exchange system. Anyways, I want to keep standard unicode entities like `&#246;`, and only escape things which are invalid in a filename.

---

Here is the catch. **There may (or may not) already be a file at the target of the path.** I need to keep that file if it does exist, and not create a file if it does not.

Basically I want to check if I *could* write to a path **without actually opening the path for writing** (and the automatic file creation/file clobbering that typically entails).

As such:

    try:
        open(filename, &#39;w&#39;)
    except OSError:
        # handle error here
[from here](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4102896/check-whether-a-path-is-valid-in-python)

Is not acceptable, because it will overwrite the existent file, which I do not want to touch (if it&#39;s there), or create said file if it&#39;s not.

I know I can do:

    if not os.access(filePath, os.W_OK):
        try:
            open(filePath, &#39;w&#39;).close()
            os.unlink(filePath)
        except OSError:
            # handle error here

But that will *create* the file at the `filePath`, which I would then have to `os.unlink`.

In the end, it seems like it&#39;s spending 6 or 7 lines to do something that should be as simple as `os.isvalidpath(filePath)` or similar.

---

As an aside, I need this to run on (at least) Windows and MacOS, so I&#39;d like to avoid platform-specific stuff.


``

Check whether a path is valid in Python without creating a file at the path&#39;s target

I&#39;ve been trying to find an example of how to read a jpeg image and then show the image.

    var http = require(&#39;http&#39;), fs = require(&#39;fs&#39;);

    http.createServer(function (req, res) {
        res.writeHead(200, {&#39;Content-Type&#39;: &#39;text/html&#39;});

	fs.readFile(&#39;image.jpg&#39;, function (err, data) {
	  if (err) throw err;
	  res.write(data);
	});

	res.end();
    }).listen(8124, &quot;127.0.0.1&quot;);
    console.log(&#39;Server running at http://127.0.0.1:8124/&#39;);

Tried the following code but I think the encoding needs to be set as buffer. Using console.log it outputs &#39;Object&#39; for the data.

nodejs - How to read and output jpg image?

As far as I know, `initrd` acts as a block device, thus requiring a filesystem driver (such as `ext2`). The kernel must have at least one built-in module for detecting filesystem of `initrd`. In this article, [Introducing initramfs, a new model for initial RAM disks][1], it is written that:

&gt; But ramdisks actually waste even more memory due to caching. Linux is
&gt; designed to cache all files and directory entries read from or written
&gt; to block devices, so Linux copies data to and from the ramdisk into
&gt; the &quot;page cache&quot; (for file data), and the &quot;dentry cache&quot; (for
&gt; directory entries). The downside of the ramdisk pretending to be a
&gt; block device is it gets treated like a block device.

What&#39;s `page cache` and `dentry cache`? In the paragraph, does it mean the data got duplicated because `ramdisk` is treated as a block device, thus all the data is cached?

In constrast, `ramfs`:

&gt; A few years ago, Linus Torvalds had a neat idea: what if Linux&#39;s cache
&gt; could be mounted like a filesystem? Just keep the files in cache and
&gt; never get rid of them until they&#39;re deleted or the system reboots?
&gt; Linus wrote a tiny wrapper around the cache called &quot;ramfs&quot;, and other
&gt; kernel developers created an improved version called &quot;tmpfs&quot; (which
&gt; can write the data to swap space, and limit the size of a given mount
&gt; point so it fills up before consuming all available memory). Initramfs
&gt; is an instance of tmpfs.
&gt; 
&gt; These ram based filesystems automatically grow or shrink to fit the
&gt; size of the data they contain. Adding files to a ramfs (or extending
&gt; existing files) automatically allocates more memory, and deleting or
&gt; truncating files frees that memory. There&#39;s no duplication between
&gt; block device and cache, because there&#39;s no block device. The copy in
&gt; the cache is the only copy of the data. Best of all, this isn&#39;t new
&gt; code but a new application for the existing Linux caching code, which
&gt; means it adds almost no size, is very simple, and is based on
&gt; extremely well tested infrastructure.

In sum, `ramfs` is just file opened and loaded into memory, isn&#39;t it? 

Both `initrd` and `ramfs` are zipped at compile time, but the difference is, `initrd` is a block device unpacked to be mounted by the kernel at booting, while `ramfs` is unpacked via cpio into memory. Am I correct? Or is `ramfs` a very minimal file system?

Finally, up until this day, the `initrd` image is still presented in the latest kernel. However, is that `initrd` actually the `ramfs` used today and the name is just for historical purpose? 

  [1]: http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/Linux-For-Devices-Articles/Introducing-initramfs-a-new-model-for-initial-RAM-disks/

The difference between initrd and initramfs?

I have a folder full of files and they don&#39;t have an extension. How can I check file types? I want to check the file type and change the filename accordingly. Let&#39;s assume a function `filetype(x)` returns a file type like `png`. I want to do this:

    files = os.listdir(&quot;.&quot;)
    for f in files:
        os.rename(f, f+filetype(f))

How do I do this?

How to check type of files without extensions?

When a file is created (`FileSystemWatcher_Created`) in one directory I copy it to another. But When I create a big (&gt;10MB) file it fails to copy the file, because it starts copying already, when the file is not yet finished creating...  
This causes **Cannot copy the file, because it&#39;s used by another process** to be raised. ;(  
Any help?


    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            string path = @&quot;D:\levan\FolderListenerTest\ListenedFolder&quot;;
            FileSystemWatcher listener; 
            listener = new FileSystemWatcher(path);
            listener.Created += new FileSystemEventHandler(listener_Created);
            listener.EnableRaisingEvents = true;
    
            while (Console.ReadLine() != &quot;exit&quot;) ;
        }
    
        public static void listener_Created(object sender, FileSystemEventArgs e)
        {
            Console.WriteLine
                    (
                        &quot;File Created:\n&quot;
                       + &quot;ChangeType: &quot; + e.ChangeType
                       + &quot;\nName: &quot; + e.Name
                       + &quot;\nFullPath: &quot; + e.FullPath
                    );
            File.Copy(e.FullPath, @&quot;D:\levan\FolderListenerTest\CopiedFilesFolder\&quot; + e.Name);
            Console.Read();
        }
    }

Wait Until File Is Completely Written

I&#39;m trying to use the command prompt to move some files,
I am used to the linux terminal where I use `~` to specify the my home directory
I&#39;ve looked everywhere but I couldn&#39;t seem to find it for windows command prompt (`Documents and Settings\[user]`)

What is the alternative for ~ (user&#39;s home directory) on Windows command prompt?

Hi I&#39;m trying to copy my rails_projects directory from haseebjaved/Desktop/rails_projects to my home directory, which is haseebjaved.

How can I do this via the Command Line?

Also, can I see my home directory on the UI or only via the Command Line in Mac OS X? 

Is it possible to copy directories to and from my home directory via the UI? Or only via Command Line?

Thank you

Content Type	Original Author	Original Content on Stackoverflow
Question	Matthew	View Question on Stackoverflow
Solution 1 - node.js	maerics	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 2 - node.js	Cody Allan Taylor	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 3 - node.js	Oncle Tom	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 4 - node.js	Andrew De Andrade	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 5 - node.js	aH6y	View Answer on Stackoverflow
Solution 6 - node.js	MaxProfit Global	View Answer on Stackoverflow

Node.js - Find home directory in platform agnostic way

node.js Problem Overview

node.js Solutions

Solution 1 - node.js

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sass --watch with automatic minify?

What's the difference between dist-packages and site-packages?

Attributions